I-Linnean taxonomy yezidalwa eziphilayo iwuhlelo lokuhlukanisa olwakhiwe nguCarl von Linné, owaziwa nangokuthi uLinnaeus, ngekhulu le-18. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuhloswe ukuhlela nokuhlukanisa izidalwa eziphilayo ngokwezigaba zazo ezingokomzimba nezofuzo, kube lula ukucwaninga ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuqonda ubudlelwano bokuziphendukela kwemvelo phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane. I-Linnean taxonomy isebenzisa ukuhlelwa kwezigaba, njengombuso, i-phylum, isigaba, ukuhleleka, umndeni, uhlobo, kanye nezinhlobo, ukuhlanganisa izinto eziphilayo ngendlela ehlelekile nejwayelekile. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuyisisekelo kubhayoloji nemvelo, kuhlinzeka ngesisekelo esiqinile socwaningo nokongiwa kwempilo eMhlabeni.
Siyini isigaba sesayensi yezinto eziphilayo?
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Linnean taxonomy, isistimu ye-hierarchical esetshenziselwa ukuhlela nokuhlukanisa izinto eziphilayo ngokusekelwe ezicini zazo ezivamile. Idalwe ngu-Carl von Linné, isazi sezitshalo sase-Swedish sangekhulunyaka le-18, lesi simiso sihlukanisa izinto eziphilayo zibe amazinga ahlukene, ukusuka kweliphelele kakhulu kuye kweliqondile kakhulu.
Ohlelweni lokuhlukaniswa kwe-Linnean, izinto eziphilayo ziqoqwe zibe imibuso, amafilo, amakilasi, imiyalo, imindeni, izinhlobo e izinhlobo. Izinga ngalinye limelela izinga elithile lokuhlobana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo, imibuso iyona ehlanganisa kakhulu kanye nezinhlobo zezilwane ezicaciswe kakhulu.
Ngokwesibonelo, abantu bangaphansi kombuso othi Animalia, i-phylum Chordata, ikilasi elithi Mammalia, i-oda Primates, umndeni wakwa-Hominidae, uhlobo lwe-Homo, kanye nohlobo lwe-Homo sapiens. Lokhu kulandelana kwezigaba kubonisa ubudlelwano bokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwabantu kwezinye izinto eziphilayo, ezifana nezinkawu nezilwane ezincelisayo.
Ngamafuphi, i-Linnean taxonomy yezidalwa eziphilayo iwuhlelo lokuhlukaniswa kwesayensi oluhlela izinto eziphilayo zibe amazinga ahlukene ezikhundla ngokusekelwe ezicini zazo ezabiwe. Lolu hlelo luvumela ososayensi ukuthi bafunde futhi baqonde ukwehlukahlukana kwempilo eMhlabeni ngendlela ehlelekile nehlelekile.
I-Linnaean Taxonomy: Ukuqonda ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezidalwe ngu-Carl von Linné.
I-Linnaean taxonomy, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Linnaean taxonomy, iwuhlelo lwesayensi lokuhlukanisa izinhlobo zezilwane olwadalwa isazi semvelo saseSweden u-Carl von Linné ngekhulu le-18. Lolu hlelo luhlose ukuhlela nokuhlukanisa izidalwa eziphilayo ngokwezigaba zazo ezingokomzimba nokuguquguquka, ukwenza kube lula ukuhlonza nokucwaninga kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuphila emhlabeni.
U-Linnaeus wahlukanisa izidalwa eziphilayo ngezinga elihlukile lesigaba, kusukela kwephelele kakhulu kuye kweliqondile kakhulu. Phezulu kwezikhundla kukhona imibuso, ulandelwa ngu ukuhlukana (noma amafilo), amakilasi, imiyalo, imindeni, izinhlobo e izinhlobo. Izinga ngalinye lisekelwe ezicini ezabiwe yizinto eziphilayo ezifakwe kuyo.
Isibonelo sakudala se-Linnaean taxonomy ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu, okuyingxenye yombuso othi Animalia, phylum Chordata, class Mammalia, order Primates, family Hominidae, genus Homo, kanye nezinhlobo ze-sapiens. Lolu hlelo lwe-binomial nomenclature, oluhlanganisa uhlobo namagama ezinhlobo, lwaziwa ngokuthi i-binomial nomenclature nguLinnaeus futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi kuze kube namuhla.
Ngamafuphi, i-Linnaean taxonomy ibalulekile ekuhleleni nasekuqondeni ukwehlukahlukana kwempilo eMhlabeni, okuvumela ososayensi ukuthi bahlukanise futhi bafunde izinto eziphilayo ngendlela ehlelekile futhi enembile. Ngenxa yomsebenzi ka-Carl von Linné, singabuqonda kangcono ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane futhi silondoloze imvelo ehlukahlukene yeplanethi yethu.
Yiziphi izigaba zokuhlukaniswa ezisetshenziselwa izinto eziphilayo?
I-Linnean taxonomy iwuhlelo lokuhlukanisa ngezigaba zezinto eziphilayo ezadalwa ngu-Carl von Linné, owaziwa ngelika-Linnaeus. Kulolu hlelo, izidalwa eziphilayo zihlanganiswa ngezigaba ezilandelanayo, kusukela kokubanzi kuya kokuqondile. Izigaba zokuhlukanisa ezisetshenziselwa izinto eziphilayo yilezi: Umbuso, iPhylum, Ikilasi, Ukuhleleka, Umndeni, Uhlobo, kanye Nezinhlobo.
Ohlelweni lukaLinnaeus lokuhlukanisa, isidalwa ngasinye esiphilayo sihlukaniswa ngoMbuso, okuyisigaba esibanzi kakhulu, esihlanganisa amaqembu ahlukene ezinto eziphilayo. Izidalwa eziphilayo zibe sezihlanganiswa zibe yi-Phyla, emele amaqembu athile ngaphakathi koMbuso. Amakilasi ahlanganisa izidalwa eziphilayo ngokwezici ezifanayo, alandelwe yiMiyalo, ehlela izinto eziphilayo ngokwezici eziqondile nakakhulu.
Imindeni imelela amaqembu ezidalwa eziphilayo ezinezici eziqondile nakakhulu, ilandelwa i-Genera, okuyiqembu eliphilayo elifana nakakhulu. Ekugcineni, isigaba esikhethekile sokuhlukanisa i-Species, emele iqoqo lezinto eziphilayo ezikwazi ukuzalanisa futhi zikhiqize inzalo evundile.
Kafushane, i-Linnean taxonomy yezidalwa eziphilayo isebenzisa izigaba ze-Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species ukuze zihlukanise futhi zihlele izinto eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene ezikhona emvelweni, okwenza kuqondwe kangcono izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni.
Ukuqonda umqondo we-taxon nokubaluleka kwawo ekuhlukaniseni ngebhayoloji.
I-Taxonomy isayensi ehlola ukuhlukaniswa kwezidalwa eziphilayo, ukuzihlela zibe ngamaqembu e-hierarchical abizwa ngokuthi. taxa. I-taxon ngayinye imele ileveli ethile ekuhlonzeni ngebhayoloji, okusukela kwebanzi kakhulu kuye kwezicaciswe kakhulu.
I-Taxa ingasukela ezingeni lombuso iye ezingeni lezinhlobo zezilwane, idlule ezigabeni eziphakathi nendawo njenge-phylum, isigaba, ukuhleleka, umndeni, uhlobo, kanye ne-subgenus. Ileveli ngayinye kulawa imele iyunithi yokuhlukanisa ehlanganisa izinto eziphilayo ezinezici ezifanayo.
Ukubaluleka kwe-taxa ekuhlukaniseni ngebhayoloji kulele ekuhlinzekeni ngohlaka oluhlelekile noluhlelekile lwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni. Ngokuhlonza nokuhlanganisa izinto eziphilayo zibe yi-taxa, ososayensi bangakwazi ukufunda ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, ukuhlukahluka, kanye nobudlelwano bokuzalana phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane.
Nge-Linnean taxonomy, ehlongozwe uCarl von Linné, izidalwa eziphilayo zihlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ezicini ze-morphological kanye ne-phylogenetic, okuvumela ukuhlonza nokuhleleka kwezinto eziphilayo ngendlela evamile neyamukelwa emhlabeni wonke.
Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda umqondo we-taxon nokubaluleka kwayo ekuhlukaniseni izinto eziphilayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukwehlukahlukana kwempilo kanye nasekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi yezinto eziphilayo iyonke.
I-Linnean taxonomy yezidalwa eziphilayo
A I-Linnean taxonomy ihlanganisa uchungechunge lwezigaba ezilandelanayo nezinezidleke eziklanywe isazi semvelo saseSweden u-Carl Nilsson Linnaeus (1707-1778), owaziwa kangcono ngokuthi uCarolus Linnaeus noma u-Linnaeus nje, ukuze aqoqe izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezinto eziphilayo.
Iminikelo kaLinnaeus ku-taxonomy ibaluleke ngendlela emangalisayo. Uhlelo lwakhe lokuhlanganisa izinto eziphilayo lusasetshenziswa nanamuhla futhi luyisisekelo se-taxonomy yesimanje.
Namuhla, izigaba ezihlongozwe ngu-Linnaeus zisasebenza, nakuba izigaba ezingezansi zengeziwe ohlwini. Ngokufanayo, indlela ka-Linnaeus yokuqamba izinhlobo zezilwane, enohlobo kanye ne-epithet ethile ngesiLatini, isasetshenziswa.
Kodwa-ke, namuhla ukuhlukaniswa kuhambisana nokucabanga kokuziphendukela kwemvelo - cishe kwakungekho ngesikhathi sika-Linnaeus - futhi i-morphology akusona kuphela isici esisetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa izinto eziphilayo.
Iyini i-taxonomy?
Ngaphambi kokuxoxa nge-taxonomy ehlongozwayo ka-Linnaeus, kubalulekile ukuchaza ukuthi iyini intela. I-Taxonomy isayensi enesibopho sokuqamba izinhlobo ezahlukene zempilo. Kuyingxenye yesiyalo esikhudlwana, esihlelekile.
I-Systematics ihlose ukuqonda ubudlelwano bokuziphendukela kwemvelo obuxhuma izinto eziphilayo, ukuhumusha izinguquko zabo kanye nokuhlukahluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lo mehluko ubalulekile, njengoba abafundi abaningi bevame ukusebenzisa amagama ngokungacacile futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngendlela efanayo.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezidalwa eziphilayo
Ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuphila ezihlala kule planethi kubonakala kuyisenzo sangaphakathi somuntu kusukela kudala. Ukuqonda ubudlelwano kanye nokuthuthukisa izigaba eziphindaphindekayo, ezisemthethweni zezinto eziphilayo kwakuyimibono eyayikhathaza ongqondongqondo njengasendulo njengo-Aristotle.
Ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo zokuphila kubonakala kuwumsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi njengokuchaza ukuphila ngokwako.
Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zihlongoza uchungechunge lwezakhiwo zonke izinto eziphilayo ezabelana ngazo, ngaphandle kokugqama kwamagciwane, ezivumela ukuba zihlukaniswe nezinto ezingaphili, njengokunyakaza, ukukhula, ukudla okunomsoco, ukuzala, i-metabolism, i-excretion, phakathi kokunye.
Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha izici ezifanele ezizohlinzeka ngolwazi oluwusizo lokusungula uhlelo lokuhlukanisa kube umbuzo ovulekile kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo.
Ngokwesibonelo, lapho ebuyela esibonelweni sika-Aristotle, wayevame ukuhlukanisa izilwane ngekhono lazo lokuzalela amaqanda, i-oviparous, noma ngokukhula kwengane esibelethweni, i-viviparous.
U-Aristotle akazange asebenzise izinsiza angazange azicabangele ngolwazi, akazange asungule uhlelo lokuhlukanisa ngokusekelwe kwinani lemilenze, isibonelo.
Umcabango kaLinnean
Ukuze siqonde uLinnaeus, kudingekile ukuba sizibeke esimweni somlando lapho lesi sazi semvelo sakha khona imibono yakhe. Indlela kaLinnaeus yefilosofi yayisekelwe embonweni wokuthi izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zaziyizinto ezingaguquki ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ezadalwa unkulunkulu othile futhi zigcinwa zifana.
Lokhu kucabanga kwakuhambisana nombono weBhayibheli, lapho zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezabonwa uLinnaeus nozakwabo zaziwumphumela wesenzakalo esisodwa sendalo yaphezulu, njengoba sichazwe encwadini kaGenesise.
Nokho, eminye imithombo yayikhuthaza le ndlela yokucabanga. Ngaleso sikhathi, ubufakazi boshintsho lokuziphendukela kwemvelo babunganakwa. Eqinisweni, ubufakazi bokuziphendukela kwemvelo manje esibubheka njengobusobala abuzange buqondwe ngokungeyikho futhi baze basetshenziselwa ukuphikisa lolu shintsho.
Iminikelo kaLinnaeus
ULinnaeus wanikwa umsebenzi wokuhlukanisa nokukhomba ngokunengqondo izidalwa eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene kule planethi.
Hlukanisa kube imibuso nezigaba ze-taxonomic
Lesi sazi semvelo sahlukanisa izidalwa eziphilayo zaba imibuso emibili emikhulu; izilwane nezitshalo - noma Izilwane e I-Plantae .
Ngemva kwalokhu kuhlukana kokuqala, wahlongoza ukuhlelwa kwezigaba okuhlanganisa izigaba noma izigaba eziyisithupha: izinhlobo, uhlobo, ukuhleleka kwezigaba, kanye nombuso. Qaphela ukuthi isigaba ngasinye sibekwe kanjani phakathi kwebanga eliphezulu.
Njengoba izincwadi zikaLinnaeus zihlehlela emuva ekhulwini le-18, okuwukuphela kwendlela yokwabela abantu abaphilayo emikhakheni ehlongozwayo kwakuwukubheka ukumila kwazo. Ngamanye amazwi, ubudlelwano be-taxonomic bacatshangelwa ngokubheka ukuma kweqabunga, umbala wejazi, izitho zangaphakathi, nezinye izici.
Isistimu ye-Binomial
Enye yeminikelo ephawuleka kakhulu kaLinnaeus kwaba ukuqaliswa kwesimiso se-binomial sokuqamba izinhlobo zezilwane. Lokhu kwakunegama lesiLatini elinohlobo kanye ne-epithet ethile—okufana nezinhlobo '"igama lokuqala" kanye "nesibongo."
Njengoba amagama e-Latin, kufanele abikwe ngama-ithalikhi noma adwetshelwe, ngaphandle kohlobo, oluqala ngosonhlamvukazi, kanye ne-epithet ethile enohlamvu oluncane. Futhi
Kuyoba okungalungile ukubhekisela ohlotsheni lwethu Homo sapiens njenge-homo sapiens (ayikho i-ithalikhi) noma Homo Sapiens (zombili izingxenye ngosonhlamvukazi).
Izinguquko ku-Linnean taxonomy
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, intela ye-Linnean ishintshile, ngenxa yezici ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukuthuthukiswa kwemibono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngenxa yesazi semvelo saseBrithani uCharles Darwin futhi, muva nje, ukuthuthukiswa kwamasu esimanje.
Ukucabanga kokuziphendukela kwemvelo
Ukucabanga kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwanikeza ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Linnean ukuhluka okusha. Manje, isistimu yokuhlukanisa ingahunyushwa kumongo wobudlelwane bokuziphendukela kwemvelo esikhundleni sengqikithi echazayo kuphela.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izigaba ezingaphezu kwesithupha ze-taxonomic okwamanje ziphethwe. Kwezinye izimo, izigaba ezimaphakathi ezifana ne-subspecies, isizwe, i-subfamily, nezinye zengezwa.
I-Modern Técnicas
Maphakathi nekhulu le-19, kwaba sobala ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokwezigaba zezilwane nezitshalo kuphela kwakungenele ukubala zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Isenzakalo esibalulekile kwaba ukuthuthukiswa kwe-microscope, eyahlukanisa phakathi kwamaseli e-eukaryotic kanye ne-prokaryotic. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwakhulisa imibuso kwaze kwaba yilapho uWhittaker, ngo-1963, ephakamisa le mibuso emihlanu elandelayo: Monera, Protists, Fungi, Plantae e Izilwane.
Izindlela ezintsha zavumela ukucwaninga okujulile nezici ze-physiological, embryological kanye ne-biochemical, ezikwazi ukuqinisekisa - noma, kwezinye izimo, ukuphikisa - ukuhlelwa okuhlongozwa yizici ze-morphological.
Namuhla, izazi zesimanje ze-taxonomist zisebenzisa amathuluzi ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, njengokulandelana kwe-DNA, ukuze akhe kabusha ubudlelwano be-phylogenetic phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo futhi baphakamise uhlelo olufanele lokuhlukanisa.
Izinkomba
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