- ISweden inciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezikrini kanye namaselula ezikoleni, ngaphandle kokuyeka ngokuphelele ukusetshenziswa kwedijithali, ukuze ibhekane nezinkinga zokugxila, impilo, kanye nokwehla kokufunda.
- Uhulumeni utshala imali eningi ezincwadini zamaphepha, uvuselela izivivinyo eziphrintiwe, futhi udala izikole ezingenamaselula, ikakhulukazi eminyakeni yokuqala.
- Imibiko ye-OECD kanye nezifundo zezempilo zibonisa kokubili izinzuzo kanye nezingozi zokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe, okuqinisa isidingo sokulinganisela phakathi kwezinsizakusebenza ze-analog nezedijithali.
- Izinkampani zobuchwepheshe kanye nabanye ochwepheshe baxwayisa ngengozi yokuthi imfundo ye-analog ngokweqile ingalimaza ulwazi lwedijithali kanye nokuncintisana komnotho waseSweden.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, iSweden isuke ekubeni yisibonelo somhlaba wonke sokwenziwa kwedijithali kwezikole yaya ekubeni yisikhungo sempikiswano ejulile mayelana nendima yezikrini kwezemfundo. Izwe, elalithembele kakhulu kuma-tablet, ama-laptop, kanye namapulatifomu edijithali kusukela emfundweni yezingane zakuqala kuqhubeke, manje selibuyekeza le ndlela futhi linciphisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwamaselula namanye amadivayisi ekilasini. Lolu shintsho alulula futhi aluhambisani ngazwi linye, futhi luhilela izimpikiswano mayelana nempilo, ukufunda, ukulingana komphakathi, ngisho nokuncintisana kwezomnotho.
Ngokuphambene nalokho okushiwo imibono eminingi ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, iSweden ayikayivimbeli ngokuphelele ubuchwepheshe ezikoleni futhi ayikayeki uhlelo lwayo lokufaka ubuchwepheshe ku-inthanethi. Okwenzekayo ukushintshashintsha okujulile: ukunciphisa isikhathi esiningi sesikrini, ukuqinisa ukusetshenziswa kwezincwadi ezibonakalayo, ama-notebook, namapensela, kanye nokugcina amathuluzi edijithali kuphela ezimweni lapho enezela khona ngempela inani lokufundisa. Okwamanje, osopolitiki, othisha, abacwaningi, imindeni, kanye nomkhakha wezobuchwepheshe bezemfundo onamandla bavaleleke engxoxweni mayelana nokuthi kufanele kube yini ibhalansi efanele phakathi kwezwe le-analog neledijithali emfundweni yezizukulwane ezintsha.
Indlela iSweden eyaba ngayo uphawu lokulinganisa ekusetshenzisweni kwedijithali kwezikole.
Ngo-2017, uhulumeni waseSweden wavuma isu leminyaka emihlanu lokuthuthukisa ukwenziwa kwezikole zibe zedijithali, ngezinhloso ezinkulu. Lolu hlelo ludinga ukudala amathuba engeziwe okusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe, ukuphakamisa izinga lamakhono edijithali ezingane, intsha kanye nentsha, kanye nokusebenzisa amathuluzi edijithali ukukhuthaza ulwazi, amathuba alinganayo kanye nokufinyelela izinsiza zemfundo.
Umphumela walokhu kugembula kwaba ukwanda okusheshayo kakhulu kokuba khona kwamadivayisi edijithali emakilasini aseSweden. Ngo-2015, cishe abafundi abangu-80% ezikoleni zamabanga aphezulu zomphakathi ezixhaswe nguhulumeni babenokufinyelela komuntu ngamunye kwikhompyutha noma ithebhulethi, ngokusho kwedatha esemthethweni. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-2000 nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-2010, ama-laptop aqala ukutholakala cishe ezikoleni zezwe.
Ukwenziwa kwedijithali kuqalile ekuqaleni nangaphambili ohambweni lwemfundo lwabafundi. Ngo-2019, ikharikhulamu kazwelonke yaqala ukuphoqelela ukusetshenziswa kwamathebulethi, kusukela emfundweni yezingane zakuqala, inqubomgomo eyayikhuthazwa kakhulu uhulumeni weSocial Democratic wangaleso sikhathi. Umqondo kwakuwukulungiselela ngisho nezingane ezincane ikusasa lomsebenzi kanye nempilo yangasese ethonywe kakhulu ubuchwepheshe.
Lo mzila usize ekuqiniseni isithombe saseSweden njengomunye wemiphakathi yedijithali kakhulu eYurophu. Leli lizwe manje seliyizwe lesibili ngobukhulu kubasebenzisi be-inthanethi e-European Union, ngemuva kweDenmark kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lazakhela idumela njengesikhungo sezinkampani ezintsha zobuchwepheshe, ladala "ama-unicorn" njengeSpotify kanye nezinkampani zobuhlakani bokwenziwa njengesikhulumi sezomthetho iLegora, ezizuze kubasebenzi abanolwazi olukhulu lobuchwepheshe.
Kusukela entshisekweni kuya ekukhathazekeni: umthelela wezikrini kubafundi.
Kodwa-ke, isimo saqala ukushintsha njengoba kuvela izimpawu ezikhathazayo mayelana nempilo engokomzimba, yengqondo, neyengqondo yezingane nentsha. Ngokusho kukaNgqongqoshe Wezindaba Zomphakathi Nezempilo Yomphakathi, uJakob Forssmed, isikhathi esiningi sokubuka isikrini sihlotshaniswa nokukhubazeka kokufunda okusabalele kanye nokwehla kwamakhono omzimba nawokucabanga phakathi kwabafundi baseSweden.
UForssmed ucaphuna izibonelo ezihlaba umxhwele ngoba zibonakala "ziyisisekelo" kakhulu. Ngokusho kwakhe, izingane eziningi zibonisa ubunzima emakhonweni alula okunyakaza komzimba, njengokusika ngesikele, ukukhuphuka izihlahla, noma ngisho nokuhamba nyovane, ngoba zichitha isikhathi eside zihleli zibheke izikrini zabo zeselula. Ungqongqoshe uphinde akhulume ngokubonakala, kubantu abasha, kwezinkinga zempilo ezazivame kakhulu kubantu asebekhulile kanye nabantu abaseminyakeni ephakathi, ezihambisana nendlela yokuphila yokuhlala phansi kanye nokuntuleka kokuzivocavoca umzimba.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umbono wokuthi ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwamaselula ekilasini kuphazamisa ukunaka kwabafundi uye wabelwana ngabaphathi nothisha. EMalmö, eningizimu yeSweden, iPhini likaMeya uPatrik Sander uthi isikole samabanga aphezulu lapho asebenze khona iminyaka eminingi siqoqa omakhalekhukhwini babafundi, abawathola kuphela ngesikhathi sasemini. Lesi sinyathelo sathathwa ngemuva kwezimpawu ezicacile zokuziphatha "okulingana nokusetshenziswa kabi nokulutha," lapho abafundi bethatha omakhalekhukhwini babo ngenkani, ngisho nalapho idivayisi ingasekho ezandleni zabo.
Elinye iphuzu elibucayi ukwanda kwezigameko zokuxhashazwa kwe-inthanethi kanye nokwephulwa kobumfihlo okuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kwamaselula esikoleni. USander ulandisa ngamacala abafundi besifazane abathwetshulwa izithombe ngasese emakamelweni okushintshela ezemfundo yomzimba, bese lezo zithombe zabelwana ngazo ngaphandle kwemvume yabo. Ukholelwa ukuthi ukukhawulela ukufinyelela kumadivayisi omuntu siqu kuyindlela yokulwa nalolu hlobo lobudlova.
Emsebenzini wansuku zonke wezikole, othisha bayaqaphela ukuthi uma kukhona umakhalekhukhwini eduze, isilingo sokuwusebenzisa cishe sihlala njalo. Esikoleni samabanga aphansi e-Årsta, indawo engaphansi kweStockholm, abafundi abaneminyaka eyi-10 neyi-11 ubudala bafaka amadivayisi abo ekuseni ezikhwameni abaziphekele zona bese bewalanda kuphela ekupheleni kosuku. Lapho kuxoxwa nabo ngabanye, izingane ezinjengo-Emma noLivia ziyavuma ukuthi uma begcina amafoni abo ezikhwameni zabo, kungaba nzima kakhulu ukumelana nokuhlola i-Snapchat noma i-TikTok ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Impendulo kahulumeni: kusukela esikrinini kuya encwadini yokubhala
Ukukhathazeka ngempilo, ukugxila, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwesikole kuye kwaholela ekutheni umfelandawonye wamanje wephiko lesokudla, osebusweni kusukela ngo-2022, uqondise kabusha ngokucacile inqubomgomo yezemfundo. Okhulumela imfundo yeLiberal Party, uJoar Forsell, wafingqa lesi siqubulo esisha ngesiqubulo esaziwa kakhulu ezweni: "från skärm till pärm," into efana nokuthi "kusuka esikrinini kuya kufolda/ebhukwini."
Empeleni, umgomo uwukunciphisa isikhathi sokubuka isikrini, ikakhulukazi eminyakeni yokuqala yesikole. UForsell uthi, lapho besebancane, izingane akufanele zisebenzise izikrini esikoleni, noma kufanele zizisebenzise kancane ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukugxila kufanele kushintshele ekuqiniseni amakhono ayisisekelo njengokufunda, ukubhala, kanye nokubala kusetshenziswa izincwadi zamaphepha kanye nokubhala ngesandla.
Lolu shintsho luthole umfutho ngochungechunge lwezinqumo zomthetho zakamuva kanye neziphakamiso. Kusukela ngo-2025, izikhungo zokunakekela izingane zasemini kanye nezikole zasenkulisa azisadingeki ukusebenzisa amathuluzi edijithali, futhi amaphilisi awasanikezwa izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emibili ubudala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuhlelwe ukuthi kuvinjelwe ukusetshenziswa kwamafoni aphathwayo ezikoleni phakathi nosuku lwesikole, okuhlanganisa namakhefu, kubafundi abafika ebangeni lesi-9.
Okwamanje, uMnyango Wezemfundo waseSweden utshala imali eningi ekugcwaliseni iqoqo lawo lezincwadi ezibonakalayo. Uhulumeni ubeke imali elinganiselwa ku-100 million euros yokuthenga izincwadi ezinyathelisiwe kanye nezinto zokusekela othisha. Le mali yasatshalaliswa ngezitolimende zonyaka: amakhulu ezigidi zama-kronor aseSweden ngo-2024 nango-2025, kanti imali iqinisekisiwe kuze kube ngu-2028 ukuze ivumelane nezifundo ezintsha. Umgomo ocacile ukuthi umfundi ngamunye aphinde abe nencwadi yesifundo ngasinye, into eyayilahlekile ngesikhathi sokuchuma kwama-tablet nama-whiteboard edijithali.
Ukubuyela ekufundeni okusekelwe ephepheni akugcini nje ngokufanekisa; kudlulela ezivivinyweni zikazwelonke kanye nokwakhiwa kwekharikhulamu yesikole. Izivivinyo zonyaka wesithathu, ebeziqhutshwa ngedijithali, zizobuyela ekubeni ezisekelwe ephepheni kuphela. Kusukela ekwindla ka-2026, izikole zemfundo ephoqelekile kulindeleke ukuthi zibe izindawo ezingenamaselula, okudinga abafundi ukuthi banikeze amadivayisi abo ekuqaleni kosuku lwesikole. Kukhona ngisho nokwabiwa kwesabelomali esithile sama-crown angamashumi ezigidi ngonyaka, kusukela ngo-2027, ukusekela lolu shintsho.
Izincomo zezempilo kanye nemikhawulo yesikhathi sokuhlola isikrini
Isu laseSweden lokulwa nesikhathi esiningi sokufunda isikrini ezikoleni liqiniswa yiziqondiso ezintsha zezempilo yomphakathi. I-Swedish Public Health Agency ishicilele iziqondiso eziphakamisa ukuthi izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emibili ubudala akufanele zichithe isikhathi phambi kwezikrini. Ezinganeni ezineminyaka emibili kuya kwemihlanu, umkhawulo onconywayo uyihora elilodwa ngosuku; ezinganeni ezineminyaka eyisithupha kuya kweyishumi nambili, kuze kube amahora amabili; kanye nasebasha, okungenani amahora amathathu ngosuku.
Lezi zincomo zibhekana nokukhathazeka ngezinzwa mayelana nokukhula kwengane. Abacwaningi abafana nososayensi wezinzwa uSissela Nutley waseKarolinska Institute baxwayisa ngokuthi ukufunda ezikrinini nokushintshashintsha njalo phakathi kwezinto ezishukumisayo zedijithali kungaphazamisa ukucutshungulwa kolwazi futhi kuthinte ukukhula kobuchopho esemncane.
UNutley uveza ukuthi ukubona nje lokho okwenziwa ngumfundi ofunda naye esikrinini esilandelayo kwanele ukuphazamisa ukunaka ekilasini. Esikhundleni sokugxila kokuqukethwe, umfundi ubanjwa izaziso, amavidiyo, namafasitela ancintisana nokunaka kwakhe. Ucwaningo olukhulayo lwamazwe ngamazwe lubonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwamadivayisi edijithali, ikakhulukazi uma kuphathwa kabi, kungalimaza ukugxila, inkumbulo yokusebenza, kanye nekhwalithi yokufunda.
Umbono woMnyango Wezemfundo ufana: iphepha nepeni kubhekwa njengamathuluzi asebenza kahle kakhulu okuhlanganisa ulwazi emfundweni eyisisekelo. Uhulumeni uthi, ngaphambi kokuveza izingane kakhulu endaweni yedijithali, kubalulekile ukuthi zibe nekhono lokufunda ngokujulile nokubhala kahle ezinkundleni zokuxhumana. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho kungaba nengqondo ukuhlanganisa, ngendlela enobuhlakani, ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe kakhulu njengobuhlakani bokwenziwa noma izindawo eziku-inthanethi.
Ukwehla kokufunda amaphuzu kanye nendima yokuhlolwa kwamazwe ngamazwe
Isizinda esibonakala kakhulu salokhu kuguquka kweSweden ukwehla kokusebenza kokufunda njengoba kulinganiswa yizifundo ezinkulu zomhlaba wonke. Embikweni we-PISA ka-2022, ohlanganiswe yi-OECD, iSweden iqophe ukwehla okukhulu kwezibalo nokufunda uma kuqhathaniswa nemijikelezo yangaphambilini, ngemuva kokuba, esikhathini esidlule, uhlobo "lomfundi oyisibonelo".
Nakuba isengaphezulu kancane kwesilinganiso se-OECD, iSweden okwamanje yenza kabi kakhulu ekufundeni kunamazwe afana ne-United Kingdom, i-United States, iDenmark, neFinland. Cishe abafundi abangu-24% abaneminyaka engu-15 kuya kwengu-16 abakafinyeleli ezingeni eliyisisekelo lokuqonda ukufunda - okusho ukuthi cishe oyedwa kwabane abasebasha akakwazi ukuhumusha imibhalo ngendlela eyanelisayo ukuze aqhubeke nokufunda ngokuzimela.
Olunye ucwaningo, i-PIRLS 2021, oluhlola ukuqonda kokufunda kubafundi bebanga lesi-4 esikoleni samabanga aphansi, nalo luveze ifulege elibomvu. Imiphumela yaseSweden ibonise ukuwohloka okucacile uma kuqhathaniswa nezilinganiso zangaphambilini, futhi lokhu kwaxhunyaniswa ngokushesha, ezihlokweni zomhlaba wonke, nokuguquguquka okukhulu kwamakilasi. Kwaze kwabikwa nokuthi iSweden inqume "ukushiya" uhlelo lwayo lokuguquguquka futhi "ibuyele ezincwadini" ngenxa yalo mbiko.
Empeleni, isimo siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho impikiswano ezinkundleni zokuxhumana ekwenza kubonakale sengathi kunjalo. Ngokusho komcwaningi uHéctor Ruiz Martín, oxoxe nemithombo yaseSweden, uNgqongqoshe Wezemfundo uLotta Edholm akahlosile ukumane alahle uhlelo olwavunywa ngonyaka odlule. Lokho akuphakamisile kwakuwukubuyekezwa okujulile kochwepheshe, ngokusekelwe ebufakazini, ukulungisa okudingekayo nokulinganisela ubukhona bobuchwepheshe ekilasini, ngaphandle kokubuchitha ngokuphelele.
Imininingwane ebalulekile ukuthi izivivinyo ze-PIRLS 2021 zibanjwe ngedijithali okokuqala ngqa. Uhulumeni waseSweden usuvele umemezele ukuthi abafundi bazophinda babhale lezi zivivinyo ephepheni ezinhlelweni ezizayo, ukuze bahlole ukuthi indlela yokuphatha iyayithinta yini imiphumela yokuqonda ukufunda.
Zithini izifundo ze-OECD mayelana nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe?
Imibiko yakamuva ye-OECD ngemfundo eSweden inikeza umbono oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngomthelela wezikrini ekilasini. Idokhumenti eyanyatheliswa ngoJanuwari ikhombisa ukuthi, ngokuvamile, abafundi baseSweden bayazuza ngokufinyelela amathuluzi edijithali, ikakhulukazi uma esetshenziswa ngezinhloso zemfundo ezichazwe kahle.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lo mbiko uqokomisa izinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokuphazamiseka kwedijithali ezikoleni zaseSweden. Phakathi kwezinkinga ezigqanyisiwe ukusetshenziswa kwamadivayisi emisebenzini engeyona eyesikole ngesikhathi sekilasi, ukuhlukana kokunaka, kanye nobunzima abafundi abanabo bokuhlala begxile emisebenzini emide lapho kunezikrini eziningi eduze.
Okunye okutholakele okubalulekile ukuthi, ezibalweni, ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwamadivayisi edijithali ekilasini kuhlobene namaphuzu aphansi. Lokhu akusho ukuthi ubuchwepheshe "bubangela" ukwehla kokusebenza, njengoba u-Andreas Schleicher, umqondisi wezemfundo e-OECD, ekhomba. Kodwa kusikisela ukuthi indlela kanye nokuqina okuhlanganiswa ngayo lezi zinsiza kwenza umehluko omkhulu.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, umbiko ukhombisa ukuthi isimo esibi kakhulu akusikho ngempela esezikoleni zedijithali ngokugcwele, kodwa futhi akusikho esezikole ezingasebenzisi nhlobo ubuchwepheshe. Abafundi abangalokothi basebenzise amadivayisi edijithali bavame ukwenza kabi kunalabo abasebenzisa amathuluzi obuchwepheshe ngokulinganisela nangesiqondiso esihle. Ngakho-ke, umbuzo omkhulu awusiwo "isikhathi sesikrini se-yebo noma cha," kodwa "ngesilinganiso esingakanani, ngayiphi injongo, futhi ngokusekelwa okunjani kokufundisa."
Omakhalekhukhwini, ukulutheka ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, kanye nokuphila kwansuku zonke ezikoleni zaseSweden.
Ngale kwemibiko yezindaba ezinkulu, impilo yangempela ezikoleni yembula indlela izikrini ezithinta ngayo impilo yansuku zonke yabafundi. Kwabaningi abasebasha, inkinga akuyona nje ukutholakala kwamakhompyutha noma amathebhulethi anikezwa yisikole, kodwa ukuthembela kwabo kuma-smartphone abo kanye nezinkundla zokuxhumana.
Izitatimende ezenziwe ngabafundi abaneminyaka eyi-10 kuya kweyi-11 e-Årsta ziwubonisa kahle lo mkhuba. U-Emma uyavuma ukuthi usebenzisa i-Snapchat ne-TikTok kakhulu nokuthi, ngezinye izikhathi, uzizwa sengathi "useyalutheka" ngoba akakwazi ukubeka ifoni yakhe phansi. ULivia uthi, uma ifoni yakhe iseduze, isifiso sokubuka isikrini sihlala sikhona. U-Esia uyavuma ukuthi, ukube ubegcina ifoni yakhe ekilasini, cishe ubezoyinaka, ikakhulukazi njengoba ebheka izifundo "njengezidina kakhulu" uma kuqhathaniswa nalokho akubona efonini yakhe.
Ngisho nalabo abajabulela imisebenzi yomzimba noma yokuxhumana nabantu ngaphandle kwekilasi bayaqaphela amandla okuphazamisa amadivayisi. Ngokwesibonelo, uLucas uthi angathanda ukudlala ibhola nabangani bakhe ngesikhathi sekhefu lasemini esikhundleni sokusebenzisa umakhalekhukhwini wakhe. Kodwa ngesikhathi sekilasi, uyavuma ukuthi le divayisi ingaba isilingo esinamandla, imphazamise endabeni yesifundo.
Othisha bezikole zamabanga aphansi naphezulu nabo bakhathazekile ngesikhathi abafundi abasichitha bebodwa, begqoke ama-headphone, phambi kwesikrini, ngisho nalapho benza umsebenzi wesikole. UProfesa Åsa Lind uthi izikole kufanele zibukeze ngokucophelela indlela ezisebenzisa ngayo usuku lwesikole futhi zinciphise ukusetshenziswa kwekhompyutha emakilasini amancane ukuze zithande imisebenzi yamaqembu, ukunyakaza, kanye nokuxhumana ubuso nobuso.
Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kunezela emibikweni evela ezikoleni zamabanga aphezulu ebezivele ziqoqa omakhalekhukhwini iminyaka eminingi, ngisho nangaphambi kwanoma yimuphi umthetho kazwelonke. UPatrik Sander ukhumbula ukuthi, ekuqaleni, lapho imishini ithathwa, wawusabona izandla zabafundi zifinyelela ngokuzenzakalelayo emaphaketheni noma ezikhwameni zabo, zifuna into engasekho – ukuziphatha okuvamile komuntu owayesenomkhuba ocishe uzenzekele wokuhlola ifoni yakhe njalo.
Ukugxekwa, impikiswano, kanye nokwesaba ukushiywa ngemuva.
Ushintsho "lokubuyela ephepheni" eSweden aluzange luphawulwe yizinkampani zobuchwepheshe bezemfundo, izazi zezomnotho, kanye nabanye othisha. Inhlangano yaseSweden Edtech Industry yashicilela umbiko oxwayisa ngokuthi imfundo eningi kakhulu ye-analog ingashiya abafundi bengakulungele kahle imakethe yemisebenzi.
Ngokusho kukaJannie Jeppesen, umqondisi wenhlangano kanye noprofesa wangaphambilini, cishe yonke imisebenzi izodinga amakhono ayisisekelo edijithali maduze. Ucaphuna izilinganiso ezivela kwi-European Union ezibonisa ukuthi cishe u-90% wemisebenzi evulekile izodinga lezi zinhlobo zamakhono. Ngokombono wakhe, ukunciphisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe ezikoleni kubeka engcupheni ikhono lentsha lokuzivumelanisa nalesi simo.
UJeppesen uphinde adonsele ukunaka engcupheni yokuthi iSweden ilahlekelwe yindawo yayo njengesikhungo sokusungula izinto ezintsha. Izinkampani zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu – okuhlanganisa nezinyoni ezizalwa kuleli zwe – zingase zibheke kwezinye izimakethe uma zingakwazi ukuthola, ngaphakathi, ochwepheshe abanokuqeqeshwa okuqinile kwamakhono edijithali nasezindaweni ezihlobene nokubala kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa.
Elinye iphuzu eliphakanyiswe abagxeki ingozi yokwanda kokungalingani ngokushiya ukuxhumana okuhlelekile nobuchwepheshe ezigabeni zakamuva zesikole. USolwazi uLinnéa Stenliden, wase-Linköping University, uthi uma imfundo yamabanga aphezulu kuphela ikhuluma ngezihloko ezifana nobuhlakani bokwenziwa, izingane ezivela emindenini ecebile, abazali bazo abanesikhathi nolwazi lokuqondisa ukusetshenziswa kwala mathuluzi ekhaya, zizothola inzuzo. Okwamanje, abafundi abavela ezizindeni ezisengozini bangase basale emuva kakhulu, okubangela "ukuhlukana kwedijithali."
Nokho, ePhalamende, uJoar Forsell ugcina isikhundla sokuthi kubalulekile ukuhlanganisa amakhono ayisisekelo kuqala ngaphambi kokujula ekusebenzeni nge-AI kanye nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe. Kuye, ukunikeza izingane imfundo eqinile yokufunda, ukubhala, kanye nezibalo kuyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokulwa nokungalingani kwesikhathi eside, hhayi ukuzibeka engozini yokuthola amathuluzi edijithali ayinkimbinkimbi kusenesikhathi.
Amazwi asekelayo naphikisayo: impikiswano ngale kweSweden
Ingxoxo ngalokho okwenzekayo eSweden idlulele ngale kwemingcele futhi yavuselela izingxoxo kwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi eYurophu. Imibiko yezindaba ethi izwe "livale izikrini" futhi "libuyele ezincwadini" yathola ukunakwa kabanzi, ngokuvamile ngokwenziwa lula kanye nokuchazwa okuphambene kwalokho okwakunqunyiwe empeleni.
Ochwepheshe kwezemfundo nakwezengqondo bahlukene ekuhlaziyeni kwabo indima yezikrini ekufundeni. Umcwaningi uCatherine L'Ecuyer, isibonelo, ugxeka kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwamadivayisi edijithali ngezinjongo zemfundo, ikakhulukazi ezigabeni zokuqala. Encwadini evulekile eya ezikoleni ezisebenzisa amaphilisi, uthi abukho ubufakazi obuqinile bokufakazela ukuthi lokhu kusetshenziswa kuthuthukisa imiphumela yokufunda.
I-L'Ecuyer ibuza futhi ngokudideka phakathi "kokuthanda ubuchwepheshe" kanye "nokufunda kangcono kubo". Ngokusho kokuhlaziywa kwakhe, izifundo eziningi ezikhomba ugqozi oluphezulu phakathi kwabafundi abasebenzisa amaphilisi empeleni zilinganisa ukuthakazelelwa okungenamsebenzi ngezisusa eziqhubekayo, hhayi intshisekelo yangempela yokufunda. Lokhu, ngokombono wakhe, kungenza ingqondo yengane incike kakhulu esikrinini, iqondiswa yi-algorithms enquma ukuthi yini ezoyibona ngokulandelayo.
Nokho, amanye amazwi akhuthaza ukuqaphela ukuze angalingisi ubuchwepheshe kabi noma awele ogibeni olulula "lokusola izikrini" ngazo zonke izinkinga zokufunda. Uthisha uHéctor Gardó, waseBofill Foundation, uthi kubalulekile ukubheka izici ezifana nokuntuleka kwemitapo yolwazi yesikole ehlelwe kahle kanye nokukhuthaza okuncane kokufunda ezindaweni ezisengozini. Ucaphuna, isibonelo, idatha evela ezifundeni lapho izikole zomphakathi ezingaphansi kwezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zinomtapo wolwazi osebenzayo, ebuza ukuthi kunengqondo yini ukusola amadivayisi edijithali kuphela ngamazinga aphansi okuqonda ukufunda.
Phakathi kwezikhundla ezihlukene, kukhona labo abasekela indlela ehlanganisiwe kakhudlwana, lapho ubuchwepheshe nephepha kuhambisana khona ngendlela ehambisanayo. Ochwepheshe abanjengoSusana Martín, umphathi wezinguquko ezintsha kanye nokuguqulwa kwedijithali emkhakheni wokushicilela, bagcizelela ukuthi akukhona ukukhetha phakathi kwezincwadi ezibonakalayo nezinsizakusebenza zedijithali, kodwa mayelana nokusebenzisa okuhle kakhulu kwazo. Kuye, kuyiphutha ukunciphisa yonke ingxoxo yobuchwepheshe bezemfundo ibe "ukusetshenziswa kwezikrini" okulula, ukunganaki izindlela, ukuqeqeshwa kothisha, kanye nekhwalithi yokufundisa yezinto zokwakha.
Phakathi kwephepha nephikseli: kungenzeka ibhalansi noma inkinga engamanga?
Icala laseSweden libonisa ukuthi azikho izimpendulo ezilula uma kukhulunywa ngobuchwepheshe kwezemfundo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunobufakazi kanye nokubonwa kwensimu okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa okungalawulwa kwezikrini - ikakhulukazi omakhalekhukhwini bomuntu siqu kanye nezinkundla zokuxhumana - nezinkinga eziqondile: ukuphazamiseka ekilasini, ukwehla kokusebenza kokufunda, ukwanda kokuxhashazwa kwe-inthanethi, izindlela zokuphila zokungahlali phansi, kanye nemiphumela empilweni yengqondo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona ukuvumelana ngokuthi amakhono edijithali abalulekile empilweni yobungcweti kanye neyomphakathi kuleli khulu lama-21. Amathuluzi afana namaprosesa wamagama, amaspredishithi, amapulatifomu okubambisana, izinhlelo eziyisisekelo, kanye nezinhlelo zobuhlakani bokwenziwa, ayingxenye yenqubo yansuku zonke cishe kuyo yonke imikhakha yomsebenzi. Ukungakunaki lokhu esikoleni kungasho ukuthi abafundi abakulungele kahle iqiniso abazolithola ngaphandle kwalo.
Okuhlangenwe nakho kweSweden kusikisela ukuthi inkinga akuyona nje "ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe," kodwa "kanjani" nokuthi "nini" ukubusebenzisa. Uma amadivayisi ethulwa ngaphandle kwenhloso ecacile yokufundisa, ngaphandle kwemigomo echaziwe, futhi ngaphandle kokulungiselela othisha nabafundi kahle, kunethuba elikhulu lokuthi azosebenza njengomthombo wokuphazamiseka kunokuba ithuluzi lokufunda. Yilokhu kusetshenziswa, okubhekwa "njengokweqile" futhi okungahleliwe kahle, ukuthi, ngokusho kuka-Andreas Schleicher, kungenzeka ukuthi kube nomthelela emiphumeleni ekhathazayo yaseSweden ku-PISA.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amazwe aziyo ukulinganisela kahle ubuchwepheshe be-analog kanye nobedijithali avame ukuvuna imivuzo engcono. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe okulinganiselwe, okuhloselwe ukusekela imisebenzi ethile (njengocwaningo oluqondisiwe, ukulingisa, ukukhiqizwa kombhalo, kanye namaphrojekthi okubambisana) hhayi ukufaka esikhundleni sezincwadi namabhuku okubhala ngokuphelele, kubonakala kuhlotshaniswa nokusebenza kahle kwezemfundo.
Ekugcineni, inselelo enkulu ukwakha izinqubomgomo ezisiza izikole ukuba zigweme ukweqisa: azikho izikrini yonke indawo, ngaso sonke isikhathi, noma imikhawulo eqinile kangangokuthi ivimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono edijithali afanele. Isinqumo saseSweden sokubuyisela ukuvelela kwezincwadi zamaphepha, ukunciphisa kakhulu omakhalekhukhwini ekilasini, kanye nokugcina uhlelo lokushintshashintsha olubukeziwe nolukhethayo, singase sinikeze izinkomba ezibalulekile kwezinye izinhlelo zemfundo ezifuna ibhalansi efanayo.
Umlando wakamuva waseSweden uyasiza ekuboniseni ukuthi ingxoxo mayelana nezikrini ezikoleni akuyona nje eyobuchwepheshe, kodwa futhi imayelana nokufundisa, ezenhlalo, ezomnotho, kanye nendaba yempilo yomphakathi. Ngokubeka kabusha indima yezikrini nokunikeza isikhala esengeziwe ezincwadini ezibonakalayo, izwe lizama ukubuyisa amazinga okufunda nokugxila ngaphandle, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukushiya umgomo wokwakha izakhamuzi ezikwazi ukuhamba emhlabeni wedijithali ngokuhlolisisa nangokufanele - ukunyakaza okugcwele ukungezwani, kodwa okungase kulindelwe izingxoxo ezisazodingeka zibhekane namanye amazwe amaningi.