I-Pinus patula, eyaziwa nangokuthi uphayini waseMexico, uhlobo lwesihlahla somndeni wakwaPinaceae. Indabuko yaseMexico naseMelika Ephakathi, i-Pinus patula ilinywa kabanzi kwezinye izifunda ngenxa yokukhula kwayo ngokushesha kanye nokumelana nezimo ezimbi.
Lolu hlobo lukaphayini lwaziwa ngezinaliti zalo ezinde, ezingafinyelela kumasentimitha angama-30 ubude, nezigaxa zalo ezinsundu ngokumnyama. I-Pinus patula ivame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izingodo zezimboni zokwakha nezefenisha ngenxa yamandla ayo nokuqina.
Kodwa-ke, i-Pinus patula iphinde ihlaselwe izinambuzane ezifana ne-pine beetle, engabangela umonakalo omkhulu emasimini. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqapha nokulawula lezi zinambuzane ukuze uqinisekise impilo kanye nokukhula okufanele kwezihlahla.
Mayelana nendawo yokuhlala, i-Pinus patula ikhetha umhlabathi okhishwe kahle kanye nezimo zezulu ezishisayo nezipholile. Iwuhlobo oluguquguqukayo, olukwazi ukukhula ezindaweni eziphakeme ukusuka ku-500 kuya ku-3.000 wamamitha ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle.
Ngokwe-taxonomically, i-Pinus patula ingeyohlobo lwe-Pinus kanye nesigatshana esithi Pinus. Igama layo eliphelele lesayensi yi-Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham.
Ngamafuphi, i-Pinus patula iyinhlobo yephayini enezici ezihlukile, ezisetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yezinkuni, kodwa okudinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile ukugwema umonakalo obangelwa izinambuzane.
Izicelo eziyinhloko zokhuni lukaphayini embonini nasekwakheni umphakathi.
I-Pinus patula, eyaziwa nangokuthi uphayini waseMexico, uhlobo lukaphayini oludabuka eMexico naseMelika Ephakathi. Ilungu lomndeni wakwaPinaceae, i-Pinus patula isetshenziswa kabanzi embonini nasekwakhiweni ngenxa yezici zayo eziyingqayizivele.
Enye yezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini ze-Patula pine wood iwukwenza ifenisha, ikakhulukazi ifenisha yangaphandle, ngenxa yokumelana nesimo sezulu nokuqina kwayo. I-Patula pine wood nayo isetshenziswa kabanzi ekwakheni, okuhlanganisa izakhiwo zokufulela, iminyango, amafasitela, i-flooring, kanye ne-cladding.
Ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezingokomzimba nezomshini, i-Patula pine iyindlela enhle kakhulu yalabo abafuna ikhwalithi ephezulu, impahla engabizi kakhulu yokwakha izindlu, izindawo zokugcina izimpahla, amabhuloho, nezinye izakhiwo. Isisindo sayo esilula kanye nokuphatheka kalula nakho kwenza i-Patula pine ibe yisinqumo esidumile phakathi kwabadwebi bezakhiwo nonjiniyela.
Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izinkuni ze-Pinus patula zisengozini yokuhlaselwa yizinambuzane ezifana nomuhlwa kanye nesikhunta. Ngakho-ke, ukwelashwa okufanele kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqina nokumelana kwezinkuni ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ngamafuphi, i-Patula pine iyindlela eguquguqukayo neyongayo yezimboni nezokwakha, esetshenziswa kabanzi ekwenzeni ifenisha kanye nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene. Ngokunakekelwa okufanele nokwelashwa, i-Patula pine ingaba yisinqumo esihle kakhulu kumaphrojekthi wezakhiwo nezobunjiniyela.
Izinambuzane zikaphayini ezingavamile eBrazil: ziyini futhi zingalwa kanjani nazo?
I-Pinus patula iwuhlobo lukaphayini oludabuka eMexico naseMelika Ephakathi, olwethulwa eBrazil ngenhloso yokutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi. Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-patula pine, ivumelana kahle nezimo zezulu ezishisayo nezipholile futhi itshalwa kakhulu emasimini asehlathini eningizimu yezwe.
Ibonakala ngamahlamvu ayo amade, aguquguqukayo, afana nenaliti, i-Pinus patula inamagxolo aqinile, amaholo futhi ikhiqiza izigaxa zembewu ezihlakazwa umoya. Ukhuni lwayo lusetshenziswa embonini ye-pulp nephepha, ukwakhiwa, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwefenisha.
Kodwa-ke, i-Pinus patula ingaphansi kokuhlaselwa yizinambuzane ezingavamile ezingalimaza ukukhula kwayo futhi zibeke engcupheni ukukhiqiza kwezitshalo. Ezinye zezinambuzane ezivame kakhulu ezithinta i-Patula pine eBrazil ziyi I-Pine Weevil futhi i I-Pine Flower Weevil.
O I-Pine Weevil iyinambuzane edla amaqabunga namahlumela e-Pinus patula, okwenza umonakalo omkhulu ezihlahleni. I-Pine Flower Weevil ihlasela izigaxa zembewu, ilimaza ukuzala kwezinhlobo zezilwane.
Ukuze ulwe nalezi zinambuzane, kubalulekile ukuthatha izinyathelo zokulawula ezididiyelwe, ezihlanganisa ukuqapha njalo izitshalo, ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali athile, nokwamukelwa kwezinqubo zamasiko ezifanele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwethulwa kwezitha zemvelo zezinambuzane, njengezilwane ezizidlayo kanye nama-parasitoid, kungase futhi kube isu elisebenzayo lokulawula lezi zinambuzane.
Kafushane, izinambuzane ezingavamile ziyingozi ekukhiqizeni i-Pinus patula eBrazil, kodwa ngokuphathwa ngendlela efanele kanye nokwamukelwa kwezinyathelo zokuvimbela, kungenzeka ukunciphisa umonakalo obangelwa yilezi zinambuzane futhi kuqinisekiswe ukusimama kwamasimu e-patula pine ezweni.
Thola inqubo yokutshala uphayini kanye nezigaba zokukhula kwawo.
I-Pinus patula, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Mexican pine, iwuhlobo lwesihlahla sohlobo lwe-Pinus. Itholakala eMexico naseMelika Ephakathi, inezici ezihlukile eziyenza ibe uhlobo olubalulekile emkhakheni wamahlathi.
I-Pinus patula isihlahla esikhula ngokushesha esingafinyelela ukuphakama okungafika kumamitha angama-30. Amaqabunga awo amade, izinaliti eziguquguqukayo, eziqoqelwe izinyanda ezintathu. Izigaxa zawo zikaphayini zinde futhi zinezinhlamvu ezinamaphiko, okwenza kube lula ukuhlakazwa kwazo ngomoya.
Indawo yemvelo ye-Pinus patula inomswakama, izifunda ezinezintaba ezinenhlabathi ekhishwe kahle ecebile ngezinto eziphilayo. Iwuhlobo olumelana nezimo zezulu ezibandayo kanye nesithwathwa, okwenza ilungele ukulinywa ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu.
Inqubo yokutshala i-Pinus patula ibandakanya izinyathelo ezimbalwa, kusukela ekukhethweni kwembewu kuya ekuphathweni kwehlathi. Imbewu iqoqwa kuma-pine cones avuthiwe, aphathwe, futhi ahlwanyelwe ezinkulisa. Ngemva kokukhula kwezithombo, zitshalwa ensimini, lapho zithola khona ukunakekelwa okudingekayo ukuze zikhule kahle.
Izigaba zokuthuthukiswa kwe-Pinus patula zihlanganisa ukukhula kwezithombo zokuqala, ukwakheka kwesiqu kanye negatsha, ukuthuthukiswa kwesistimu yezimpande, nokukhiqizwa kwembewu. Ukuthena nokunciphisa kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa izinga lezinkuni ezikhiqizwayo.
I-Patula pine isetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yezingodo, isebenza njengempahla eluhlaza ifenisha, iphepha, i-pulp, kanye nokwakha. Ukhuni lwaso alusindi, luqinile, futhi kulula ukulusebenza, okwenza lube yigugu kakhulu emakethe.
Kodwa-ke, i-Pinus patula ihlaselwa yizinambuzane nezifo, njenge-pine weevil kanye ne-pine nematode. Lezi zinambuzane zingabangela umonakalo omkhulu emasimini, okudinga izinyathelo zokuvimbela nokulawula ukuvikela izihlahla.
Imithelela yePinus ekuvundeni kwenhlabathi: ibangelwa yini lolu hlobo lwesitshalo?
I-Pinus patula, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Mexican pine, isitshalo esingavamile esiye yethulwa ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba ngenxa yokukhula ngokushesha kanye nokuhlukahluka. Indabuko yaseMexico naseMelika Ephakathi, i-Pinus patula isetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yezingodo, ukukhiqizwa kwe-pulp kanye nephepha, kanye nokubuyiselwa kwezindawo ezonakele.
Esinye sezici eziyinhloko ze-Pinus patula yikhono layo lokuqoqa izindawo zenhlabathi empofu neyonakele, okunomthelela ekuvundiseni nasekubuyiseleni kwayo. Nokho, ukulinywa okubanzi kwalolu hlobo kungaba nomthelela omubi ekuvundeni kwenhlabathi. I-Pinus patula inohlelo lwempande olujulile futhi oluminyene, olungaqhudelana nezinye izitshalo ukuze uthole imisoco namanzi, lunciphise ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuvunda komhlabathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqabunga namagatsha e-Pinus patula aqukethe amakhemikhali avimbela ukukhula kwezinye izitshalo, okungaholela ekulimazeni kwenhlabathi kanye nokunciphisa amandla ayo okusekela impilo yezitshalo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuphatha kahle amasimu e-Pinus patula, uwahlanganise nezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo ukukhuthaza ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo kanye nempilo yomhlabathi.
Kafushane, i-Pinus patula ingaba nemithelela emihle nemibi ekuvundeni kwenhlabathi, kuye ngokuthi itshalwa futhi iphathwe kanjani. Kubalulekile ukuqapha ngokucophelela amasimu e-Pinus patula futhi usebenzise izinqubo ezisimeme ukuze kuqinisekiswe impilo yomhlabathi kanye nokulingana kwezinhlelo zemvelo lapho lolu hlobo lwezitshalo lukhula khona.
I-Pinus patula: izici, indawo yokuhlala, i-taxonomy, ukusetshenziswa, izinambuzane
I-patula patula Iwuhlobo lwesihlahla esaziwa kangcono ngokuthi i-weeping pine, uphayini waseMexico, uphayini obomvu, uphayini we-candelabra, noma, ePuerto Rico, njengophayini wegele. Kuyi-gymnosperm yomndeni wakwaPinaceae, odabuka eZweni Elisha, eMexico. Ingenye yezinhlobo zikaphayini ezikhanga kakhulu emvelweni.
I-Weeping pine iyinhlobo engavamile eyethulwa eNingizimu Afrika isuka eMexico ngo-1907. Inezici ezinhle kakhulu zokusebenzisa izenzo zamahlathi. Lo phayini waseMexico usungulwe naseNew Zealand, Australia, India, Sri Lanka, Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia naseVenezuela.
Iwuhlobo olukhula ngokushesha lukaphayini oluye lwasetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amahlathi ukuze kuliwe nokugawulwa kwamahlathi, ngokwesibonelo, emazweni afana ne-Ecuador.
Kula masimu, uqweqwe lwezitshalo olunikezwa i-weeping pine lwenza kube lula ukusungulwa kwezinhlobo zemvelo ezilethwa kulawa mahlathi. I-patula patula yasungulwa njengesitshalo esikhulu sokuhweba e-Afrika.
Izici
Isihlahla
Lezi zihlahla ngokuvamile zifinyelela ku-20 kuya ku-30 m ukuphakama, kanti ezinye zifinyelela ku-40 m ukuphakama. Zinesiqu esiyi-cylindrical kwesinye isikhathi esingakhiqiza iziqu ezimbili noma ngaphezulu futhi zilinganise cishe ngamamitha ayi-1,2 ububanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iziqu ziba namandla kakhulu eminyakeni engama-30 ubudala. Ama-Lateral bracts, angaphezulu noma avundlile kancane, kwesinye isikhathi avame ukugoba.
Amagatsha esibili ahlelwe ngendlela exakile. Iziqu ziyi-multinodal ezinama-whorl amabili noma ngaphezulu nge-bract ngayinye, noma i-uninodal ene-whorl eyodwa kuphela.
Amashidi
I-oocarpae yesigatshana, okuyingxenye yazo lolu hlobo lukaphayini, ibonakala ngezinhlobo ezivame ukuba namaqabunga amathathu i-fascicle ngayinye, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi zihluka phakathi kwamabili namahlanu. I-hypodermis iqukethe amaseli anemimo ehlukahlukene. Futhi aqukethe ama-resin ducts, aphakathi nendawo, okungavamile ukuba abe ngaphakathi, noma ahlukanisiwe.
Izinaliti zingahlala iminyaka emibili kuya kwemine, kuma-fascicles amathathu noma amane, ngezinye izikhathi amabili kuya kwemihlanu. Lezinaliti zinobude obuyi-5 kuya ku-15 cm futhi ngokuvamile bungama-30 cm ubude. Umbala wazo uphuzi noma uluhlaza okotshani. Amamajini asemaceleni ane-serrated, kukhona i-stomata nhlangothi zonke.
Ngokuvamile, ama-bracts amade alengayo nezinaliti zenza lesi sihlahla sibe isihlahla esihle nesikhangayo. P. patula , amangqamuzana e-epidermal amaqabunga aphumela ngaphandle ukuze ubuso bubonakale bugcwele ufuba ngokuphelele.
Izingcingo
Amacones noma i-strobili, njengoba igama liphakamisa, ayi-conical futhi ayahluka ukusuka ku-subglobular ukuya kwe-oval noma i-subcylindrical, i-symmetrical kakhulu noma ngaphansi futhi i-oblique kancane. Kuyafana naku-in P. patula , kwezinye izinhlobo zaseCalifornian naseMexico, njenge P. insignis , P. tuberculata e P. muricata .
Izikali ezisezinhlangothini zangaphakathi nezingaphandle azilingani. Amacones anombala ompunga kuya kunsundu ngokukhanyayo, ansundu ngokubomvu, noma amnyama futhi matte. Izikali zinama-spiny projections futhi zivuleka ngokungavamile ukuze zikhulule imbewu. Inani lembewu liyahlukahluka kusuka ku-35 kuya ku-80 ngekhoni ngayinye.
Indawo yokuhlala nokusabalalisa
I-Weeping pine inezinhlobonhlobo zokusungulwa e-Oaxaca ezindaweni lapho imvula yonyaka icishe ibe ngu-500 mm. Nokho, endaweni yayo yemvelo, ingatholakala ezindaweni ezinemvula yonyaka ka-1000 kuya ku-2000 mm.
Izinga lokushisa elivumela ukukhula kwalo liphakathi kuka-10 no-40 ° C, lapho likhula khona ngokuqhubekayo ku-30 ° C. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, e-Los Andes, amazinga okushisa aphansi ayisici esikhawulela ukukhula kwayo.
Ukuphakama ezizivumelanisa nakho kahle ngamamitha angu-1650 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, futhi izinga lokukhula kwazo lehla ngaphansi kwamamitha angu-1000 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. Zikhula kahle enhlabathini ene-acidic okungcono kakhulu.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwayo kubanzi, kutholakala eMexico, emazweni aseMelika Ephakathi naseCaribbean nasemazweni amaningi aseLatin America, njenge-Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia naseVenezuela.
Ezwekazini lase-Afrika, isatshalaliswa kuyo yonke indawo yayo. Ukwengeza, lo phayini ukhona kwamanye amazwe ase-Asia.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi njengamaningi kaphayini, ukusungulwa kwawo ngokubambisana ne-mycorrhizae kuvumela ukukhula okunempilo kwale gymnosperm. Ngakho-ke, ukujova inhlabathi ngezinhlamvu ze-mycorrhizal kuwumkhuba owenziwa lapho kusungulwa ihlathi likaphayini.
Uphayini we-candelabra, njengoba waziwa kanjalo, uyazwela ekulimaleni komshini ovela emoyeni ngenxa yezimpande zawo ezimfishane. Izwela futhi isomiso nomlilo. I-Weeping pine nayo isengozini yokulimala ngenxa yesithwathwa esingaphansi kuka-10°C.
I-Taxonomy
Incazelo yakamuva kakhulu ye I-patula patula Schiede & Deppe imi kanje:
– Umbuso: Plantae.
– Subkingdom: viridiplantae.
- Superphylum: Embryophyta.
– Phylum: Tracheophyta.
- Ikilasi: I-Spermatops.
- I-oda: Pinales.
- Umndeni wakwaPinaceae
- Ubulili: Pinuses.
- Izinhlobo: P. patula (Schiede & Deppe 1831).
Ngokufanayo, ezinye izinhlobo zatholakala eBuenos Aires, e-Argentina, enye yazo ebizwa ngokuthi P. patula var. Zebrina, Milan (1948). Ukuze kuzuze abanye abalimi abawusakaza ngendlela yezitshalo, wawubhaliswe ngaphansi kwegama elithi “Zebrina”.
Ezinye izinhlobo ezimbili ze P. patula var. macrocarpa Marters kanye P. patula var. Benth stricta, kukhulunywe ngabo P. greggii Engelm.
Inamagama afanayo, isibonelo: P. i-subpatula , P. oocarpa var. ochoterenai, P. patula var. longipedunculata
Sebenzisa
Uphayini waseMexico usetshenziswe embonini yokwakha, ukwenza amabhokisi nokufulela ngezingodo zawo. Ibuye isetshenziselwe ukwenza izigxobo zocingo.
Uphayini waseMexico uye waba usizo nasekukhiqizeni ukhuni nephepha, kanye nasekukhiqizeni amabhodi okhuni.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi ngokwemibandela yemvelo, i-weeping pine iye yacutshungulwa ukuze kuzuze ikhava yawo ekhiqizayo ekusungulweni kwezitshalo zomdabu futhi ezethulwa ukuze kubuyiselwe amahlathi, ngokwesibonelo, emazweni anjenge-Ecuador.
I-Pragas
Iningi lezinambuzane ezihlasela lolu hlobo lukaphayini izinambuzane ze-oda i-Coleoptera (i-Scrabaeidae - Rutelinae, i-Chrysonelidae, i-Curcuionidae) ne-Lepidoptera (i-Noctuidae, i-Tortricidae, i-Lasiocampidae), enenani eliphezulu le-Hemiptera, i-Hymenoptera noma i-Oroptera)
Ngokuvamile, lezi zinambuzane zibangela ukubola kwezithombo kanye nezinga leqabunga elincane futhi zikhiqize ukusikeka ezimpandeni kanye neziqu ezincane.
Izinkomba
- Engelmann, G. 1880. Ukubuyekezwa kohlobo I-Pinus kanye nencazelo ye I-Pinus elliottii. Ukuthengiselana kwe-St. Louis Academy of Sciences. 4 (1): 1–29. Ithathwe ku: biodiversitylibrary.org
- Hansen, K., Lewis, J. kanye no-Chastagner, G.A. 2018. Iqoqo lezifo ze-Conifer. I-American Plant Pathology Society. 44 p.
- Wormald, T.J. 1975. I-patula patula . Amaphepha Amahlathi Ashisayo. 7:1-172
- Aguirre, N., Günter, S., Weber, M. and Stimm, B. 2006. Ukunothiswa kwamasimu I-patula patula nezinhlobo zomdabu eningizimu ye-Ecuador. ULyonia, 10 (1): 17-29.
- I-Taxonomicon (2004-2019). I-Taxon: Izinhlobo I-patula patula U-Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham. (1831) Ithathwe ku: taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl