UMax Uhle wayengusosayensi wezinto zakudala waseJalimane owazalwa ngoMashi 25, 1856, eDresden, eJalimane. Lapho eneminyaka engu-13 ubudala, uMax Uhle wangena eKoniglich Siichsische Fiirsten-und Landesschule, eSt. Afra bei Meissen. Ngo-1875, waphothula kulesi sikole waqala ukuya eNyuvesi yaseLeipzig. Ngawo lowo nyaka, wenza inkonzo yakhe yezempi.
Ngo-1876 waya unyaka e-University of Göttingen. Nokho, ngo-1877 wabuyela eNyuvesi yaseLeipzig, lapho ahlala khona waze wathola iziqu zakhe zobudokotela ezifundweni zolimi (1880).
Ngo-1881, waqala ukusebenza eRoyal Museum of Zoology, Anthropology, and Archaeology eDresden, lapho ahlala khona iminyaka eyisikhombisa. Ngalesi sikhathi, wagxila emsebenzini wakhe ku-anthropology.
Ngesikhathi sika-Uhle eDresden Museum, kwashicilelwa umsebenzi wokuqala ochazayo wokumba endaweni yase-Andean ePeru. Lo msebenzi, onesihloko esithi "The Ancón Necropolis in Peru," uzoba nomthelela emsebenzini kaMax Uhle.
Ngo-1888, u-Uhle wanquma ukuzinikela e-Andean anthropology. Wesula eDresden Museum wathuthela eMnyuziyamu iFür Völkerkunde eBerlin.
Dlulisela eBerlin
Umqondisi womnyuziyamu, u-Adolf Bastian, wavakashela i-Andes futhi wanyathelisa imiqulu emithathu mayelana nokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe. Ngokufanayo, uWilhelm Reiss (umbambisene we-"The Ancon Necropolis in Peru") wayeyilungu lalo mnyuziyamu. Yingakho i-Berlin Museum yaba enye yezindlela ezikhangayo kakhulu zomfundi onentshisekelo ePeru.
Uhle wahlala eBerlin Museum iminyaka emine. Ngalesi sikhathi, wabamba iqhaza ku-International Congress of Americanists. Kule ngqungquthela, wethule incwadi kanye nendatshana. Le ncwadi yayiwucwaningo lwezibonelo zemivubukulo ezitholakala eMexico, eColombia nasePeru. I-eseyi ibiyi-dissertation ngezilimi zesiChibcha.
Ushicilele ezinye izincwadi ezibaluleke kakhulu, njenge “Kultur und Industrie südamenikanischer Völker” kanye nethi “Die Ruinenstätte von Tihuanaco”.
Ukuhamba e-Argentina naseBolivia
Ekugcineni, ngo-1892, wathola ithuba lokuya eNingizimu Melika ukuze enze umsebenzi wasensimini. Ohambweni lwakhe lokuqala, waya e-Argentina naseBolivia.
Wahlola izindawo zemivubukulo ezifundazweni zaseCatamarca naseLa Rioja e-Argentina. E-Bolivia, wahlola izidumbu ze-Quebrada de Talina ne-Tupiza.
Kodwa-ke, isithakazelo sakhe esikhulu kuleli zwe kwakungewona izinsalela zemivubukulo, kodwa umphakathi, owabamba ukunaka kwakhe ngoba kwakungokomdabu kumasiko nolimi.
Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu yohambo oluxhaswe yiBerlin Museum, u-Adolf Bastian wahambisa umsebenzi ka-Uhle eNyuvesi yasePennsylvania (United States). Ngakho, ngo-1895, uMax Uhle waqala ukusebenzela isikhungo saseMelika.
Imisebenzi ePeru
Ngo-1896, wayishiya iBolivia waqala ukusebenza ePeru. Lapho, wabamba iqhaza ekuvubukuleni e-Ancon nasePachacamac. Ngo-1897, waya ePhiladelphia ukuyobhala umbiko mayelana nokutholwe ePachacamac.
E-Philadelphia, wahlangana noCharlotte Dorothee Grosse, owahumusha imibiko ka-Uhle eyisusa eJalimane eyiyisa esiNgisini. Ngo-1899, iNyuvesi yasePennsylvania yadlulisela uxhaso lohambo luka-Uhle eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia.
Ngawo lowo nyaka, waya ePeru. Wafunda i-ethnography yezindawo ezimbalwa futhi wabamba iqhaza ekumbiweni okuningi eCerro Blanco, eHuaca del Sol, naseHuaca de la Luna. Phakathi kwezimpumelelo zakhe ezibalulekile kwaba ukutholakala kwamathuna aseChimu eHuaca de la Luna.
Ngo-1901, wabuyela e-United States. Ngo-1903, wathola isihloko sokuba uprofesa wemivubukulo yasePeruvia. NgoJuni 10 walowo nyaka, uMax Uhle noCharlotte Grosse bashada.
NgoNovemba 1903, u-Uhle waqala uhambo lweminyaka emithathu oluya ePeru (oluxhaswe yiNyuvesi yaseCalifornia). Phakathi nalolu hambo, wavakashela eCuzco, eCacha, ePuno nase-Arequipa.
Ngo-1905, wabuyela eLima, lapho athola khona isipho esivela kuhulumeni wasePeru sokuthatha i-National Archaeological Museum yasePeru. Uhle wasamukela isicelo futhi wahlala emnyuziyamu kwaze kwaba ngu-1912.
Kusukela ngo-1912 kuya ku-1915, wasebenza eMnyuziyamu we-Ethnology and Anthropology eChile. Ngo-1919, uCharlotte Uhle washona e-Argentina.
Ngemva kokushona komkakhe, uMax Uhle wasebenza e-Ecuador iminyaka eminingana. Ngo-1933, wabuyela eJalimane, lapho ahlala khona ngempesheni eyayinikezwa uhulumeni waseJalimane nomsebenzi wakhe e-Ibero-American Institute nase-University of Berlin.
Ngo-1939 wabuyela ePeru, lapho kwadingeka ahlale khona kuze kube ngu-1942 ngenxa yeMpi Yezwe II. Wafa ngoMeyi 11, 1944 eLoben.
Iminikelo kaMax Uhle
UMax Uhle wenza iminikelo eminingana ocwaningweni lwemiphakathi yabomdabu baseNingizimu Melika. Le minikelo yenziwa emkhakheni wemivubukulo, i-anthropology, kanye nezilimi.
Umsebenzi wakhe e-Argentina, eBolivia, ePeru, eChile nase-Ecuador waba nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwemivubukulo eNingizimu Melika.
I-trabalhos enkulu
Imisebenzi yokuqala ebalulekile kaMax Uhle yileyo ayethule eNgqungqutheleni Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yama-Americanists ngo-1888.
Ngalesi sikhathi, washicilela incwadi kanye nendatshana. Le ncwadi iqukethe ama-dissertations ngezinsalela zemivubukulo ezivela eqoqweni laseBerlin Museum, elitholakala eMexico, ePeru naseColombia.
Indatshana yona yayiwucwaningo lwezilimi zamaChibcha nokuhlukaniswa kwazo. Kule ndatshana, u-Uhle usebenzise indlela yama-Indo-European ekufundeni izilimi zabomdabu baseMelika.
Lokhu kwakumelela impumelelo, njengoba kwakungakaze kwenzeke ngaphambili. Lolu cwaningo lwakha isisekelo sokuhlukaniswa ngezigaba komndeni wakwaChibcha, naphezu kwamaphutha awo olimi.
Phakathi kuka-1889 no-1890, u-Uhle washicilela "Kultur und Industrie südamenikanischer Völker." Lo msebenzi uwucwaningo lwemiqulu emibili.
Lawa maqoqo ahlaziya amaqoqo e-archaeological kanye ne-ethnographic avela eNingizimu Melika. Le ncwadi isabalulekile nanamuhla, njengoba ikhanyisela isiko labantu bomdabu baseNingizimu Melika.
Ngo-1892, u-Uhle washicilela ethi "Die Ruinenstätte von Tihuanaco" (Amanxiwa aseTihuanaco). Kulo mbhalo, uchaze, wahumusha, futhi wahlaziya idatha enikezwe u-Alphons Stübel ekumbiweni kwe-Tihuanaco (Bolivia).
Ngenxa yale ncwadi, kwatholakala ukuthi isitayela saseTihuanaco sandulela impucuko yama-Inca. Ngakho, kwabekwa isisekelo sokuthola ukulandelana kwezikhathi kwezinsalela zemivubukulo eNingizimu Melika.
Amaqoqo ashiywe nguMax Uhle
Njengoba kushiwo kumlando wakhe, u-Uhle wabamba iqhaza ohambweni oluya eNingizimu Melika kusukela ngo-1892 kuya phambili. Kulolu hambo ngalunye, waqoqa izinto ezibalulekile zomlando namasiko.
Lezi zinto zithunyelwe ezikhungweni ezixhasa u-Uhle. Ngakho, ngenxa yohambo luka-Uhle, kukhona amaqoqo ezinto zaseNingizimu Melika eBerlin Museum, University of Pennsylvania, kanye naseNyuvesi yaseCalifornia.
Ngesikhathi sohambo lwakhe oluya ePachacamac, wathola izinto ezingaba ngu-9.000 zobuciko zaseNazca , ezisukela eminyakeni engu-3000 edlule. Lokhu kwakuhlanganisa izindwangu, izitsha, izinto zokhuni, izimpahla zesikhumba, amathambo kanye nezimpaphe.
Imisebenzi yezilimi
Ngo-1895, u-Uhle wafunda ulimi lwesi-Aymara (olukhulunywa amaqembu athile aboMdabu baseBolivia). Uqoqe idatha eyanele ngohlelo lolimi lwe-Aymara ukuze abhale incwadi.
Nokho, washicilela ithebula elilodwa kuphela lokuhlanganisa izenzo: “Ukuhlanganiswa kwesenzo sesi-Aymara muñana, ukuthanda” (1902).
Izifundo ze-Arica
Phakathi kuka-1918 no-1919, washicilela imibhalo eminingana ngaboMdabu base-Arica. Eyokuqala kwakuyi-"Arica Aboriginal," eyanyatheliswa ku-Historical Review yasePeru.
Owesibili wawuthi “AboMdabu base-Arica Nomuntu WaseMelika,” eyanyatheliswa kuyi-Chilean Journal of History and Geography.
Omunye umsebenzi ofanelekile kule ndawo wawuthi "I-Archaeology ye-Arica ne-Tacna." Lokhu kushicilelwe ku-Bulletin of the Ecuadorian Society for American Historical Studies.
Ngo-1922, wabhala "Izisekelo Zobuhlanga kanye Nemivubukulo ye-Arica ne-Tacna." Lokhu kwakusekelwe emibhalweni yakhe ka-1918 no-1919, kodwa ngezinguquko ezithile.
Izifundo ze-archaeology yasePeruvia, i-anthropology namasiko
Wanikela ngomsebenzi wakhe omningi ekutadisheni isiko lasePeruvia. Imibhalo yakhe eminingi igxile kulesi sihloko. Ngo-1900, washicilela isihloko esithi "The Ancient Peruvian Civilization," okuwumbhalo ka-Uhle ophinde wanyatheliswa izikhathi eziningi.
"I-Sphere of Influence of the Land of the Incas" ngo-1909, eyayixoxa ngefa loMbuso Wama-Inca. Ngawo lowo nyaka, washicilela "Izinhlobo Zempucuko ePeru."
Incwadi ethi "The Principles of Civilization in the Peruvian Highlands" yanyatheliswa ngo-1920.
Nokho, umsebenzi wakhe ophawuleka kakhulu kwaba "Pachacamac" (hhayi kuphela mayelana nezifundo zakhe ePeru, kodwa kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe). Lo mbiko washicilelwa ngo-1903 futhi wawuhlanganisa nedatha u-Uhle ayeyiqoqile ohambweni lwakhe kusukela ngo-1896.
Embhalweni wakhe, wachaza idatha ngendlela engaba usizo ngisho nakubantu abangenakho ukufinyelela emaqoqweni emivubukulo ayesekela le mfundiso. Lolu shicilelo luphawule ingqophamlando emlandweni wemivubukulo yase-Andean.
Izinkomba
- UMax Uhle Utholwe ngomhlaka-22 Agasti 2017, kwaworldheritagesite.org
- I-Archaeology yasePeru Yasendulo kanye Nomsebenzi kaMax Uhle. Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-Agasti 22, 2017, kusuka ku-escolarship.org
- UMax Uhle Ubuyiselwe ngomhla ka-Agasti 22, 2017, kusuka ku-wikipedia.org
- U-Max Uhle Ubuyiselwe ngomhla ka-Agasti 22, 2017, kusuka ku-wikidata.org
- Sikufisela Usuku Lokuzalwa Olujabulisayo Lweminyaka eyi-150 uMax Uhle (1856–1944). Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-Agasti 22, 2017, kusukela ku-penn.museum
- UMax Uhle Utholwe ngo-Agasti 22, 2017, evela ku-scielo.org
- UMax Uhle, 1856-1944. Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-Agasti 22, 2017, kusuka ku-digitassets.lib.berkeley.edu