UPercy Spencer wayengunjiniyela kagesi waseMelika, owazalwa ngo-1894, owaziwa ngamagalelo akhe abalulekile kubuchwepheshe be-microwave. Waziwa kakhulu ngokusungula i-microwave oven, eyaguqula indlela abantu ababepheka ngayo futhi babafudumeza ukudla. Ukusungulwa kwakhe kwaba nelungelo lobunikazi ngo-1945 futhi kusukela manje sekuyinto ebalulekile ezigidini zamakhaya emhlabeni jikelele. UPercy Spencer uthathwa njengengqalabutho yobuchwepheshe be-microwave, futhi iminikelo yakhe ibe nomthelela omkhulu embonini yezinto zikagesi kanye nempilo yabantu yansuku zonke.
Umsuka we-microwave yokuqala emhlabeni: thola indaba ngemuva kwalokhu kusungulwa kwezinguquko.
I-oven yokuqala ye-microwave emhlabeni yasungulwa nguPercy Spencer, unjiniyela we-elekthronikhi ozifundise yena ngokwakhe osebenza eRaytheon. Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II, uSpencer wayezama uhlobo olusha lwe-vacuum tube lapho ebona ukuthi i-chocolate bar ephaketheni lakhe yayincibilikile. Enesithakazelo, wanquma ukuphenya ngalesi simo futhi wathola ukuthi ama-microwave akhishwa yi-vacuum tube ayenesibopho sokuncibilikisa ushokoledi.
Lokhu kutholakala kwaholela uSpencer ekwakheni i-oven yokuqala ye-microwave ngo-1945, eyayinkulu kakhulu futhi inamandla kakhulu kunezinhlobo esizaziyo namuhla. Ekuqaleni, i-oven ye-microwave yayisetshenziselwa izinjongo zezentengiselwano nezempi kuphela ngenxa yobukhulu bayo kanye nezindleko zayo eziphakeme. Kodwa-ke, ngentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, i -microwave isibe yinto ethandwa kakhulu yasekhaya emakhaya emhlabeni jikelele.
Percy Spencer: Biography kanye neminikelo
UPercy Spencer wazalwa ngo-1894 eMaine, eU.SA, futhi wakhulela emkhayeni ompofu. Wayenemfundo elinganiselwe futhi wayeka isikole eneminyaka engu-12 wayosebenza embonini yokugaya ukotini. Nokho, ilukuluku lakhe namakhono akhe emvelo kwamholela ekubeni abe omunye wabasunguli abakhulu bekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Ngaphezu kokusungula i -microwave oven yokuqala , uPercy Spencer uphinde waba negalelo elibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe be-radar ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II. Ubuhlakani bakhe nokuzimisela kwakhe kwamenza waba ngumuntu ovelele emhlabeni wezinto zikagesi kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha.
Ukuthola Ubuciko Bokupheka Kwe-Microwave: Uhambo lukaPercy Spencer.
UPercy Spencer wayengumsunguli waseMelika kanye nonjiniyela kagesi owaziwa ngamagalelo akhe kubuchwepheshe be-microwave. USpencer wazalwa ngo-1894 eHowland, eMaine, wakhula kanzima futhi kwadingeka asheshe ashiye isikole ukuze asize ondle umkhaya wakhe. Nokho, uthando lwakhe ngogesi lwamholela emsebenzini ophumelelayo kwezocwaningo nentuthuko.
Ngo-1945, ngesikhathi esebenzela iRaytheon Company, uSpencer wathola into eyayizoshintsha unomphela indlela abantu ababepheka ngayo: waqaphela ukuthi ushokoledi ephaketheni lakhe wawuncibilikile ngemva kokubekwa eduze kwe-magnetron, ishubhu elisetshenziswa ku-radar. Ehlatshwe umxhwele yile nto, uSpencer wanquma ukuphenya okwengeziwe futhi wathola ukuthi ama-microwave akhishwa yi-magnetron ayekwazi ukushisisa ukudla ngokushesha nangempumelelo.
Ngakho, ngo-1947, uSpencer wagunyaza ilungelo lobunikazi be-oven microwave yokuqala, ngokushesha eyaba yinto esetshenziswa ekhaya ethandwayo emhlabeni wonke. Ukusungula kwakhe kwashintsha indlela abantu ababepheka ngayo, okwenza inqubo isheshe futhi ibe lula.
U-Spencer futhi unesibopho sokunye okuqanjiwe okubalulekile, njengeshubhu le-cathode elishisayo kanye neshubhu ye-radar ye-Doppler. Ubuhlakani bakhe kanye nokuzinikela kwakhe ocwaningweni kwamenza waba yisakhiwo sodumo emhlabeni wezobuchwepheshe.
Ngamafuphi, uPercy Spencer wayengumboni owathola ubuciko bokupheka kwe-microwave futhi washiya ifa elihlala njalo emlandweni wezobuchwepheshe. Amagalelo akhe asaqhubeka nokuba nomthelela ezimpilweni zabantu kuze kube yimanje, okumenza umuntu ongenakulibaleka emkhakheni wokuqamba izinto ezintsha.
I-microwave yethulwa nini emakethe yaseBrazil?
U-Percy Spencer, unjiniyela kagesi waseMelika, wayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokusungula i-microwave ngo-1945. Ukuthola kwakhe kwashintsha indlela abantu ababepheka futhi bashisisa ngayo ukudla, kwanikeza ukunethezeka okukhulu nesivinini ekuphekeni ukudla.
Ngemva kweminyaka embalwa, ngo -1955 , i-microwave yethulwa emakethe yaseBrazil, yanqoba abathengi ngokushesha ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo kahle kanye nokulula kwayo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, yaba yinto ebalulekile emakhaya ayizinkulungwane ezweni lonke.
Ngaphezu kweminikelo yakhe kwezobuchwepheshe bezokupheka, uPercy Spencer naye wayengumsunguli omkhulu, enamalungelo obunikazi angaphezu kuka-300 abhaliswe egameni lakhe. Ubuhlakani bakhe kanye nombono wakhe omusha washiya ifa elihlala njalo elisekhona nanamuhla.
Percy Spencer: Biography kanye neminikelo
UPercy Spencer (1894-1970) wayengunjiniyela obalulekile waseMelika kanye nomsunguli wekhulu lama-20, owaziwa njengomsunguli we-oven ye-microwave. Wenza futhi ukukhiqizwa kwama-magnetron, indlela eyinhloko ye-radar, kube ngcono kakhulu. Sekukonke, wathola amalungelo obunikazi angaphezu kuka-300 futhi wathola imiklomelo eminingi kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe.
Ngomsebenzi wakhe wokwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-magnetron phakathi neMpi Yezwe II kanye nokutholakala kwakhe ngengozi nomlando we-oven microwave, uSpencer wathola imiklomelo eminingi.
Ngo-1945, ngenkathi esebenza ku-magnetron esebenzayo, waqaphela ukuthi ushokoledi ephaketheni lakhe wawuncibilikile. Ngakho-ke wazama ama-popcorn, futhi kwakungenxa yalokhu okuphawuliwe lapho enza khona i-microwave yokuqala.
Ngo-1947, ihhavini yokuqala yokuhweba yathengiswa nguRaytheon. Ukwamukelwa kwayo kwakuhamba kancane ekuqaleni, kodwa ekugcineni yathola ukuthandwa kwaze kwaba isisekelo samakhishi, njengoba kunjalo namuhla.
I-Biografia
UPercy Lebaron Spencer wazalelwa eHowland, eMaine, ngo-1894. Uyise washona futhi unina wamshiya ngemva nje kwalokho, wamshiya ekhuliswa u-anti nomalume wakhe. Lapho eneminyaka engu-7 ubudala, umalume wakhe washona, wamshiya inhloko yomndeni esemncane. Washiya isikole samabanga aphansi eneminyaka engu-12 wayosebenza efemini yendwangu.
Wayenamadodana amathathu: uJames, uJohn, noGeorge nomkakhe uLouise. Ngemva kwempi, waqhubeka esebenza eRaytheon njengomeluleki omkhulu kwaze kwaba yizinsuku zakhe zokugcina. Washona ngo-September 8, 1970, eneminyaka engu-77, eNewton, Massachusetts.
Iziqalo
Wayeyingane ethanda ukwazi, ngakho wazama ukuzifundisa ngogesi. Wasungula uhlelo olusha lukagesi endaweni yokugaya amaphepha yasendaweni. Lapho eneminyaka engu-18, wajoyina i-United States Navy njengomqhubi womsakazo futhi wafunda ngobuchwepheshe obungenawaya. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, waba nesithakazelo ku-calculus, metallurgy, physics, chemistry, kanye ne-trigonometry.
Wayenguchwepheshe ekwakhiweni kwamashubhu e-radar, ngakho ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I wajoyina i-American Appliance Company eCambridge, kamuva eyaba yiRaytheon Company.
Phakathi nesikhathi sakhe njengenhloko yezinye zezigaba, ubuchwepheshe bakhe bamsiza ukuba awine inkontileka enkulu kahulumeni yokukhiqiza ama-magnetron, ayebalulekile phakathi neMpi Yezwe II.
Eqinisweni, lolu phiko lukhule lusuka kubasebenzi abayi-15 laya ku-5000 futhi uhlelo lwayo lokukhiqiza ngobuningi luvumele ukuthi lukhulise ukukhiqizwa kusuka ku-17 kuya ku-2600 ngosuku.
Ngiyabonga
Ngomsebenzi wakhe nama-magnetrons, wawina Umklomelo Wenkonzo Yomphakathi Ohlonishwayo Wezempi Yase-United States futhi waba yilungu eliyinhloko leBhodi Yabaqondisi bakaRaytheon.
Phakathi kweminye imiklomelo, uyilungu le-Institute of Radio Engineers, ehlonishwa e-National Inventors Hall of Fame, ukuhlanganyela e-American Academy of Arts and Sciences, kanye neziqu zobudokotela ezihloniphekile ezivela eNyuvesi yaseMassachusetts. Ibhilidi laphinde laqanjwa ngokuhlonishwa kwakhe.
Iminikelo
Imagnetron
Ishubhu yokuqala ye-magnetron yasungulwa ngu-Albert Hull ngo-1920. Kamuva, uJohn Randall noHarry Boot badala inguqulo yesimanje ngo-1940. Amandla ayo aphezulu enza i-radar ibe nokwenzeka, nokho, phakathi nenkathi yangemva kwempi, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuleyo ndawo kwakwehla.
Ngo-1939, uSpencer waqokwa njengenhloko yophiko lwamandla kaRaytheon futhi wathola inkontileka kahulumeni yezigidigidi yokukhiqiza ama-radar ezempi.
Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, wazihlukanisa ngokuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwe-radar nokusungula izindlela ezintsha zokukhiqiza, esebenzisa ukubhoboza nokushisela esikhundleni sezingxenye eziwumshini.
I-magnetron yinto esungulwe ngaphambi kwe-microwave. Nakuba ukusungulwa kwayo kwandulela ukungenelela kukaSpencer, uyena owathuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwayo.
Namuhla, izinto ezitholwe nguSpencer zisasetshenziswa njengendawo yokuqala yokucwaninga nge-radar nobuchwepheshe be-magnetron. Amaza amaza e-Microwave asetshenziselwa ngisho nokuqapha izimo zezulu ngamasathelayithi nokuqapha amazinga olwandle.
Ihhavini ye-microwave
Ukusungulwa kwaba ngengozi ngokuphelele. Ngolunye usuku, lapho uSpencer esebenza efektri, wabona ushokoledi ayewuphethe ephaketheni lakhe uncibilika.
Nakuba abanye base bevele bebone okuthile okufana nokuba khona kwemisebe ye-electromagnetic ene-high-frequency, uyena kuphela owakhuthazwa ukuba aqhubeke nokucwaninga ngale ndaba. Ngakho wenza ucwaningo ngama-popcorn neqanda epanini.
Eqaphela ukuthi amaza kagesi empeleni ayengase asetshenziselwe ukupheka ukudla, uSpencer waklama ibhokisi lensimbi elinendawo yokuvula imisebe ye-magnetron. Iqembu kamuva lathuthukisa i-prototype futhi, ngo-1945, lafaka ilungelo lobunikazi noRaytheon leRadarRange.
I-microwave yokuqala
Ngo-1947, kwakhiqizwa i-microwave yokuqala edayiswayo. Yayiphakathi kwamafidi amahlanu kuya kwayisithupha ubude futhi inesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-750. Ibiza phakathi kuka-$2000 no-$3000.
Ekuqaleni, yayisetshenziswa ezindaweni zokudlela nasezikebheni ngoba lezi zindawo zazidinga ukupheka ukudla okuningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ayemakhulu kakhulu futhi ebiza ukusetshenziswa ekhaya. Le modeli yasekuqaleni nayo yayinezinye izinkinga, njengobunzima bokupheka inyama.
Ihhavini yokuqala yasekhaya yethulwa ngo-1955, ibiza cishe u-$1300 futhi inkulu kakhulu ekhishini elivamile. Ngemva kophenyo oluningi futhi ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwe-magnetron encane e-Japan, i-microwave yokuqala esebenzayo ngempela yokusetshenziswa ekhaya yasungulwa ngo-1967. Yayincane ngokwanele ukuhlala phezu kwekhawunta yasekhishini futhi ibiza u-$495.
Kwathatha isikhashana ukuthi umphakathi wamukele i-microwave njengendlela entsha yokupheka, kodwa ngesikhathi sokushona kukaSpencer, base beyisisekelo samakhishi aseMelika.
Ngo-1975, iningi lezinganekwane nezinganekwane eziphathelene nomshini omusha zase zinyamalele, futhi ngokokuqala ngqá, ukuthengiswa kwawo kwakwedlula lokho kukahhavini wegesi.
Namuhla, i-microwave ingenye yezinto zikagesi ezaziwa kakhulu futhi ezisetshenziswa kabanzi emakhishini emhlabeni jikelele. Ososayensi bayaqhubeka nokuyithuthukisa futhi bengeza amakhono amasha.
Izinkomba
- UPercy Spencer: Izindaba zoMsunguli weMicrowave kanye nomsunguli. Kucashunwe ku-Smithsonian National Museum of History. americanhistory.si.edu.
- Iphrofayili kaPercy Spencer. Ingcaphuno evela ku-Atomic Heritage Foundation. atomicheritage.org.
- Percy L. Spencer. Kucashunwe ku-National Inventors Hall of Fame. invent.org.
- Murray, Don. UPercy Spencer kanye Nesifiso Sakhe Sokwazi. I-Reader's Digest, ngo-1958
- Ross, Rachel. Ngubani owasungula i-Oven Microwave? Isayensi Ebukhoma 2017
- Smith, Andrew F. Eating History-30 Turning Points in American Cooking. New York, Columbia University Press. 2009