I-Impressionism: ukunyakaza kobuciko okwasungula kabusha ukukhanya.

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I-Impressionism ingenye yalezo zinhlangano zobuciko ezashintsha imithetho yomdlalo unomphela.Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka nje, iqembu labadwebi lanquma ukufulathela imikhuba eqinile yezikole futhi laqala ukudweba ukukhanya, umzuzu, kanye nomuzwa, esikhundleni sokunamathela encazelweni eningiliziwe yezinhlobo. Kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19, ikakhulukazi eFrance, kodwa futhi kwazwakala kulo lonke elaseYurophu naseMelika, le ndlela entsha yokubona umhlaba obonakalayo yachaza kabusha lokho esikuqondayo ngokuthi... umdwebo wesimanje.

Uma sikhuluma nge-Impressionism, sicabanga ngokushesha nge-Monet, i-Renoir, noma i-Degas, kodwa indaba ibanzi kakhulu futhi iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.Lokhu kuhilela abandulelayo abanjengoTurner, uConstable, uCorot, noManet; abavukeli bemibala abanjengoPissarro; kanye nenethiwekhi yamazwe ngamazwe yabaculi eJalimane, eBelgium, eSpain, e-Italy, eNetherlands, eHungary, nangale kweYurophu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umqondo "wokunyathelisa" nawo wangena emculweni nasezincwadini, wavula indlela ye-avant-garde yekhulu lama-20 kanye nezinhlangano ezifana... i-post-impressionismUbuFauvism noma ubuCubism.

Umongo womlando: ikhulu le-19 elinesiyaluyalu

I-Impressionism yavela ngekhulu le-19 eyanyakaziswa yizinguquko zezombusazwe, zezimboni kanye nezamasiko.Inguquko Yezimboni, Inguquko YaseFrance, Umbuso KaNapoleon, ukubuyiselwa kobukhosi, izimpi zomphakathi, kanye nokuqiniswa kobunxiwankulu basemadolobheni kwashintsha kakhulu impilo emadolobheni aseYurophu. Ifilosofi yokucabanga ngokuqondisisa yokuKhanyiselwa kanye nemizwa yothando kwathatha indawo ye-positivism kanye ne-realism, eyayikhuthaza ukubonwa okuqondile kanye nokuguqulwa okuqondile komhlaba.

Ngokombono wobuciko, uhlelo lusaphethwe yizikole zemfundo ephakeme kanye nezindawo ezinkulu zokucwala izinwele ezisemthethweni.Ikakhulukazi, iParis Salon yabeka izingqikithi zomlando, zenkolo, noma zezinganekwane, umdwebo "ofanele", kanye nokuqedwa okucwebezelayo okungenazo izimpawu zokusebenzisa amabhulashi. Izindawo ezilula, izigcawu zokuphila kwansuku zonke, noma izimpilo ezinganyakazi zazingenalo udumo futhi zazibhekwa njengeziphansi kunezingoma ezinkulu zezemfundo.

Kulesi simo sokuqina, kwavela isizukulwane sabadwebi abasebasha baseFrance abangaguquguquki.Abaningi babo bahlangana e-Académie Suisse noma ezitudiyo ezizimele, bekhathele ukuhlunga okunzima kwamajaji asemthethweni. Bafuna inkululeko enesihloko, inkululeko yobuchwepheshe, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, inkululeko yokudweba lokho abakubonayo nabakuzwayo, ngaphandle kokujabulisa izikhungo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe iyasiza kulolu shintsho.Ukuvela kwamapayipi okupenda alungele ukusetshenziswa kusukela maphakathi nekhulu le-19 kuqhubeke kwakhulula lo mculi elabhorethri yesitudiyo: manje kwase kungenzeka ukuphuma nephalethi esandleni bese upenda ngqo ngaphandle (umoya ogcwele), ubukele ukukhanya ngesikhathi sangempela. Ama-pigment amasha ezimboni enza imibala ibe msulwa, igcwale futhi ikhanye kunanini ngaphambili, okuvumela ukuhlukahluka okunamandla, izithunzi ezimibalabala kanye nephalethi ekhanya kakhulu.

Ukuthwebula izithombe kungenye into ebalulekile.Njengoba ikhamera ithatha indima yokuqopha ngokunembile ukubukeka kwezinto, ukupenda akusadingeki kuncintisane nokwethembeka kwemishini. Lokhu kuvula isikhala sokuba umdwebi ahlole ukuqonda komuntu siqu, ukusikeka okungalindelekile kohlaka, ukuhlukana kokunyakaza, kanye nenani elizimele lombala.

Abanduleli: kusukela kuTurner noConstable kuya kuCorot noManet

Ngaphambi kwe-Impressionism "esemthethweni", abaculi abaningana base bevele belungiselela isisekelo salolu guquko.Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19, abadwebi bezindawo baseNgilandi uJoseph Mallord uWilliam Turner noJohn Constable, ababesahlotshaniswa nobuRomanticism, baqala ukunikeza ukubaluleka okukhulu emoyeni, ezikhathini ezidlulayo, kanye nemiphumela yokukhanya kunokuchazwa ngokucophelela kwemininingwane.

Kusukela kuTurner, ama-Impressionist esikhathi esizayo athola ukunambitheka kwezindawo ezinomswakama, imidwebo efiphele, kanye nenhlanganisela enamandla yombala ophuzi nobomvu., okwazi ukusikisela ukushisa, isiphepho, inkungu, noma isivinini. Umsebenzi wakhe othi "Rain, Steam and Speed" (Lluvia, vapor y velocidad, 1844), manje oseNational Gallery eLondon, uvame ukucashunwa njengophawu lokuqala lwe-Impressionism, yize usaphethe udumo lothando olwalungashiywa amaFulentshi.

EFrance, uCamille Corot kanye neBarbizon School bangenye isixhumanisi esibalulekile.UCorot ulahla izinsiza eziningi ze-Renaissance zakudala ukuze agxile ezindaweni ezithambile, ezikhanyayo, nezilula, esondela ekupendweni komoya ohlanzekile. Nakuba engahlukanisi ukukhanya kube yimibala emsulwa noma ahlukanise ibhulashi njenge-Impressionists, usebenza ngokhiye wethoni ephezulu, ukuguquguquka okuthile kanye nokusha okuvuselela isimo sokulondoloza sama-salon.

Kodwa umuntu obalulekile phakathi kwezwe lezemfundo nombono omusha we-Impressionist ngu-Édouard Manet.Nakuba engekho ngokusemthethweni engxenyeni yemibukiso ye-Impressionist, umsebenzi wakhe ubhekwa njengesizathu esikhulu sokuqhekeka kwalesi sigameko. Ku-"Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe" (Isidlo Sasemini Esinotshani), uManet udlala "indawo yokudlela yabantu" engavamile: abalingiswa abangabukani, owesifazane onqunu phakathi kwamadoda agqoke izingubo, ubhasikidi nokudla ngaphambili, kuyilapho owesifazane ophansi kwechibi ebonakala engafanele. Indaba cishe ayibalulekile; okubalulekile ukwakheka kwepulasitiki, ukuhlangana kwezindiza, kanye nokwenqatshwa kwanoma yikuphi ukuziphatha okuhle.

Omunye umdwebo owuphawu kaManet, "Un bar aux Folies-Bergère"Lokhu kuqinisa ukuhlolwa kokukhanya okwenziwe: isibuko esingemuva sibonisa ukujula kwegumbi, ama-chandelier, kanye nokukhanya okusabalalayo kwesimo sasebusuku. Le ndlela yokukhanya okuyinkimbinkimbi, egcwele ukuzindla nokuqhathanisa, izingxoxo nalokho uRenoir abengakwenza ezigcawini zemikhosi kanye nelukuluku lokuthanda izinto ezibonisa izinselele zokukhanya eziya ziba nzima.

Ukuzalwa okusemthethweni kwenhlangano yama-Impressionist.

Ukuhlanganiswa kweqembu le-Impressionist kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kuka-1873 kuya ku-1874.Lapho laba badwebi, sebekhathele ukwenqatshwa okuhleliwe yiSalon esemthethweni, benquma ukuhlela umphakathi ozimele, bakha i-"Société anonyme des artistes peintres, sculpteurs et graveurs" ukuze bakwazi ukukhombisa ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa yi-academy.

Ngo-1874, umbukiso wokuqala weqembu wabanjelwa esitudiyo somthwebuli wezithombe uNadar eParis.Abaculi abangamashumi amathathu nesishiyagalolunye bayahlanganyela, ngemisebenzi engaphezu kwekhulu namashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu, okuhlanganisa nemidwebo eyishumi ka-Edgar Degas (okukhona okukhulu kunakho konke), imidwebo kaMonet, uRenoir, uPissarro, uSisley, uCézanne, uBerthe Morisot kanye namanye amagama, kancane kancane, anikeza ubuso besitayela esisha.

Kulo mbukiso, uClaude Monet wethula i-"Impression, soleil levant" (Impression, Sunrise).Umbono wechweba laseLe Havre ekuseni. Izinhlobo zincishisiwe zaba amabala, ilanga liyidiski ephuzi elikhanyayo eliphuma emswakeni oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka; ngaphezu kwezikebhe, amanzi noma izakhiwo, sibona isimo sezulu. Umgxeki uLouis Leroy, ehlazekile, uhlekisa ngomdwebo futhi ubhala isihloko esihlekisayo esithi "Umbukiso Wabalingisi Bokucabanga," esebenzisa igama elithi "umbono" ngendlela ehlambalazayo.

Nokho, lesi sidlaliso siyanamathela futhi sigcine sithathwe abaculi ngokwabo.Lokho okwakubhekwa njengokuhlambalaza kuba uphawu lobunikazi. Eminyakeni eyalandela, bahlela eminye imibukiso eyisikhombisa ezimele (1876, 1877, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, kanye no-1886). Amanye amaphayona ayeka ukuhlanganyela (njengoCézanne, Monet, Renoir, noSisley), kanti amanye ajoyina umbuthano, okuhlanganisa uMary Cassatt, uGauguin, uRedon, uSeurat, noSignac.

Ukusabela kokuqala okuvela emphakathini nakubagxeki kukhulu kakhulu.Imidwebo isolwa ngokubukeka njengemidwebo engakaqedwa, amabala aluhlaza, "imibhalo eqoshiwe" elula engenasimo. Kodwa ababhali abanjengo-Émile Zola, umngane kaCézanne wobuntwana, bavikela leli qembu ezihlokweni zamaphephandaba, bethi laba baculi bazoba ngabaphathi bekusasa nokuthi akulungile ukubashushisa namuhla.

UDurand-Ruel kanye nokugcotshwa kwe-Impressionism

Umuntu ovame ukulibaleka, kodwa obaluleke kakhulu ekusindeni kwe-Impressionism, ngumthengisi wezobuciko uPaul Durand-Ruel.UMonet wahlangana naye ngesikhathi edingisiwe eLondon, ngesikhathi seMpi yamaFranco-Prussia. UDurand-Ruel wakhangwa yilezi zithombe ezigcwele ukukhanya futhi waqala ukuthenga imisebenzi kaMonet nabangane bakhe ngokuhlelekile, ebanikeza impumuzo yezezimali ngesikhathi lapho cishe kungekho muntu owayefuna ukuthola imidwebo enjalo.

UDurand-Ruel uhlela imibukiso eParis, eLondon, ikakhulukazi eNew York.Umbukiso othi “Works in Oil and Pastel by the Impressionists of Paris”, ngo-1886, e-United States, uyingqophamlando ekushintsheni kombono: umphakathi waseMelika uqala ukusabela kahle, imidwebo iqala ukuthengiswa ngamanani aphezulu, futhi inhlangano ithola ukuvunyelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe.

Lokhu kusekelwa okuvela kubaqoqi kanye nabaxhasi abazimele kakhulu kuthatha indawo yokusekelwa okudala kwezicukuthwane kanye nenkolo.Ubudlelwano buyasondelana: abathengi bavakashela ama-studio, balandela ukuvela kwemisebenzi, futhi batusa abaculi komunye nomunye. I-Impressionism, eyenqatshwa yizifunda ezisemthethweni kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo, ngaleyo ndlela ithola isisekelo sezomnotho esihlukile, ivula imodeli yemakethe yobuciko esathonya abanikazi begalari kanye nabaculi besimanje namuhla.

Izici ezibalulekile zomdwebo we-Impressionist

Inhliziyo ye-Impressionism itholakala endleleni laba baculi abaphatha ngayo ukukhanya, umbala, kanye nombono obonakalayo.Esikhundleni sokuthembela ekudwebeni okuqinile kanye ne-chiaroscuro yendabuko, bazama nge-palette enamandla, i-brushstroke ebonakalayo, kanye nokubuka ngqo imiphumela ekhanyayo ngesikhathi esithile.

Ukusetshenziswa kokukhanya kwemvelo kanye nezimo zomkhathiAma-Impressionist ayekhetha ukupenda ngaphandle, ngokuxhumana ngqo nomuntu, ukuze abambe ukushintshashintsha kokukhanya phakathi nosuku kanye nezinkathi zonyaka. Ukusa, emini, ntambama, inkungu, imvula, noma ilanga elikhanyayo kuba yizinto eziyinhloko njengoba nje izinto ezivezwayo zinjalo.

Imibala emsulwa, egcwele kakhulu enokuxuba okuncane kakhulu kuphalethi.Esikhundleni semibala enjengeyomhlaba, emnyama ne-ochres enzima, abadwebi basebenzisa imibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ama-violet, eluhlaza kanye nama-orange, evame ukufakwa eceleni. Bazisekela emibonweni yesayensi yombala kanye nemithetho yokuqhathanisa kwe-chromatic: umbala ngamunye ubonakala maqondana nemibala ewuzungezile, kanti imibala ehambisanayo (njengoluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka/orenji, obomvu/oluhlaza okotshani, ophuzi/oyi-violet) idala ukudlidliza okunamandla kokukhanya.

Izithunzi ezinemibala esikhundleni sobumnyama obungathathi hlangothi.Kunokuba basebenzise umnyama emthunzini, ama-Impressionist akha izithunzi ezinemibala ehambisanayo noma ukushintshashintsha okupholile kwethoni yendawo, edala ukujula ngokusebenzisa ukugqama kwe-chromatic, hhayi nje ngomehluko wokukhanya nobumnyama.

I-brushstroke eqhekekile, ephilayo, futhi eqinisekileAzifihli isenzo. Ukuxubha okuncane, ukuxubha okusheshayo, kanye nokuthinta kombala okungaqhubeki, okuvame ukungalandeli kahle imingcele yento, kuhlangana emehlweni ombukeli ukuze kwakheke isithombe esivumelanayo. Kuwukulindela okunembile kwezimiso ze-Gestalt: izingxenye ezibonakala zingaxhunyiwe ziphumela ekubeni yinto eyodwa uma zibukwa kusukela ebangeni elifanele.

Ukunciphisa ukubaluleka kokudweba nokuxoxa izindaba.Isimo, umthamo, kanye nendaba elandiswa umdwebo kuthatha indawo yangemuva. Okubalulekile okuhlangenwe nakho okubonakalayo kokukhanya okuwela ezindaweni - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yi-tutu yomdlali we-ballerina ngaphansi kwezibani, amaqabunga ahlunga ukukhanya endaweni yangaphandle, noma ukubonakaliswa kwelanga emanzini omfula noma olwandle.

Izindikimba zempilo yansuku zonke kanye nempilo yesimanjeEsikhundleni sezinganekwane nezimpi, sibona izindawo zasemakhaya nezasemadolobheni, ama-cafe, amathiyetha, imidanso ethandwayo, uhambo ngesikebhe, izingadi, izigcawu zokuzilibazisa kobunxiwankulu, imigwaqo enemvula. Ukuzijabulisa kanye nedolobha lezimboni eliguqukayo kuba yizinto ezifanelekela ukudweba okuhle.

Amagama amakhulu kanye namaphrofayili ahlukene ngaphakathi kwe-Impressionism.

Nakuba kusetshenziswa igama elithi "iqembu lama-Impressionist", umculi ngamunye ngaphakathi kwenhlangano wakha indlela yakhe eyingqayizivele....ngokukhathazeka okuhlukile kakhulu kanye nesimo sengqondo. Ilebula evamile ifihla izixazululo eziningi zepulasitiki.

UClaude Monet (1840-1926) mhlawumbe ungumlingiswa "omsulwa kakhulu".Emidwebeni yakhe, isakhiwo sokwakheka silula kakhulu, sisebenza njengokusekelwa kocwaningo oluqinile lokukhanya: uchungechunge olufana ne-"Rouen Cathedral," "The Alps," "Haystacks," noma "Water Lilies" lubonisa i-motif efanayo edwetshwe ngokuphindaphindiwe ngezikhathi ezahlukene kanye nezimo zomkhathi, cishe njengelabhorethri ebonakalayo ekuguqulweni kwe-chromatic kweqiniso.

UPierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919) umelela uhlangothi lwe-Impressionism oluthanda injabulo.Izigcawu zakhe zamaphathi, amabhola, ama-picnic, izithombe zangaphandle, kanye nabantu abagezayo ziveza injabulo ebonakalayo kanye nenjabulo yokuphila. URenoir waze wathi inhloso yomdwebo iwukuhlobisa udonga, ngakho-ke imibala kufanele ibe mnandi ngokwawo, ngaphandle kwezinkinga zesitayela ezimbangela ukukhathazeka ngokweqile.

U-Edgar Degas (1834-1917) unesikhundla esithile ngaphakathi kweqembu.Nakuba ehlanganyela emibukisweni, indlela yakhe ihlukile kakhulu: ukhetha ukusebenza endlini, ngezifundo zakudala zokudweba, futhi uthanda kakhulu ukuthwebula ukunyakaza komzimba, ikakhulukazi kubadansi be-ballet, izigcawu zomjaho wamahhashi, noma abesifazane ngezikhathi zokusondelana. Ukuhlakanipha kwakhe okubukhali kanye "nokubanda" okuthile okuqondile kwenza umdwebo wakhe ubonakale ungazenzekeli, kodwa ukuzama kwakhe ukwakheka, ukwakheka, kanye nemibono kungokwesimanje kakhulu.

UCamille Pissarro (1830-1903) ubhekwa njengomholi we-Impressionists.Njengoba enomsindo kunokuba abe nombala ogqamile, nguyena ogcina ubumbano lwemibono kanye nokuziphatha kweqembu iminyaka eminingi. Cishe njalo usebenza ngaphandle, ezindaweni zasemakhaya nasemadolobheni, futhi uthonya ngqo abaculi abanjengoMonet noCézanne. Ungumuntu omeluleki nomqondisi obalulekile ekuhlanganisweni kwale nhlangano.

U-Alfred Sisley (1839-1899), umdwebi wezindawo waseFrance-waseBrithani, wayethembekile emibonweni yobuciko bokubuka izinto ngendlela ye-Impressionist.Wachitha impilo yakhe yonke ephishekela imidwebo yemifula, amadolobhana, namabhuloho, avame ukuthonywa yiMonet noRenoir, kodwa egcina uthando oluzithibile nolungokwenkondlo ekubukeni kwakhe imvelo, ngaphandle kokuyeka "ukuzingela imidwebo esheshayo."

UPaul Cézanne (1839-1906) waqala kanye nama-Impressionist, kodwa ngokushesha wazihlukanisa nawo.Nakuba ahlanganyela emibukisweni yokuqala, ucwaningo lwakhe lwaya kolunye uhlangothi: wayefuna ukwakha kabusha umhlaba ngokusebenzisa imiqulu eqinile kanye nezinhlobo zemibala ezihlelekile, elindele ubuCubism. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, uvame ukubhekwa njengebhuloho phakathi kwe-Impressionism kanye nokunyakaza kwe-avant-garde kwekhulu lama-20.

U-Édouard Manet (1832-1883), njengoba sesibonile kakade, ungumanduleli oqondile.Ukuhlukana kwakhe nezemfundo ephakeme – emisebenzini efana nethi “Olympia” noma “Luncheon on the Grass” – kuphonsela inselelo ukuziphatha kobunxiwankulu kanye nokuhlelwa kwezindikimba. Ngisho noma edweba izigcawu, lapho eqala ukuzibuka, ezibonakala “zihlaba umxhwele,” uvame ukuziveza ngokuhlekisa nangokungacaci okubahlukanisa nokukhanya kozakwabo.

UBerthe Morisot (1841-1895) noMary Cassatt (1844-1926) bamele umbono wabesifazane ngaphakathi kwenhlangano.UMorisot, umsunguli kanye nelungu leqembu isikhathi eside, ugxila ezigcawini zasekhaya, ubumama, kanye nezikhathi zokusondelana, esebenzisa ukuxubha okulula kanye nezindawo ezibonakala zingaqediwe. UCassatt, umMelika ohlala eParis, uvelele ngezithombe zakhe zabesifazane nezingane, ehlola ngobuhlakani ubudlelwano obungokomzwelo kanye nokuphila kwansuku zonke.

Amanye amagama afana noGustave Caillebotte, uJean-Frédéric Bazille noma uFrancesco Filippini baqedela isithombeUCaillebotte uhlola izigcawu zasemadolobheni aseParis ngomqondo oqinile wombono kanye nokwakheka kwesimanje; UBazille, owashona esemncane, ushiya umsebenzi othembisayo; UFilipino ubhekwa njengomsunguli we-Impressionism e-Italy, evala igebe phakathi kokuhlangenwe nakho kwaseFrance kanye neqiniso lase-Italy.

Kusukela ku-Impressionism kuya ku-Neo-Impressionism kanye ne-Post-Impressionism

Ukuhlolwa kwe-Impressionist ngombala kanye nokushaywa kwamabhulashi okuqhekekile kwavula indlela yocwaningo olusha olukhulu nakakhulu.Abanye abaculi, abaphefumulelwe yisayensi ye-optics, bathatha ukuqhekeka kwe-chromatic kube sezingeni elifanele, bethatha indawo yamabhulashi angajwayelekile ngamachashazi noma ukuthinta okuncane okuvamile kombala omsulwa.

Lokhu kunjalo nge-Neo-Impressionism, ebizwa nangokuthi i-Pointillism noma i-Divisionism.Iphefumulelwe yizithombe ezifana noGeorges Seurat noPaul Signac, umbala wendawo awusabeki njengento eza kuqala; esikhundleni salokho, amachashazi amancane emibala ehambisanayo abekwa eceleni, ethembele ekuxubeni okubonakalayo esweni lomqaphi. Umphumela uba indawo ekhanyayo kodwa ehlelwe ngendlela ehlelekile.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, esinye isizukulwane sabaculi, esinganelisekile "ngokulinganiselwa" kwe-Impressionism, sabangela i-Post-Impressionism.Umgxeki waseNgilandi uRoger Fry waqamba leli gama ngo-1910, lapho ehlela umbukiso owahlanganisa amagama afana noPaul Cézanne, uPaul Gauguin, noVincent van Gogh, phakathi kwabanye. I-Post-Impressionism iyaqhubeka neminye yempumelelo yokukhanya nombala, kodwa iphinde iveze ukubaluleka kwesakhiwo, ukubonakaliswa komuntu, kanye nophawu olujulile.

UVan Gogh uthatha imichilo yokucindezela ecacile nombala ojulile ezingeni elingakaze libonwe lokucindezela ngokomzwelo.Eguqula izindawo nezithombe zibe ukuqhuma kwamandla engqondo, uGauguin wafuna izindikimba ezingavamile, imibala eyisicaba, nezindawo ezinkulu zokuhlobisa, okokuqala eBrittany, kwabe sekuba seTahiti. UCézanne, njengoba sesibonile kakade, wabhidliza futhi wakha kabusha iqiniso ngamavolumu ejiyometri, isisekelo solimi lwesiCubist lukaPicasso noBraque.

Ukusatshalaliswa kwamazwe ngamazwe: iJalimane, iBelgium, iNetherlands, iHungary, i-Italy neSpain

Nakuba yazalelwa eFrance, i-Impressionism yasakazeka ngokushesha kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ihlale ixoxisana namasiko endawo.Emazweni akhuluma isiJalimane, isibonelo, ukwamukelwa kuqala kuqaphile, futhi abaculi abaningi bathola kuphela umdwebo omusha wesiFulentshi kusukela ngawo-1890 kuqhubeke.

EJalimane, abadwebi abaningana baye bahlala isikhathi eside eParis.Besebenzisa isikhundla esisha senhloko-dolobha yaseFrance njengesikhungo sezikole zamahhala kanye nemibukiso ebanzi, amagama anjengoMax Liebermann, uLovis Corinth, uMax Slevogt, noFritz von Uhde afunda isifundo se-Impressionist ngokubonisa izigcawu zasegadini, amabhishi, ingaphakathi elinokukhanya okuhlungiwe, noma izingqikithi zenhlalo, ngokuvamile ehlanganisa ubuqiniso kanye nomoya okhanyayo.

EBelgium, le nhlangano yaqala yabhekana nokuphikiswa, kodwa ekugcineni yathola amandla eqenjini elithi "Les XX" (The Twenty).Yasungulwa ngo-1884, lesi sikhathi sabona abaculi abanjengoGeorges Lemmen, u-Alfred William Finch, uThéo van Rysselberghe, uHenry van de Velde, no-Anna Boch bezama kokubili i-Impressionism kanye ne-Neo-Impressionism, besebenzisa i-pointillism kanye ne-divisionism ezindaweni, ezindaweni zolwandle, kanye nemifanekiso. Kwabaningi, lesi sigaba simelela ibhuloho eliya ku-Symbolism and Expressionism, ngokuhambisana nokuqonda okuthile okungaqondakali kwe-Flemish.

ENetherlands, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi iHague School kwasebenzisana kakhulu nenhlangano yamaFrench Barbizon kanye nama-Impressionist.Abadwebi abafana noJozef Israëls, uJacob noMatthijs Maris, uWillem Roelofs, noma u-Anton Mauve bakha izindawo ezidabukisayo, izindawo zokudoba, kanye nempilo yasemakhaya ngaphansi kwesibhakabhaka esiguqubele, behlanganisa imibala yesiliva-grey kanye nombala ogqamile. UMonet uqaphela uJohan Barthold Jongkind njengomunye wabaphathi bakhe ababaluleke kakhulu, ngenxa yalokhu kuhlanganiswa phakathi kwesiko lamaDashi kanye nokusesha kwanamuhla ukukhanya.

EHungary, isimo sezombusazwe nezomnotho esiyinkimbinkimbi sabambezela ukwamukelwa ngokuphelele kwe-Impressionism.U-Mihály Munkácsy wazuza udumo emhlabeni wonke ngokuba ngokoqobo kwakhe okunamandla nezingoma ezinkulu zasesalon, kuyilapho u-László Páal ethula imibono yenhlangano ye-Barbizon. Amanani afana no-Pál Szinyei Merse, u-Károly Ferenczy, kanye no-József Rippl-Rónai kancane kancane bahlanganisa izixazululo ze-Impressionist ne-Post-Impressionist ezigcawini zasemaphandleni, izimfunda ezinezimbali, kanye nengaphakathi elihlobisa.

E-Italy, icala le-Macchiaioli liyisibonakaliso.Ngisho nangaphambi kokusabalala kabanzi kwe-French Impressionism, laba baculi baseTuscan - njengoGiovanni Fattori, uSilvestro Lega, uTelemaco Signorini, noGiuseppe Abbati - base bevele behlola izindawo zokukhanya nezithunzi ("i-macchie") ezindaweni nasemagcekeni empilo yanamuhla, besondela emvelweni oqondile. Kamuva, abadwebi abanjengoGiuseppe De Nittis, uGiovanni Boldini, uFederico Zandomeneghi, uSegantini, uPreviati, noBalla babezowela imingcele phakathi kwe-Realism, Impressionism, Divisionism, kanye ne-Futurism.

ESpain, ithonya lama-Impressionist lihlungwa ngesiko eliqinile lalo., ephawulwe ngabaculi abanjengoVelázquez, uMurillo, uZurbarán noGoya. UManet wayithanda kakhulu leyo "nkathi yegolide" yaseSpain, wavakashela leli zwe ngo-1865 futhi wathatha kuyo imibala ethile empunga neyomhlaba, kanye nokubuka okucacile okwathinta sonke isizukulwane saseFrance.

Phakathi kwamaSpanishi, ukwamukelwa kwamasu e-Impressionist kwakuhamba kancane kancane futhi kungalingani.Ukushaywa kwamabhulashi okuxekethile kanye nokupenda umoya ogcwele kakade kwakukhona ngesimo sobuntwana, kodwa into entsha yangempela isekusetshenzisweni kokukhanya nombala. Abaculi abaningi bahlukaniswa ngokuthi "abangaphambi kokuma," "abakhanyayo," noma "abanamuhla," ikakhulukazi esikoleni saseValencian (Sorolla, Teodoro Andreu) kanye nesikole saseCatalan (Santiago Rusiñol, Ramón Casas). UDarío de Regoyos, u-Aureliano de Beruete, u-Adolfo Guiard, nabanye basondela esitayeleni sesiFulentshi ngokuqondile, kuyilapho uSorolla, naphezu kokubizwa ngokuthi ungumuntu omamukelayo, ebhekwa ngabaningi njengomuntu omamukelayo, ngokukhanya kwakhe okucishe kube okukhazimulayo kwaseMedithera.

I-Impressionism emculweni nasezincwadini

Igama elithi "Impressionism" ladlula ngokushesha umkhakha wokudweba futhi laqala ukusetshenziswa, ngokufanisa, emculweni nasezincwadini.Nakuba ziyizilimi ezahlukene, umqondo wokuphakamisa izimo ezidlulayo, izimo zengqondo, kanye nemizwa engacacile uthola ukufana kokubili emsindweni nasembhalweni.

Emculweni, i-Impressionism yavela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, ikakhulukazi noClaude Debussy (1862-1918).Esikhundleni sezingoma eziqondile nezakhiwo eziqinile, uDebussy uhlola izikali ze-modal, ama-harmonies amisiwe, ama-chord angaxazululwanga, kanye nokusetshenziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-orchestral timbre ukudala izimo ezifana namaphupho, cishe sengathi i-orchestra "idweba" ngomsindo. UMaurice Ravel, u-Erik Satie, uManuel de Falla, u-Albert Roussel, nabanye ababhali babelana, ngezinga elikhulu noma elincane, ngalesi sifiso sokubhekisela esikhundleni sokuqinisekisa, ukuqeda imidwebo ecacile ye-sonic ukuze kutholakale imibono yokuzwa.

Ezincwadini, impressionism yemibhalo Kubonakala njengokusabela ekubalweni okungokoqobo okuchazayo ngokuphelele.Esikhundleni sokubika amaqiniso ngendlela eningiliziwe nengakhethi, abanye ababhali bakhetha ukurekhoda imibono engaphelele, izimo zangaphakathi, kanye nezimo ezicashile. U-Octave Mirbeau noMarcel Proust babhekisela kulo mkhakha: Isibonelo, ku-"In Search of Lost Time," kwakha i-mosaic enkulu yezinkumbulo nemizwa lapho isikhathi sikhula futhi sixutshwe khona, eduze kakhulu, emoyeni, ekuthathweni kwezikhathi abadwebi abazenzayo ku-canvas.

Umbono Wokucabanga, Ubuqiniso, Nobuciko Besimanje: Iphuzu Elibalulekile Lokuguquka

Lapho kuvela i-Impressionism, insimu yobuciko yabuswa yi-eclecticism eyayixuba amafomula adlule....kodwa okubonakala kungakwazi ukubika ngokuguqulwa kwempilo yanamuhla. Ngakho-ke ama-Impressionist aqala lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "isizukulwane sokuqhekeka kwesitayela": ngokwezinga elikhulu, ayisandulela sobuciko besimanje bekhulu lama-20.

Kusukela ekuqondeni izinto ngendlela engokoqobo, i-impressionism izuza isithakazelo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke....ngokuphila kwabantu abavamile kanye nezigcawu ezingafaneleki. Kodwa, esikhundleni sokuqinisa ukugxekwa okuqondile kwezenhlalo, ukugxila kwayo okuyinhloko kuyindlela yokubona: ubunjalo bemvelo obudlulele ekuqondeni, hhayi ekulandiseni. Iqiniso lihlungwa ngezimo eziqondile zokukhanya, isimo sezulu, kanye nokubuka komculi okuzimele.

Ngokwakha kabusha umhlaba ngokuyinhloko ngombala nokukhanya, i-Impressionism ihlukanisa imisebenzi yokudweba nokudweba.Isimo asisaxhomeki ezinhlakeni eziqinile kanye nomthamo oqoshwe yizithunzi ezimnyama; siqala ukuvela ebuhlotsheni obucashile be-chromatic, kusukela ekushintsheni phakathi kwezindawo ezikhanyisiwe nezinombala ezinamanani afanayo, lapho umbala nokukhanya kuhlangana khona.

Le ndlela yokusebenza ibonisa, kudala ngaphambi kwengqondo ye-Gestalt, ukuthi umbono womuntu uvame ukuqedela lokho okuqhekekile.Ukuthinta kombala okubonakala kudidekile kuhlelwe ngokwengqondo kube yinto ehlangene: ubuchopho buhlanganisa lokho okushiwo yibhulashi kuphela. Yilokhu kanye ukuxhumana phakathi kwengxenye kanye nobunye okuthakazelisa ukunyakaza kwe-avant-garde kamuva, kusukela ekuhlukaniseni kuya ekucabangeni.

Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka nje, i-Impressionism, eyazalwa njenge-"scandal" eseceleni, yaba enye yezinsika zomlando wobuciko.Uvula umnyango wabaculi ukuba bayeke isibopho sokulingisa iqiniso futhi baqale ukuhlola, ngenkululeko, umbala, isimo, isigqi, kanye nomuzwa. Ngaphandle "kwemidwebo" yakhe ekhanyayo - kusukela kuMonet emanzini aseGiverny kuya kuPissarro emigwaqweni enemvula yaseParis, kusukela kuRenoir emabhola aseMontmartre kuya kuDegas ngemuva kwesiteji e-Opera - bekuyoba nzima ukucabanga ngendlela engaholela ekucabangeni ngemuva kombono, ubufau bukaMatisse, ubucubu bukaPicasso, ukuveza kukaMunch, noma ngisho nokucashunwa kwekhulu lama-20.

Namuhla, lapho sima phambi komdwebo we-Impressionist futhi siqaphela ukuthi amabala, abonakala eduze, awazwakali “njengomqondo,” kodwa izinyathelo ezimbalwa ukusuka lapho ziphenduka zibe ukukhanya okukhanyayo, ukubonakaliswa emanzini, inkungu, noma ukunyakaza, sizibonela mathupha ukusungulwa okukhulu kwalowo mnyakazo.Ukukhombisa ukuthi iqiniso alikho nje kuphela lokho "okukhona," okulungele futhi okungaguquki, kodwa futhi nendlela iso nengqondo ekwamukela ngayo, ngomzuzwana ongaziphindi.