I-Giemsa stain: isisekelo, izinto zokwakha, amasu kanye nokusetshenziswa

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I-Giemsa staining iyindlela esetshenziswa ku-microbiology kanye ne-cytogenetics ukungcolisa amaseli nezicubu, okuvumela ukubonwa kwezakhiwo ezithile. Yathuthukiswa nguGustav Giemsa ngo-1904, i-Giemsa staining ingenye yezindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni zokuxilonga ukukhomba ama-microorganisms, ama-parasites, nama-chromosome.

I-Giemsa staining idinga izinto ezifana ne-Giemsa stain, i-methanol, namanzi acwecwe. Inqubo ihlanganisa ukulungisa amaseli kumaslayidi engilazi, okulandelwa ukusetshenziswa kwebala le-Giemsa elihlanjululwe nge-methanol. Ngemuva kokugcoba, amangqamuzana ahlanzwa ngamanzi acwecwe futhi agcinwe ngaphansi kwe-microscope.

Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwe-Giemsa staining kufaka phakathi ukuhlonza amagciwane afana ne-Plasmodium (ebangela umalaleveva), i-Trypanosoma (ebangela isifo se-Chagas), kanye namagciwane afana ne-Chlamydia ne-Rickettsia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Giemsa staining isetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlaziyweni kwe-chromosome ukuze kuhlonzwe izifo zofuzo nokuhlonza okungavamile kwe-chromosomal.

Isinyathelo ngesinyathelo umhlahlandlela ukwenza ngempumelelo Giemsa staining.

I-Giemsa staining iyindlela ebalulekile ekuhlaziyweni komtholampilo kanye namalabhorethri ocwaningo lwesayensi. Ivumela ukubonakala kwezinhlaka zamaselula ezihlukahlukene, njengama-chromosome, ama-parasites, nama-bacteria, ngokusebenzisa ukungcoliswa okukhethekile kwezingxenye zawo. Kulesi sihloko, sizochaza isinyathelo ngesinyathelo indlela yokwenza i-Giemsa staining ngempumelelo.

Isinyathelo 1: Lungiselela isixazululo se-Giemsa, esingathengwa senziwe ngomumo noma silungiswe ngempushana. Isixazululo kufanele sihlanjululwe emanzini a-distilled ngesilinganiso esinconywa ngumkhiqizi.

Isinyathelo 2: Lungisa isampula kusilayidi engilazi usebenzisa ukushisa noma ukulungisa, njenge-ethyl alcohol. Qinisekisa ukuthi isampula lilungiswe ngokuvikelekile ukuze ugweme ukuhlanekezela ngesikhathi sokungcoliswa.

Isinyathelo 3: Mboza isifanekiso esingaguquki ngesixazululo se-Giemsa, uqinisekise ukuthi yonke indawo imbozwe ngokulinganayo. Shiya isilayidi sixhumene nesixazululo isikhathi esithile, ngokuvamile phakathi kwemizuzu eyi-10 nengama-30.

Isinyathelo 4: Hlanza isilayidi ngaphansi kwamanzi agobhozayo ukuze ususe ibala eliningi. Yomisa kahle isilayidi ngephepha elimuncayo noma umoya ocindezelwe.

Isinyathelo 5: Bheka isampula enamabala ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu usebenzisa izinjongo zokukhulisa ezifanele. I-Giemsa staining izovumela ukubonwa kwezakhiwo zamaselula ngokucacile okukhulu nokugqamayo.

I-Giemsa staining isetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni eyahlukene yebhayoloji nemithi, njengokuxilonga izifo ezinamagciwane, ukuhlaziya amangqamuzana egazi, nokuhlonza amagciwane. Ngokulandela izinyathelo ezichazwe ngenhla ngendlela efanele, imiphumela enembile nethembekile ye-Giemsa staining ingatholakala.

Qonda inqubo ye-Giemsa staining nokuthi isebenza kanjani ngokuningiliziwe.

I-Giemsa staining iyindlela esetshenziswa kabanzi kumalabhorethri e-microbiology kanye ne-hematology yokubona ngeso lengqondo izakhiwo zamaselula kanye nokuthola amagciwane. Yathuthukiswa nguGustav Giemsa ngo-1902, le ndlela isekelwe ebudlelwaneni bodayi abayisisekelo nabano-asidi wezingxenye zamaselula ezahlukene.

Izinto ezidingekayo ukuze kungcoliswe i-Giemsa zifaka ibala le-Giemsa, ukulungisa kanye nezixazululo zokuvala, amaslayidi, ama-coverlips, nesibonakhulu. I-Giemsa stain iyingxube ye-methylene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-eosin, ne-glycerin futhi isetshenziselwa ukungcolisa izakhiwo zenuzi kanye ne-cytoplasmic yamaseli.

Indlela yokwenza amabala ye-Giemsa ihlanganisa ukulungisa amaseli kusilayidi, okulandelwa ukusetshenziswa kwebala le-Giemsa isikhathi esithile esithile. Ngemuva kokugcoba, amangqamuzana ahlanzwa ngamanzi a-distilled futhi afakwe umbala ukuze asuse ibala eliningi. Ekugcineni, amaslayidi ayomiswa futhi abhekwe ngesibonakhulu.

Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kokungcoliswa kwe-Giemsa kufaka phakathi ukuhlonza izimuncagazi ezithwala igazi, njenge-Plasmodium spp., kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli egazi kuma-peripheral blood smear. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ndlela isetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlonzeni amagciwane, amagciwane, namanye amagciwane kumasampula omtholampilo.

Ukusebenza kwayo kusekelwe ekusebenzelaneni kodayi abayisisekelo nabano-asidi abanezingxenye ezihlukene zamaselula, okuhlinzeka ngezithombe ezicacile nezinemininingwane ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu.

Qonda inqubo ye-pathological anatomy nge-Giemsa staining yokuhlaziywa komtholampilo.

I-Giemsa staining iyindlela esetshenziswa ku-anatomical pathology ekuhlaziyweni komtholampilo kwamasampula ezicubu. Ithuthukiswe usosayensi waseJalimane u-Gustav Giemsa, leli bala lisetshenziswa kabanzi ngenxa yekhono lalo lokugqamisa izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zamaselula, njenge-nuclei, ama-chromosome, nama-parasites.

I-Giemsa staining idinga inani lezinto, okuhlanganisa ibala le-Giemsa, i-methylated spirit, i-saline solution, namaslayidi engilazi. Inqubo ibandakanya ukulungisa isampula kumoya we-methylated, ukufaka ibala le-Giemsa, nokugeza ngengxube ye-saline. Ngemuva kokugcoba, amasampula abhekwa ngaphansi kwe-microscope ukuze ahlaziywe.

I-Giemsa staining isetshenziswa kakhulu kumalabhorethri e-anatomic pathology ukukhomba izifo ezihlukahlukene, ezifana nezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, i-leukemia, nezifo ezizimele. Le nqubo ivumela ukuhlaziya okuningiliziwe kwezakhiwo zamangqamuzana, kube lula ukuxilongwa komtholampilo kanye nokuqapha ukwelashwa.

Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kubalulekile ekuxilongeni nasekwelapheni izifo ezahlukahlukene, okuyenza ibe yindlela ebaluleke kakhulu kochwepheshe bezokunakekelwa kwempilo.

Ukuhlonzwa kodayi osetshenziselwa ukungcolisa i-blood smear.

I-Giemsa staining iyindlela evamile esetshenziselwa ukubuka izinhlobo ezahlukene zamaseli egazi ku-smear yegazi. Udayi oyinhloko osetshenziswe kule nqubo ngu Giemsa ibala, okuyingxube ye-methylene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-eosin, ne-azure B. Lo dayi usebenza ngokukhethekile ekwakhekeni kwamabala njenge-cell nuclei, ama-chromosome, ne-cytoplasmic inclusions.

I-Giemsa stain: isisekelo, izinto zokwakha, amasu kanye nokusetshenziswa

O Giemsa ibala wuhlobo lokungcolisa amasampula omtholampilo, olususelwe kwingxube yodayi abane-asidi nabayisisekelo. Ukudalwa kwayo kwakugqugquzelwe umsebenzi kaRomanowsky, lapho uGustav Giemsa, usokhemisi waseJalimane kanye nesazi sebhaktheriya, awenza aphelele ngokufaka i-glycerol ukuze kuqiniswe izinhlanganisela.

Izinguquko ezenziwe endleleni yokuqala ye-Romanowsky zisivumele ukuba sithuthukise kakhulu ukubhekwa kwe-microscopic; ngakho-ke, le nqubo yaqanjwa ngokuthi i-Giemsa staining.

Ngenxa yokuthi iyindlela elula, esebenza kakhulu futhi eyongayo, okwamanje isetshenziswa kabanzi elabhorethri yomtholampilo ukuze kuhlolwe i-hematological smears, amasampula omnkantsha kanye nezingxenye zezicubu.

I-Giemsa staining technique iwusizo kakhulu ezifundweni ze-cytological, njengoba ivumela ukubhekwa kwezakhiwo ezithile zamaselula. Le nqubo ingcolisa ama-cytoplasms, ama-nuclei, ama-nucleoli, ama-vacuoles nama-granules amaseli, akwazi ukuhlukanisa iminonjana emihle ye-chromatin.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinguquko eziphawulekayo kusayizi, ukuma noma umbala we-nucleus zingatholakala, lapho kungenzeka khona ukubona ngeso lengqondo ukulahlekelwa kobudlelwane be-nucleus-cytoplasm.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuvumela ukuhlonza amangqamuzana angavuthiwe emnkantsheni wethambo kanye negazi le-peripheral, okubalulekile ekuxilongweni kwezifo ezinzima ezifana ne-leukemia. Iphinde ivumele ukutholwa kwama-hemoparasites, amagciwane e-extracellular kanye ne-intracellular, isikhunta, namanye amagciwane.

Ku-cytogenetics, isetshenziswa kabanzi, njengoba kungenzeka ukutadisha i-cell mitosis.

Giemsa ibala isisekelo

Amabala ohlobo lwe-Romanowsky asebenzisa umehluko phakathi kodayi abane-acidic nabayisisekelo ukuze bangcolise izakhiwo eziyisisekelo nezine-acidic, ngokulandelanayo. Njengoba kungase kubonakale, odayi abane-acidic banokuhambisana nokungcolisa izakhiwo eziyisisekelo futhi ngokuphambene nalokho.

Udayi oyisisekelo osetshenziswayo i-methylene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye nokuphuma kwayo oku-oxidized (i-Azure A ne-Azure B), kuyilapho udayi one-acidic i-eosin.

Izakhiwo ze-acidic zamaseli zingama-nucleic acid, ama-basophil granules ahlukanisiwe, phakathi kokunye, ngakho agcotshwe nge-methylene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Ngomqondo ofanayo, izakhiwo eziyisisekelo zamangqamuzana i-hemoglobin kanye nama-granules athile, njengalawo aqukethwe ama-eosinophil ahlukene, phakathi kwezinye; Lezi zizongcoliswa nge-eosin.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengoba i-methylene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye nesibhakabhaka esibhakabhakeni zibonakala njengodayi be-metachromatic, zinganikeza ithoni eguquguqukayo ezakhiweni ezihlukene ngokuya ngeshaji ye-polyanion enayo.

Yile ndlela inhlanganisela yamasu odayi abayisisekelo kanye ne-asidi engathuthukisa ngayo izinhlobonhlobo zemibala, ngokuya nezici ze-biochemical zesakhiwo ngasinye, kusukela ku-shades of blue ompofu, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, o-lilac nonsomi endabeni yezakhiwo ezine-acidic.

Nakuba umbala onikezwe i-eosin uzinze kakhudlwana, ukhiqiza imibala phakathi kokubomvu okusawolintshi ne-salmon.

Izinto zokwakha

Izinto zokulungisa isixazululo sesitoko

Ukulungiswa kwesixazululo sesitoko kudinga isisindo esingu-600 mg se-Giemsa powder stain, ukulinganisa u-500 ml we-acetone-free methyl alcohol, kanye no-50 ml we-neutral glycerin.

Indlela yokulungisa isixazululo sesitoko

Faka impushana ye-Giemsa enesisindo odakeni. Uma kukhona izigaxa, kufanele zichotshozwe. Bese, engeza inani elikhulu le-glycerin elilinganisiwe bese uxuba kahle. Thela ingxube ewumphumela ebhodleleni lenhlaka elihlanzekile kakhulu.

I-glycerin esele yengezwa odakeni. Hlanganisa futhi ukuze ususe noma yimuphi udayi osele onamathele ezindongeni zodaka bese uwuthela ebhodleleni elifanayo.

Ibhodlela limbozwe futhi lihanjiswe amahora angu-2 ekugezeni kwamanzi ku-55 ° C. Ngesikhathi ugeza ngamanzi, gubungula ingxube kancane njalo ngesigamu sehora.

Ingxube ibe isiyekwa ukuthi iphole ngaphambi kokwengeza utshwala. Ingxenye yotshwala obulinganisiwe iqale yengezwe odakeni ukuze kuqedwe ukugeza noma yimuphi udayi osele, bese yengezwa engxubeni kanye notshwala obusele.

Lokhu kulungiselelwa kufanele kuyekwe ukuze kuvuthwe okungenani amaviki ama-2. Ingxenye esetshenziswa otshwaleni kamama kufanele ihlungwe.

Ukuze ugweme ukungcoliswa kokulungiswa, kunconywa ukudlulisa ingxenye ezobe isetshenziswa njalo ebhodleleni elincane le-amber eline-dropper. Gcwalisa futhi isikhathi ngasinye lapho i-reagent iphelile.

Izinto zokulungisa ikhambi lebhafa

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isisombululo se-buffer ku-pH 7,2 silungiswa kanje:

6,77 g sodium phosphate (anhydrous) (enesisindo se-NaHPO ₄ ), 2,59 g we-potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH ₂ PO ₄ ), namanzi acwecwe afinyelela ku-1000 ml.

Ukulungiswa kodayi kokugcina

Ukuze ulungise isixazululo sokugcina samabala, kala u-2 ml wekhambi lesitoko esihlungiwe bese uxuba no-6 ml wekhambi lebhafa. Ingxube iyanyakaziswa.

Iqiniso elilodwa elibalulekile okufanele licatshangelwe ukuthi amasu okulungisa udayi angashintsha kuye ngokufakwa kwezentengiso.

Izinto ezengeziwe ezidingekayo ukwenza umbala

Ngaphezu kwezinto ezichazwe, kufanele kube namabhuloho anemibala, ama-t-shirts anamanzi noma i-tampon yokugeza izingubo, amashidi anezinto noma izembozo, i-timer yokulawula isikhathi sombala nokusula iphepha noma into ethile esebenza ukomisa (i-gauze noma ukotini).

Amasu

Inqubo yokubala imibala

I-1) Ngaphambi kokugcoba, isampula kufanele isakazwe ku-slide esihlanzekile.

Amasampula kungaba igazi, umnkantsha, izingxenye zezicubu ze-histological, noma amasampula omlomo wesibeletho. Kunconywa ukuthi ama-pastes abe mncane futhi avunyelwe ukuba ome amahora angu-1 kuya kwangu-2 ngaphambi kokugcoba.

2) Ebhulohweni lombala, wonke amaqabunga anemibala abekwe. Ihlala isebenza ngokulandelana okufanayo, futhi iqabunga ngalinye libhalwe ngokucacile.

3) Beka amaconsi ambalwa ka-100% we-methyl alcohol (methanol) ku-smear bese ushiya imizuzu emi-3 kuya kwemi-5 ukulungisa nokuqeda amanzi esampula.

4) Lahla i-methanol ekhona eqabungeni futhi uyeke umoya wome.

I-5) Uma usumile, engeza isisombululo sokugcina sokugcoba nge-dropper kuze kube yilapho iqabunga lonke limbozwa. Yiyeke imizuzu engu-15. Abanye ababhali batusa kufika emaminithini angama-25. Kuya ngesitolo.

6) Khipha ibala bese ugeza i-smear ngamanzi acwengekile noma isisombululo se-buffer ku-7.2.

I-7) Ephepheni elidonsayo, vumela amaqabunga ome emoyeni, ahlelwe ngokuqondile ngosizo lokusekela.

I-8) Sula ngemuva kwesilayidi nge-gauze pad noma i-cotton swab efakwe etshwaleni ukuze ususe noma yimuphi udayi.

Izinsiza

I-Giemsa staining technique isetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningana, okuhlanganisa: i-hematology, mycology, bacteriology, parasitology, cytology kanye ne-cytogenetics.

I-Hematology

Lokhu ukusetshenziswa okuvame kakhulu kwalesi sici. Ngayo, ingqamuzana ngalinye elikhona kumnkantsha wethambo noma amasampula egazi angaphandle angabonakala. Ngaphezu kokulinganisa inani lamaseli ochungechungeni ngalunye, ingakwazi ukubona i-leukocytosis noma i-leukopenia, i-thrombocytopenia, njll.

Ngenxa yokuthi iyazwela ekuhlonzeni amaseli angakakhuli, iwusizo ekuxilongeni i-leukemia eyingozi noma engapheli. Ingakwazi futhi ukuxilonga i-anemia njengesifo se-sickle cell, phakathi kokunye.

I-Mycology

Kule ndawo, kuvamile ukusetshenziswa Histoplasma capsulatum (i-intracellular dimorphic fungus) kumasampula ezicubu.

Amagciwane

Kuma-hematological smears angcoliswe nge-Giemsa, kuyenzeka kubonakale I-Borrelias sp ezigulini ezinesifo esibizwa ngokuthi i-relapsing fever. Ama-spirochete abonwa kakhulu phakathi kwama-erythrocyte kumasampula aqoqwe phezulu komkhuhlane.

Kungenzeka futhi ukubona ngeso lengqondo amagciwane e-intracellular njengoba Rickettsia sp e Chlamydia trachomatis kumaseli angenwe yilesi sifo.

I-Parasitology

Emkhakheni we-parasitology, i-Giemsa staining ivumele ukutholakala kwezifo eziwumqedazwe ezifana nomalaleveva, isifo se-Chagas kanye ne-leishmaniasis.

Kuma-parasites amabili okuqala, I-Plasmodium sp e I-Trypanosoma cruzi, ngokulandelana, kungabonakala egazini le-peripheral leziguli ezinegciwane futhi zingatholakala ngezigaba ezihlukahlukene kuye ngokuthi isigaba sesifo.

Ukuze uthuthukise ukusesha kwamagciwane egazini, kunconywa ukusebenzisa ibala le-Giemsa elixutshwe nebala le-May-Grünwald.

Ngokufanayo, i-cutaneous leishmaniasis ingatholwa ngokuhlola amasampula e-Giemsa-stained skin biopsy lapho i-parasite itholakala khona.

ICitologia

I-Giemsa staining iphinde isetshenziselwe ucwaningo lwe-cytological lwamasampuli e-endocervical, nakuba kungeyona indlela esetshenziswa kakhulu kule njongo.

Nokho, ezimeni zokushoda kwezinsiza, ingasetshenziswa, inikeze ukusebenza okufanayo ku-Pap smear futhi ngezindleko eziphansi. Nokho, kudinga ubuchwepheshe bomhloli.

I-Cytogenetics

Isici esibalulekile se-Giemsa staining amandla ayo okubopha ngokuqinile ezindaweni ze-DNA ecebile nge-adenine ne-thymine. Lokhu kuvumela i-DNA ukuthi ibonakale ngesikhathi se-cell mitosis, ezifundeni ezahlukene zokufingqa.

Lezi zifundo ziyadingeka ukuze kutholwe ukuphuma kwe-chromatic, njengokuphindaphinda, ukususwa noma ukudluliselwa kwezifunda ezahlukahlukene zama-chromosome.

Ucwaningo olukhombisa ukusebenza kahle kokugcotshwa kwe-Giemsa

UCannova et al (2016) uqhathanise amasu amathathu okungcolisa ukuxilongwa kwe-cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Ngale njongo, amasampula atholwe esilwaneni esihlolwayo asetshenziswa ( I-Mesocrisetus auratus) ifakwe ngokuhlolwa ngeLeishmanias.

Ababhali bakhombise ukuthi ukugcotshwa kwe-Giemsa kwakuphakeme kune-Pap-mart® kanye ne-Gaffney staining. Ngakho-ke, babheka i-Giemsa staining njengelungele ukuxilonga i-leishmaniasis ye-cutaneous.

Imiphumela emihle kakhulu etholwe abalobi ingenxa yokuthi inhlanganisela yamadayi akha ingxube ye-Giemsa inezimo ezidingekayo ukuze udale umehluko omuhle, okwenza kube lula ukuhlukanisa ngokucacile izakhiwo zama-amastigotes, kokubili ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwe-extracellularly.

Amanye amasu (i-Pap-mart® kanye ne-Gaffney) nawo akwenzile lokhu, kodwa ngendlela ebuthakathaka futhi ngenxa yalokho okunzima kakhulu ukukubona ngeso lengqondo. Yingakho i-Giemsa staining inconywa ekuxilongweni kwe-parasitological ye-leishmaniasis.

Ngokufanayo, ucwaningo olwenziwa u-Ramírez et al (1994) lwahlola ukufaneleka kwamabala e-Giemsa kanye ne-Lendrum kuma-conjunctival smears ukuze kukhonjwe. I-Chlamydia trachomatis.

Ababhali banqume ukuthi amabala e-Giemsa kanye ne-Ledrum anemininingwane efanayo, kodwa u-Giemsa ubonakale ezwela kakhulu.

Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani i-Giemsa staining okwamanje isetshenziswa kakhulu ekuxilongeni izifo ze-chlamydial, ikakhulukazi ezilungiselelweni ezingenazinto zokusebenza.

Izincomo zombala omuhle

Amaqabunga akufanele omiswe ngokushesha kakhulu. Kufanele ulinde isikhathi esifanele ukuze usule umoya. Cishe amahora angu-2.

Faka umbala ngokushesha ngemva kwamahora angu-2 ukuze uthole imiphumela engcono kakhulu.

Ukuze amabala asethwe futhi ahlangane kangcono, isampula kufanele lisatshalaliswe ishidi ngongqimba oluncane, olulinganayo.

Isampula yegazi elincanyelwayo i-capillary, njengoba i-smear ithathwa ngokuqondile econsi legazi futhi, ngakho-ke, isampula ayinazo izithasiselo, ezivumela ukunakekelwa kwezakhiwo zamaselula.

Nokho, uma kusetshenziswa igazi le-venous, i-EDTA kufanele isetshenziswe njenge-anticoagulant hhayi i-heparin, njengoba lena yakamuva ivame ukukhubaza amangqamuzana.

Amaphutha ajwayelekile ku-Giemsa staining

Uma usebenzisa le nqubo yokubala, amaphutha angenziwa. Lokhu kufakazelwa izinguquko ezingazelelwe kumbala wesakhiwo.

Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokwedlulele

Kungaba ngenxa yokuthi:

• Amabala aminyene kakhulu
• Kudlula isikhathi sokufaka imibala
• Geza ngokungenele.
• Ukusetshenziswa kwama-reagents ngaphezu kokungathathi hlangothi (alkaline) pH.

Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, imibala yezakhiwo ezilandelayo ihlanekezelwe, ukuze ama-erythrocyte, esikhundleni sokufa kwe-salmon-pink, aphenduke abe luhlaza, ama-eosinophil granules, okufanele adaywe ngokubomvu ngezitini, aphenduke abe luhlaza noma abe mpunga, njalonjalo. ukuphambuka kusuka ku-shades evamile.

Umbala obomvana ngokwedlulele

Kungaba ngenxa yokuthi:

• Isikhathi esinganele sokufaka amabala.
• Ukugeza isikhathi eside noma ngokweqile.
• Akomile kakhulu
• Ukusetshenziswa kwama-reagents ane-acidic kakhulu.

Kulesi simo esikhethekile, izakhiwo ezivame ukuba nombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngeke zibonakale, kuyilapho izakhiwo ezinombala obomvana zizoba nemibala eyihaba kakhulu.

Isibonelo: Amaseli egazi abomvu azovela ebomvu ngokugqamile noma awolintshi ajulile, i-nuclear chromatin izovela ephinki ngokuphaphathekile, futhi ama-eosinophil granules azoba namabala abomvu ngokugqamile.

Ukuba khona kwemvula ku-smear

Izinkinga zingaba:

• Sebenzisa amashidi angcolile noma awashwe kahle.
• Ungavumeli ibala lome kahle.
• Shiya isixazululo sokulungisa isikhathi eside.
• Ukugeza okungalungile ekupheleni kombala.
• Ukuhlunga okunganele noma ukungahlungi kahle kukadayi osetshenziswayo.

Ukuba khona kwezinto zakudala ze-morphological

Ama-artifact e-morphological angase avele emabala, okwenza kube nzima ukubona ngeso lengqondo nokuhumusha izakhiwo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi:

• Uhlobo lwe-anticoagulant olusetshenziswayo, njenge-heparin.
• Ukusetshenziswa kwamaqabunga angcolile, awonakele noma anamafutha.

Imodi yesitoreji

Ngemuva kokulungiswa, udayi kufanele ugcinwe ekamelweni lokushisa (15-25 ° C) ukuvimbela ukuduma kodayi. Kufanele igcinwe esitsheni senhlaka esivalwe ngci.

Izinkomba

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2. I-PanReac Applichem Reagents ITW. Giemsa staining. Inguqulo 2: JMBJUL17 CEIVD10ES. I-Castellar del Valles, Spain.
3. Izinqubo zeClark G. Staining (1981), 4th. UWilliams & Willkins.
4. I-Applied Clinical Chemistry. I-Giemsa Stain for Diagnostics kwesibeletho . Umsabalalisi: cromakit.es
5. U-Ramírez I, u-Mejía M, u-García de la Riva J, u-Hermes F kanye no-Grazioso C. Ukuqinisekiswa kwe-Giemsa kanye namabala e-Lendrum ekuhlolweni kwe-conjunctival ukuze kukhonjwe I-Chlamydia trachomatis. I-Sanit Panam Bowl. 1994; 116(3): 212-216.
6. I-Casas-Rincon G. General Mycology. 1994. 2nd Ed. I-Central University yaseVenezuela, i-Library Editions. Venezuela, Caracas
7. "Giemsa staining." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Septhemba 1, 2017, ngo-01:02 UTC. Disemba 6, 2018, en.wikipedia.org.