U-Helia Bravo Hollis wayeyisazi sezitshalo esaziwayo saseMexico, owazalwa ngo-1901 futhi washona ngo-2001, owanikela impilo yakhe ocwaningweni nasekulondolozweni kwezitshalo zaseMexico. Uhlonishwa ngeqhaza lakhe emkhakheni wesayensi yezitshalo, u-Helia Bravo Hollis ukhunjulwa ngokuthola kwakhe izinhlobo zezitshalo ezintsha kanye nomsebenzi wakhe ongakhathali wokwenza ikhathalogi nokulondoloza ukuhlukahluka kwezitshalo zezwe lakhe. Uthando lwakhe ngemvelo kanye nefa lakhe lesayensi liyaqhubeka nokugqugquzela osolwazi nabathanda isayensi yezitshalo emhlabeni wonke.
Iminikelo ka-Helia Bravo Hollis ku-Mexican Botany: Ifa Lolwazi Olubalulekile.
UHelia Bravo Hollis wayeyisazi sezitshalo esaziwayo saseMexico owazalwa ngo-1901. Wanikela ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwakhe ekucwaningeni ngezitshalo zaseMexico, waba omunye wochwepheshe abahamba phambili kuleli. Iminikelo yakhe kusayensi yezitshalo yaseMexico iyigugu, futhi ifa lakhe lolwazi libalulekile ekuqondeni ukuhlukahluka kwezitshalo zesifunda.
U-Helia Bravo Hollis uhole ohambweni olubalulekile lwezitshalo kulo lonke elase-Mexico, eqoqa futhi echaza izinkulungwane zezinhlobo zezitshalo. Umsebenzi wakhe wawubalulekile ekuhlonzweni nasekuhlukaniseni izitshalo zezwe zakuleli, unikeza ulwazi olubalulekile lokongiwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Helia Bravo Hollis nguyena obhekele ukutholwa kwezinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo, ezinye zazo eziqanjwe ngokuhlonishwa kwakhe. Ukuzinikela kwakhe nothando lwakhe ngesayensi yezitshalo kwamenza waba umuntu ovelele endaweni yesayensi yaseMexico futhi waba ugqozi ezizukulwaneni ezizayo zezazi zezitshalo.
Ifa lakhe lisekhona nanamuhla, lithonya umsebenzi wabacwaningi abaningi futhi lifaka isandla ekuthuthukisweni kolwazi lwesayensi yezitshalo eMexico nasemhlabeni wonke. U-Helia Bravo Hollis ukhunjulwa njengomunye wezazi zezitshalo ezinkulu kakhulu zezwe, amagalelo akhe ayisisekelo ekuqondeni nasekulondolozweni kwezitshalo ezicebile zaseMexico.
Hlangana no-Helia Bravo Hollis odumile, isazi sezitshalo esaziwayo sase-Mexico esisebenza nge-cacti nama-succulents.
U-Helia Bravo Hollis wayengusosayensi wezitshalo owaziwayo waseMexico owaziwa ngeqhaza lakhe ocwaningweni lwe-cacti nama-succulents. UHelia wazalwa ngo-1901 eChihuahua, eMexico, wanikela impilo yakhe ekucwaningeni nasekulondolozeni lezi zitshalo eziyingqayizivele nezihehayo.
Ngomsebenzi oncomekayo wasensimini, UHelia walihamba lonke elaseMexico efuna izinhlobo ezingavamile nezingaziwa kangako. Uthando lwakhe lwe-cacti lwamholela ekutholeni izinhlobo ezintsha ezimbalwa, ngaleyo ndlela enothisa ulwazi lwesayensi ngalezi zitshalo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho akutholile, UHelia Ubuye waba negalelo elikhulu ekuhlukaniseni nasekukhonjweni kwe-cacti nama-succulents, eshicilela izihloko eziningi nezincwadi ezaba yizinkomba emkhakheni wesayensi yezitshalo.
Ifa lakhe lidlulela ngale kwalokho akutholile nezincwadi azishicilele, UHelia Ubephinde abe ngummeli okhuthele wokongiwa kwemvelo kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, elwela ngokungakhathali ukulondolozwa kwezinhlobo ze- cactus ezisengozini.
U-Helia Bravo Hollis washona ngo-2001, eshiya ifa elibalulekile lesayensi yezitshalo yaseMexico neyomhlaba wonke. Ukuzinikela kwakhe nothando lwakhe lokufunda i-cacti nama-succulents kuyaqhubeka nokukhuthaza izizukulwane zososayensi nabathandi bemvelo.
Yiziphi izinselele u-Helia Bravo Hollis abhekane nazo kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe wobungcweti?
U-Helia Bravo Hollis wayengudokotela wezitshalo owaziwayo waseMexico owabhekana nezinselele eziningi kulo lonke umsebenzi wakhe wobungcweti. Wazalwa ngo-1901, ngesikhathi lapho abesifazane babenamathuba ambalwa emkhakheni wesayensi, u-Helia kwadingeka anqobe ubandlululo lobulili futhi alwele ukuqashelwa ngeqhaza lakhe ocwaningweni lwezitshalo zaseMexico.
Enye yezinselelo ezinkulu uHelia abhekana nazo kwakuwukuntuleka kokusekelwa ngezimali ocwaningweni lwakhe. Como Njengowesifazane, wazabalaza ukuthola uxhaso lwezimali zohambo lwakhe kanye nezifundo zesayensi yezitshalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Helia kwadingeka abhekane nokuntula ukuqashelwa komsebenzi wakhe kozakwabo besilisa, ababevame ukubukela phansi lokho akutholile kanye negalelo lakhe kusayensi yezitshalo yaseMexico.
Naphezu kwazo zonke izithiyo, u-Helia Bravo Hollis waphikelela emsebenzini wakhe futhi waba esinye seziphathimandla eziholayo ezitshalo zaseMexico. Izinto azitholile kanye nezifundo zakhe zazibalulekile ekuqondeni izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zaseMexico kanye nokulondoloza izilwane ezisengozini yokushabalala. Ukuzimisela kwakhe nothando lwakhe ngesayensi yezitshalo kwamenza waba yisibonelo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo zososayensi, okufakazela ukuthi kungenzeka ukunqoba izinselele futhi uzuze impumelelo, ngisho nasendaweni engeyinhle.
Usuku lokuzalwa kuka-Helia Bravo Hollis, isazi sezitshalo esidumile saseMexico, lwembulwe ngokuningiliziwe.
U-Helia Bravo Hollis, isazi sezitshalo esaziwayo saseMexico, wazalwa ngo-September 30, 1901, eMexico City. Kusukela esemncane, wabonisa isithakazelo ezitshalweni zaseMexico futhi wanikela ukuphila kwakhe ekutadisheni nasekucwaningeni izitshalo zomdabu zakuleli zwe.
Ngomsebenzi okhaliphile, u-Helia Bravo Hollis wenza okubalulekile iminikelo kwezesayensi yezitshalo, eyaziwa emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yayo okutholakele kanye nezincwadi. Waphayona isifundo se-cacti yaseMexico, futhi umsebenzi wakhe wawubalulekile ekulondolozweni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezweni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Helia Bravo Hollis waba ngowesifazane wokuqala ukuba umqondisi we-Mexico City Botanical Garden, lapho athuthukisa khona amaphrojekthi amasha futhi akhuthaza imfundo yezemvelo. Ifa lakhe lisaqhubeka nanamuhla, likhuthaza izizukulwane ezintsha zezazi zezitshalo kanye nezazi zemvelo.
Helia Bravo Hollis: Biography, iminikelo, okutholakele
UHelia Bravo Hollis Wayengomunye wososayensi ababaluleke kakhulu eMexico ngisho naseLatin America. Iminikelo yakhe kubhayoloji nesayensi yezitshalo isasebenza. Eyaziwa ngokuthi "uProfessor Bravo," wanikela umsebenzi wakhe esifundweni se-cacti.
Kulo mongo, wakwazi ukufundisa ngezinhlobonhlobo zezimbali ezihlobene ne-cacti, okwamvumela ukuthi akhombe futhi ahlukanise izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-700 ze-cactus ezitholakala eRiphabhulikhi yaseMexico.
Phakathi nomsebenzi wakhe omatasatasa, wakhiqiza izihloko ezingaphezu kuka-170 nezincwadi ezimbili, ngaphezu kokuchaza izigaba zesayensi ezingama-60 nokubukeza amagama angama-59. Ngenxa yalokhu kanye neminye iminikelo, u-Bravo Hollis wakha indikimba ekhiqiza kakhulu yomsebenzi webhayoloji.
Lo sosayensi ubhekwa njengesazi sokuqala sezinto eziphilayo wesifazane waseMexico, okumenza iphayona kulo mkhakha. Lokhu kwafakazelwa kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe ngemisebenzi ehlukahlukene, njengokusungulwa kweBotanical Garden of the National Autonomous University of Mexico.
I-Biografia
Kusukela esemncane, u-Helia Bravo Hollis wabonisa isithakazelo ezitshalweni nasemvelweni, evuswa ukuhamba ngeSonto nabazali bakhe, uCarlota Hollis noManuel Bravo, emahlathini e-oki edolobhaneni lakubo. Ngaleso sikhathi, abantu babengazicwilisa ngokuthula emfuleni i-Mixcoac futhi bajabulele indawo emagebhugebhu.
U-Helia wazalwa ngo-1901, ikakhulukazi ngo-September 30, e-Villa de Mixcoac. Impilo yakhe yaqala ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngesikhathi sokuphatha kukaPorfirio Díaz, ngaphambi kweNguquko yaseMexico.
Washonelwa uyise ngaphambi nje kokuba abe neminyaka engu-12, ngemva kokudutshulwa ngenxa yokuzwelana noMongameli uFrancisco I. Madero, owabulawa ngonyaka odlule, ngo-1913.
Leli qiniso, elakhiwe kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi "ishumi leminyaka elidabukisayo", layixaka impilo kaHelia, owayesevele ephumelele emfundweni yakhe yamabanga aphansi.
Ukusebenza kwakhe okuhle kakhulu kwezemfundo kwamzuzisa kakhulu kusukela esemncane; ngisho noPorfirio Díaz ngokwakhe wamthumelela ukuqashelwa.
Naphezu kwezingxabano zaseMexico, uBravo Hollis osemusha wathola iziqu zakhe ze-bachelor ngo-1919. ESikoleni Sokulungiselela Sikazwelonke, wayengumfundi ka-Isaac Ochoterena (phakathi kwabanye othisha abakhulu), owagxilisa kuye intshiseko yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo.
Ikhambi
Ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni samabanga aphakeme, kwadingeka aqale ukufundela ubudokotela ukuze abonise isithakazelo sakhe, njengoba uhlelo lweziqu zebhayoloji zasenyuvesi lwalungakatholakali. Ngemva konyaka kuphela, ngo-1925, wakwazi ukushintsha imisebenzi futhi waphishekela umsebenzi owavusa ngempela ubizo lwakhe.
Nakuba ayengafundisi ngokusemthethweni ibhayoloji, kusukela ngo-1921 isihloko sakhe sokuqala sesayensi savela kuyi-Mexican Journal of Biology, enesihloko esithi. I-Monograph ye-Hydatia Sit.
Ngo-1931, wathola iziqu zakhe ze-Master in Biological Sciences. Ngaleso sikhathi, waphothula iphrojekthi yocwaningo ethi "Umnikelo Olwazini lweCacti yaseTehuacán," kamuva eyayizoba ithisisi yakhe.
Ngale ndlela, waba ngowesifazane wokuqala ukuthola iziqu zasenyuvesi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, okwaphawula ingqopha-mlando emlandweni wokuhlanganyela kwabesifazane eMexico.
Umsebenzi wokucwaninga nokufundisa
Esanda kuthweswa iziqu, wahlonishwa ngokumenywa ukuba azosebenza njengesazi sezinto eziphilayo esikhungweni esisanda kusungulwa seBiology. Ngemva konyaka nje, waba inhloko esigabeni Botany futhi waphatha herbarium.
Phakathi nomsebenzi wakhe wobungcweti, ezinikezele ngokuphelele esifundweni se-cacti - uhlobo oluhlala emazweni aseMelika - wasebenza njengoprofesa ezikhungweni eziningana, lapho aziwa khona ngokuthi "Mestre Bravo," isidlaliso sothando esamgcwalisa ngokuziqhenya.
UBravo Hollis wafundisa eSikoleni Sikazwelonke Sesayensi Yezinto Eziphilayo seNational Polytechnic Institute of Tacuba, lapho ayefundisa khona iBotany. Ubengumcwaningi ophambili e-UNAM Biology Center.
Ngaphezu kwethonya elingenakucimeka likathisha wakhe osemusha, u-Isaac Ochoterena, wasebenza kanye nezazi zemvelo ezinkulu ezifana noFaustino Miranda, uMaximino Martínez no-Eizi Matuda, isazi sezitshalo saseJapane.
Abesifazane abakhulu nabo badlula emakilasini akhe futhi, belandela isibonelo sakhe, banikezela ukuphila kwabo kusayensi. Phakathi kwabo kukhona udadewabo uMargarita, uthisha ovelele nomcwaningi ogxile ezimpethuni; uLeonilda Vázquez, isazi sezinambuzane; kanye no-Agustina Batalla, isazi sezitshalo.
Vida pessol
UHelia Bravo Hollis washada nomunye wabafundi afunda nabo esikoleni sezokwelapha, uJosé Clemente Robles, okwathi ngemva kweminyaka ethile waba omunye wodokotela bokuqala abahlinza izinzwa eMexico.
Nokho, ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kweshumi beshadile, bahlukanisa ngaphandle kokushiya izingane.
Ukuphila kwakhe konke kwakunikezelwe kwisayensi. Uthando lwakhe lwe-cacti, ucwaningo, nokufundisa lwamenza waba ngowesifazane ozothileyo oncomekayo, i-pragmatism eyisibonelo, nothando oluthelelanayo, njengoba ayezinikele ngothando lweqiniso ekufundeni ngezinhlobo ezithile zezilwane.
Umhlalaphansi kanye nokufa
Njengoba wayeneminyaka engu-90 ubudala futhi enengqondo egcwele, kwadingeka adlule ekwenyanyeni kokuyeka umsebenzi ngenxa yesifo samathambo esasimzwisa ubuhlungu obukhulu futhi esasimvimbela ukuba anyakaze kalula.
Ngomsebenzi wakhe, u-Bravo Hollis wahamba ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, ezinesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu, esinesizungu, nesibi. Mhlawumbe lezi zimo zakha ubuntu bakhe nokuba nengqondo, ahlala naye kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-September 26, 2001, eMexico City, ezinsukwini ezine nje ngaphambi kokuba ahlanganise iminyaka eyikhulu.
Iminikelo nokutholakele
Ukuzinikela kwakhe ocwaningweni, ekuhlaziyeni, nasekutholeni izinhlobo ze-cactus yaseMexico kumholele ekutheni ahambe amakhilomitha amaningi, athathe izithombe eziningi ukuze aziqophe futhi azihlukanise, futhi anikele amakhulu amahora ukuhlela izinto azitholile.
Emashumini ayisikhombisa eminyaka anikezelwe kwisayensi, ukhiqize inani elikhulu lezindatshana zesayensi kumajenali kazwelonke nakwamanye amazwe, izingqungquthela, izethulo zezingqungquthela, nezinkulumo.
I-Cactaceae kanye nama-succulents
Omunye weminikelo yakhe eyinhloko ukuthi ukwazile ukuhlela nokuhlela iqoqo eliphilayo lezitshalo ze-cacti ne-succulent ngenhloso yokukwazi ukurekhoda noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuguqulwa ezitshalweni futhi afunde izici zazo.
Ngakho-ke, wakwazi ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-700 ezitholakala eMexico, isifundo esasebenza njengesisekelo sokushicilelwa kwencwadi yakhe yokuqala: I-cacti yaseMexico. P etholakala ngo-1937, kwakuwumbhalo owamvumela ukuba abe phambili kwezesayensi yezitshalo.
Uhlelo lwesibili lwe I-cacti yaseMexico iqoqo elinemiqulu emithathu alenza kanye nomunye wabafundi bakhe abavelele, uHernando Sánchez-Mejorada. .
Uphinde washicilela Izihluthulelo zokukhomba i-cacti evela eMexico, Umhlaba othakazelisayo we-cacti e Izinkumbulo zempilo kanye nomsebenzi . Ngaphezu kwalokho, wakhiqiza izihloko ezingaphezu kuka-170.
Uhlongoze izigaba zesayensi ezingaba ngu-60; okungukuthi, wathola intela entsha eminingana, ebonisa izizukulwane, izinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo. Ubuye wabuyekeza amagama angama-59.
I-Botanical Garden Foundation
Elinye lamagalelo akhe abalulekile kwaba wukusungulwa kweNhlangano yaseMexico yaseCactus, eyasungulwa ngo-1951, ayengumongameli wayo. Leli qembu lishicilele iphephabhuku I-Cactaceae kanye ne-succulent yaseMexico , ehlelwe udokotela owaziwayo u-Jorge Meyrán, elandela ugqozi luka-Ochoterena.
Ngenxa yomsebenzi ongakhathali owenziwe amalungu alo mphakathi, ngqo ezindaweni ezizophenywa, akwazile ukuqoqa izinto ezibalulekile akwazi ngazo ukubeka isisekelo se-UNAM Botanical Garden, eqondiswa ngobunyoninco nangobuholi bukaBravo Hollis ngeminyaka yawo-60.
Ngesikhathi ephethe izingadi, wazinikela ekukhuthazeni ukuqoqwa kwezitshalo ukuze akhuthaze ukutadisha kwazo nokongiwa kwazo.
Nakuba ayephumelele kakhulu kwezesayensi yezitshalo, ikakhulukazi ocwaningweni oluzinikele lwe-cacti, waphinde waba nesandla kusayensi yezinto eziphilayo ngokujwayelekile, ikakhulukazi ngokuhlaziywa kwezitshalo zasemanzini zaseMexico, izitshalo zezindawo ezishisayo neziwugwadule kanye ne-protozoology.
Ngiyabonga
Ngenxa yokuzinikela kwakhe, intshiseko, kanye negalelo elingenakubalwa kwisayensi yomhlaba wonke, u-Helia Bravo Hollis uthole imiklomelo eminingi. Phakathi kwabo, "i-Golden Cactus" eyanikezwa yi-International Succulent Organization ku-Principal of Monaco ngo-1980.
Uphinde wahlonishwa ngendondo ye-Emeritus Research Award enikezwe i-UNAM kanye neziqu zobudokotela ezihlonishwayo.
Igama laso lichaza isigaba esaziwa ngokuthi Ingadi Yasogwadule e-UNAM Botanical Garden. Okufanayo kuyasebenza eqoqweni le-cacti e-Puebla, e-Mexico, endaweni eyihlathi le-cactus eliyingqayizivele elahlolisiswa kakhulu futhi lacwaningwa "nguProfessor Bravo."
Izinhlobo eziyisithupha ze-cacti kanye ne-subspecies eyodwa zibizwa ngokuhlonishwa kwakhe, njenge I-Heliabravoa ou I-polaskia , okuwuhlobo lwe-cactus ama-specimens acishe abe yizihlahla, afinyelela cishe amamitha ama-4 noma ama-5 ubude. Iwuhlobo olutholakala ePuebla nase-Oaxaca.
Ngo-1999, wathola indondo yakhe yokugcina yokuhlonishwa lapho uMongameli u-Ernesto Zedillo ememezela i-Metztitlan Canyon (esendaweni yase-Hidalgo) i-Biosphere Reserve. Le ndawo yayingenye yalezo uBravo Hollis azizwa ekuthanda ngokukhethekile ebusheni bakhe, enikela isikhathi esiningi sokutadisha nokucwaninga.
Izinkomba
- "Bravo Hollis, Helia (1901-2001)" ku-JSTOR Global Plants. Ibuyiselwe ngoMeyi 20, 2019, evela kwa-JSTOR: plant.jstor.org
- "I-Google ibungaza usosayensi wase-Mexico kanye nesazi sezitshalo u-Helia Bravo Hollis" (Septhemba 30, 2018) e-La Razón. Ibuyiselwe ngoMeyi 20, 2019, evela e-La Razón: razon.com.mx
- "U-Helia Bravo Hollis, Iphayona Elikhethekile Le-Botany e-Mexico" ku-National Union of Workers of the Mexican Petroleum Institute (SNTIMP). Ibuyiswe ngoMeyi 20, 2019, ivela ku-SNTIMP: sntimp.net
- Herrera, A. (Okthoba 1, 2018) «Helia Bravo Hollis, isazi sezinto eziphilayo kanye nephayona esifundweni se-cacti» eCultura Coletiva. Ibuyiswe ngoMeyi 20, 2019, ivela ku-Cultura Coletiva: culturacolectiva.com
- López, A. (Septhemba 30, 2018) «Helia Bravo Hollis, indlovukazi ye-cacti» e-El País. Ibuyiselwe ngoMeyi 20, 2019 kwa-El País: elpais.com