I-Marzano Taxonomy iyimodeli yokuhlukanisa izinhloso zokufunda, eyakhiwe uthisha uRobert Marzano. Le taxonomy ihlukaniswe yaba izizinda ezintathu: ingqondo, i-affective, kanye ne-psychomotor, futhi ihlose ukusiza othisha bahlele futhi bahlole inqubo yokufundisa-ukufunda ngempumelelo. I-taxonomy ka-Marzano isiza othisha ukuthi bakhombe futhi bathuthukise amakhono athile kubafundi, bakhuthaze ukufundisa okuhloswe kakhudlwana nokusebenza kahle. Kuyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuthuthukisa izinga lemfundo nokuqinisekisa ukuthuthuka okuphelele kwabafundi.
Imigomo eyinhloko ye-taxonomy: ukuhlukanisa, ukuhlela nokuhlonza ukuhlukahluka kwebhayoloji.
I-Taxonomy igatsha lebhayoloji elibhekele ukuhlukanisa, ukuhlela, kanye nokuhlonza ukuhlukahluka kwebhayoloji okutholakala endalweni. Nge-taxonomy, ososayensi bayakwazi ukuhlanganisa izidalwa eziphilayo ngokuvumelana nezici zazo ezingokomzimba, zofuzo, nezokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kube lula ukutadisha nokuqonda ukuphila emhlabeni.
Enye yezinhloso eziyinhloko ze-taxonomy hlukanisa Izinto eziphilayo zihlukaniswa ngezigaba ezilandelanayo, njengombuso, i-phylum, isigaba, ukuhleleka, umndeni, uhlobo, kanye nezinhlobo. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuvumela ososayensi ukuthi bahlele ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezinto eziphilayo ngendlela enengqondo nehlelekile, kube lula ukuxhumana nokuqonda kwamaqembu ahlukene ezinto eziphilayo.
Ngaphezu kokuhlukanisa, i-taxonomy nayo inendima ye hlela izinto eziphilayo ngokobudlelwane bazo bokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okusiza ekwakheni kabusha isihlahla sokuphila nokuqonda umlando wokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo. Nge-taxonomy, ososayensi bangakwazi ukukhomba amaphethini okuhlobana phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene ezinto eziphilayo futhi balandelele ukuvela kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Omunye umgomo obalulekile we-taxonomy bona izinto eziphilayo, zinikeza isidalwa ngasinye igama lesayensi eliyingqayizivele neliqashelwa emhlabeni wonke. Lesi sisho segama se-binomial, esakhiwe ngu-Carl Linnaeus, sivumela ososayensi ukuthi babhekisele ezintweni eziphilayo ngokunembile nangokungaguquki, kube lula ukuxhumana kanye nokushintshisana kolwazi phakathi kwabacwaningi emhlabeni wonke.
Ngokuhlukanisa, ukuhlela, kanye nokuhlonza izidalwa eziphilayo, i-taxonomy isisiza ukuba sembule izimfihlakalo zokuphila futhi silondoloze izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezinothile emhlabeni wethu.
Imigomo eyinhloko ye-taxonomy ye-Bloom: funda izinjongo ezingemuva kokuhlukaniswa kwezemfundo.
I-Bloom's Taxonomy wuhlaka lwezemfundo omgomo walo oyinhloko kuwukuhlukanisa nokuhlela izinjongo zokufunda. Yathuthukiswa ngu-Benjamin Bloom nabahlanganyeli bakhe ngeminyaka yawo-1950, le taxonomy isetshenziswa kabanzi emhlabeni wonke ukusiza othisha ekuthuthukiseni ikharikhulamu, izinhlelo zezifundo, kanye nokuhlola.
Imigomo ye-Bloom's Taxonomy ihlanganisa ukunikeza umhlahlandlela ocacile wothisha mayelana namazinga ahlukene okufunda, ukusiza abafundi baqonde ukuthi yini elindeleke kubo esigabeni ngasinye senqubo yemfundo, kanye nokwenza lula ukuhlolwa kwenqubekelaphambili yomfundi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sigaba semfundo sihlose ukukhuthaza ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi yokufundisa evuselela ukucabanga okujulile, ukusungula izinto, kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga.
Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi i-Taxonomy ye-Bloom ayigcini nje ekubambeni ngekhanda ulwazi, kodwa futhi ihlanganisa amakhono okuqonda ayinkimbinkimbi, njengokuhlaziya, ukuhlanganisa, nokuhlola. Ngakho-ke, kunomthelela emfundweni eningilizayo nenenjongo, ilungiselela abafundi ukubhekana nezinselelo zomhlaba wamanje.
I-Marzano Taxonomy: Kuyini nokuthi ingeyani
A I-Marzano taxonomy iwuhlelo lokuhlukanisa olwakhiwe u-Marzano no-Kendall, olusekelwe ku-taxonomy ka-Bloom, enye yezindawo ezaziwa kakhulu kulo mkhakha. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwezinjongo kwadalelwa ngokuyinhloko ukufaka ulwazi olusha mayelana nendlela abantu abalucubungula ngayo ulwazi.
Lokhu kutholwa kwenziwa phakathi namashumi eminyaka ngemva kokushicilelwa kwe-taxonomy yasekuqaleni ye-Bloom. Ababhali be-taxonomy ka-Kendall babekholelwa ukuthi nakuba uBloom wayefuna ukwakha ithiyori engokoqobo engasiza ekwakheni izinjongo zemfundo, akazange aphumelele kulo mzamo.
Esikhundleni salokho, bakha uhlelo lwethiyori olwalunomthelela omncane ohlelweni lwezifundo zesikole. Ngakho-ke, laba babhali bazame ukwenza intela ewusizo kakhulu ezosiza ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lwezemfundo. Ngokwakha isistimu yokuhlukanisa esebenza kakhulu, othisha bangakwazi ukwenza kangcono ukufundisa kwabo kuhambisane nabafundi.
Ingabe i-taxonomy kaMarzano ihlanganisani?
I-taxonomy ka-Marzano iqukethe ikakhulukazi izilinganiso ezimbili ezisebenzisanayo: izizinda zolwazi kanye namazinga okucubungula.
- Izizinda zolwazi
Kunezizinda ezintathu zolwazi: ulwazi, izinqubo zengqondo, nezinqubo ze-psychomotor. Lolu uhlobo lokufunda umfundi angalwenza.
I-taxonomy kaMarzano ibheka ukuthi ulwazi esingalufunda luyizinhlobo ezintathu:
ekubunjweni
Kubandakanya ukutholwa kwedatha emsulwa, efana nezinsuku, izehlakalo zomlando, noma imibono. Yilokhu esivame ukukuqonda ngokuthi "ulwazi." Kuwukufunda ngengqondo kuphela.
Izinqubo zengqondo
Lezi izindlela zokucabanga ezidinga ukulandela izinyathelo ezithile zokufeza umgomo. Isibonelo, ukusebenzisa amafomula ezibalo noma uhlelo lokucabanga olunengqondo kungaba izinhlobo zezinqubo zengqondo. Kunjalo nokufunda ukufunda noma ukukhuluma ulimi olusha.
Izinqubo ze-Psychomotor
Lokhu kubhekisela kulo lonke ulwazi oluhlobene nokusetshenziswa komzimba namakhono enyama. Ngaphakathi kwalokhu kuhlukaniswa, singathola wonke amakhono ezemidlalo namanye, njengokubhala noma ukudlala insimbi.
- Amazinga okucubungula
Nakuba ngokuvamile zihlukaniswa zibe ezintathu (zokuqonda, i-metacognitive kanye nengaphakathi noma imoto ), ngokwenza ngokuvamile ahlukaniswe amaleveli ayisithupha. Leli izinga lokujula umfundi angathola kulo ulwazi olusha.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamazinga okucubungula kungokulandelayo:
Izinga lokuqonda
Ulwazi lusaqhubeka. Lapha singathola amaleveli amane amancane, alandelayo: ukubuyisa, ukuqonda, ukuhlaziya, kanye nokusetshenziswa kolwazi.
Izinga le-metacognitive
Ulwazi olusha lusetshenziswa ekulawuleni izinqubo zengqondo. Ngenxa yokufunda kwe-metacognitive, ungabeka imigomo futhi uzilawule ukuze uyifinyelele.
Izinga yangaphakathi noma okwakho
Kwenzeka lapho ulwazi olusha luthinta uhlelo lwenkolelo yomuntu olutholayo.
Lezi zigaba ezimbili ziyasebenzisana, ngakho-ke kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezintathu zokufunda singathola incazelo yamazinga ayisithupha okucubungula.
Kwenzelweni?
Ukwanda kancane kancane kolwazi
I-taxonomy edalwe u-Marzano kanye no-Kendall igxile kakhulu ekuzilolongeni, igxile ekwakhiweni kwemisebenzi ethile yokwandisa kancane kancane amazinga olwazi lwabafundi. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa komklamo kufinyelelwa, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngokucabangela izinqubo ezazingekho ku-taxonomy ka-Bloom.
Ezinye zezinqubo u-Marzano no-Kendall abazifaka ku-taxonomy yabo imizwa, izinkolelo zomuntu, ukuzazi, kanye nokubeka imigomo. Zonke lezi zinqubo ziyingxenye yalokho okwaziwa emhlabeni wocwaningo ngokuthi i-metacognition.
Okugxilwe kakhulu kubantu abadala
Ngenxa yokuthi i-metacognition ikhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, intela ka-Marzano no-Kendall ihloselwe kakhulu ukusebenza nabantu abadala kanye nokuthola amakhono ochwepheshe. Nokho, ingasetshenziswa futhi lapho usebenza nezingane.
Ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yomsebenzi walaba babhali isisekelo sayo setiyetha; okungukuthi, ukufakwa kwalo lonke ulwazi lwesayensi oludalwe emashumini eminyaka amuva mayelana nokuthi ukufunda komuntu kusebenza kanjani.
Inzuzo
Ngenxa yokwengezwa kwalolu lwazi, i-taxonomy ka-Marzano inezinzuzo ezithile kune-Bloom:
- Inani elikhulu leziphakamiso zokusebenza ngezinjongo zokufunda, kuye ngolwazi olumsulwa, izinqubo zengqondo noma ze-psychomotor.
- Ukuqonda kangcono izinqubo ezithile zokufunda eziyisisekelo, njengemizwa, inkumbulo, ugqozi, kanye nokubona okuthile.
- Ukunemba okukhulu ekudaleni izinjongo zokufunda, ngemephu ecaciswe kakhudlwana yezinhlobo zolwazi olungatholwa nokuthi lutholakala kanjani.
- Ngenxa yalokhu kunemba okukhulu lapho udala izinjongo, kungabuye kuhlolwe kalula ukuthi zifinyelelwe yini.
Umehluko ku-Bloom's Taxonomy
Mhlawumbe umehluko ogqama kakhulu phakathi kwe-taxonomy ka-Bloom kanye ne-Marzano wuhlobo lokufunda bobabili ababhali abacabanga ukuthi kungenzeka.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uBloom wathi ulwazi lungaba izinhlobo ezintathu: ukuqonda (lokho esikubiza ngokuthi ulwazi ku-taxonomy kaMarzano), i-psychomotor (okulingana nezinqubo ze-psychomotor) kanye ne-affective (okuhlobene nemizwa nezindlela zokuzizwa).
- Ngokuphambene nalokho, uMarzano noKendall babheka ukuthi imizwa ayilona uhlelo oluhlukile lolwazi, kodwa iyinto exhumanisa ukutholwa kwazo zonke ezinye izinhlobo zolwazi.
Isisekelo setiyetha
Ngaphezu kwalomehluko oyisisekelo ekuhlukaniseni ulwazi, intela kaMarzano isekelwe ocwaningweni kakhulu kunekaBloom.
Ngenxa yokugxekwa ukuthi uhlelo lwangaphambilini lokuhlukanisa lwahlukunyezwa osolwazi abaningi, uMarzano noKendall bahlongoza ukuthuthukisa i-taxonomy ekhona ngolwazi olusha olukhiqizwa ucwaningo lokuqonda.
Ngenxa yalokho, isisekelo setiyori se-taxonomy kaMarzano sinamandla kakhulu kunesandulela sakhe.
Mayelana noMarzano noKendall
Robert J. Marzano
Umcwaningi wezemfundo waseMelika. Ushicilele izindatshana ezingaphezu kuka-200 ngezemfundo, ukuqonda, ubuholi bezemfundo, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kohlelo olusebenzayo lothisha nabaqeqeshi. Uphinde abe ngumbhali noma umbhali-kanye wezincwadi ezingaphezu kuka-50.
Wenze ucwaningo lwezemfundo kanye nethiyori ngezihloko zokuhlola okusekelwe emazingeni, ukuqonda, amasu okufundisa asezingeni eliphezulu, nobuholi besikole, okuhlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo namathuluzi asebenzayo othisha nabaphathi ezikoleni zamabanga aphansi nesekondari.
John S. Kendall
Uthole iziqu kuPsychology, wayenguprofesa eGustavus Adolphus College iminyaka engaphezu kwengama-30.
Izinkomba
- "I-Taxonomy kaRobert Marzano: Izenzo Ezinconyiwe Zezinkomba Namazinga Okuqonda" ku: Orientación Andújar. Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-: Mashi 6, 2018 kusukela ku-Orientación Andújar: orientacionandujar.es.
- Gallardo Córdoba, 2009. "I-taxonomy entsha yase-Marzano ne-Kendall: enye indlela yokucebisa umsebenzi wezemfundo ngokuhlela kwayo." I-New Marzano kanye ne-Kendall Taxonomy Manual. Kubuyiswe ku-cca.org.mx
- "I-Marzano's Taxonomy" ku: Alex Duve. Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-: Mashi 6, 2018 kwa-Alex Duve: alexduve.com.
- "Ukuqonda i-Taxonomy" ku: Marzano Taxonomy. Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-: Mashi 6, 2018 kusukela ku-Marzano Taxonomy: taxonomiamarzano.weebly.com.
- "Ukuqhathaniswa kwe-taxonomies: Bloom, Marzano kanye neWebb" ku: Educational Therapy. Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-: Mashi 6, 2018 kusukela ku-Educational Therapy: rapiaeducativa.wordpress.com.