Indlela yokubala iminyaka BC kanye AD: imithetho, amakhulu eminyaka kanye nokuguqulwa

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Nakuba kubonakala kulula, Ukuqonda indlela yokubala iminyaka BC (Ngaphambi kukaKristu) kanye no-AD (Anno Domini) Idinga imithetho ethile yomlando neyezibalo engahlali inembile. Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, amasistimu ahlukene aye ahlala ndawonye, ​​futhi ukumisa esikusebenzisayo namuhla kuwumphumela wokuguquguquka okude kwamakhalenda, izivumelwano, kanye... izifundo zokulandelana kwezikhathi.

Ukuze uzulazule kahle, kubalulekile ukukhumbula lokho Awukho unyaka uziro phakathi kuka-1 BC kanye no-1 AD. — imininingwane eshintsha yonke into esibalweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sisebenzisa amakhulu eminyaka ku Izinombolo zamaRoma (ikhulu lokuqala, lesi-2, lesi-3…) hhayi izinombolo zesi-Arabhu, futhi uguquko ukusuka ku-Julian ukuya ekhalendeni likaGregory luphinde lube nomthelela endleleni esichaza ngayo izinsuku zomlando nokuguqulwa kwazo.

Usho ukuthini u-BC no-AD, futhi kungani ungekho uziro wonyaka?

Ekhalendeni lethu laseNtshonalanga (likaGregorian), ingxenye emaphakathi wukuzalwa kukaJesu Kristu okucatshangwa ukuthi, okubonisa ukuguquka kwenkathi... BC (ngaphambi kukaKristu) ukuze AD (Anno Domini)Ngokomlando, isiko libeke lesi sigameko esiyingqopha-mlando unyaka 1 ADNgakho-ke, lapho unyaka 1 BC uphela, unyaka 1 AD uqala ngokuqondile, okungukuthi, Awukho unyaka 0..

Ucwaningo lwanamuhla lubonisa ukuthi ukuzalwa kukaJesu kungenzeka kwenzeka phakathi 6 BC kanye no-4 BC, ngenxa yephutha elidala lokulandelana kwezikhathi. Noma kunjalo, ngomhlangano, Ukubalwa okusemthethweni kusabeka isiqalo ngo-1 AD., futhi zonke izinsuku zangaphambili zithatha isijobelelo BC. Le phethini yamukelwa kabanzi yizikhungo zamazwe ngamazwe futhi yamukelwa emhlabeni wonke ngezizathu zesayensi nezohwebo.

Ungabala kanjani umehluko eminyakeni phakathi kuka-BC no-AD

Uma sidinga ukuthola ukuthi mingaki iminyaka ehlukanisa umcimbi BC nonyaka ka-AD, umthetho wesithupha uthi... engeza amanani bese ukhipha 1, ngenxa yokungabikho konyaka uziro. Kufomula: umehluko wonyaka = ano a.C. + ano d.C. - 1.

Isibonelo esiqondile: ukuthola ukuthi bekuyiminyaka emingaki edlule 1400 BC ukuthatha unyaka njengesithenjwa 2022 AD, sisebenzisa inkulumo ethi: diferença de ano = 1400 + 2022 - 1 = 3421Qaphela indlela i- "-1" ilungisa igebe phakathi kuka-1 BC kanye no-1 AD

Uma uncamela ukungenzi izibalo, abantu abaningi basebenzisa a wokubala umehluko wesikhathi noma ithuluzi elithile lokuguqula phakathi kuka-BC no-AD; noma kunjalo, ukuqonda i-logic kugwema ukudideka futhi kusiza ukuhlola imiphumela.

Amakhulu eminyaka: asebenza kanjani nokuthi kungani sisebenzisa izinombolo zesiRoma

Ukubala amakhulu eminyaka kuyingxenye ebalulekile yesiko lethu. Ikhulu leminyaka liye Iminyaka engu-100 futhi, ngokwesivumelwano, kukhonjwa ku Izinombolo zamaRomaIsikhathi esiphakathi kweminyaka eyi-1 neyi-100 yisikhathi Ikhulu lokuqala, kusukela ku-101 kuya ku-200 yiyona Ikhulu lesi-2, kusukela ku-201 kuya ku-300 yiyona Ikhulu lesi-3, njalo njalo.

Namuhla siphila Imfihlo XXI, eyaqala ngo-2001 futhi izophela ngo-2100. Phawula lokho Unyaka ka-2000 ngowekhulu lama-20.ngoba amakhulu eminyaka aqala ngeminyaka ephela ngo "01" futhi agcine ngo "00". Le mininingwane, futhi, ihlangana neqiniso lokuthi Awukho uziro unyaka..

Nazi izibonelo ezisheshayo ezingakusiza ukhumbule: unyaka 437 use Ikhulu lesi-5 (ngoba iphakathi kwama-401 nama-500); 1343 use Ikhulu le-14 (phakathi kuka-1301 no-1400); futhi 2013 use Imfihlo XXI (phakathi kuka-2001 no-2100).

Uhlu lwamakhulu eminyaka (AD)

Ukuze uthole ireferensi esheshayo, nalu uhlu lwamakhulu eminyaka alandela ukuqala kweNkathi YobuKristu. Lolu hlu luwusizo ekuhloleni imingcele ngokunembile futhi lugcizelela ukuthi... Amakhulu eminyaka abalwa ngamabhulokhi weminyaka eyi-100.:

• 1st Century: unyaka ka-1 kuya ku-100
• Seculo II: unyaka ka-101 kuya ku-200
• ISeculo III: unyaka ka-201 kuya ku-300
• Ikhulu lesi-4: unyaka ka-301 kuya ku-400
• Seculo V: unyaka ka-401 kuya ku-500
• Ikhulu lesi-6: unyaka ka-501 kuya ku-600
• Seculo VII: unyaka ka-601 kuya ku-700
• Isiqephu VIII: unyaka ka-701 kuya ku-800
• Ikhulu lesi-9: unyaka ka-801 kuya ku-900
• Ikhulu le-10: unyaka ka-901 kuya ku-1000
• Ikhulu le-11: unyaka ka-1001 kuya ku-1100
• Isiqephu XII: unyaka ka-1101 kuya ku-1200
• Isiqephu XIII: unyaka ka-1201 kuya ku-1300
• Ikhulu le-14: unyaka ka-1301 kuya ku-1400
• Ikhulu le-15: unyaka ka-1401 kuya ku-1500
• Isiqephu XVI: unyaka ka-1501 kuya ku-1600
• Ikhulu le-XVII: unyaka ka-1601 kuya ku-1700
• Isahluko XVIII: unyaka ka-1701 kuya ku-1800
• Isikhathi XIX: unyaka ka-1801 kuya ku-1900
• Ikhulu lama-20: unyaka ka-1901 kuya ku-2000
• Ikhulu lama-21: unyaka ka-2001 kuya ku-2100

Emakhulwini eminyaka BC kanye no-AD: i-logic iyafana.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sikhuluma ngaphambi noma ngemva kukaKristu, ukubusa kwamakhulu eminyaka akushintshi: iminyaka 1-100 ihambisana Ikhulu lokuqala (nesijobelelo esingu-aC, uma sikhona); 101-200 kuye Ikhulu lesi-2...njalo njalo. Umehluko, esikhathini sika-BC, ukuthi ukubalwa kweminyaka... Iyahlehla..

Ukufanekisa, nazi izibonelo zakudala: 32 BC hlala phakathi Ikhulu lokuqala BC; 689 AD okuka Ikhulu lesi-7; 1111 BC ihlanganisa i Ngekhulu le-12 BC; kuyinto 1997 AD use Ikhulu lama-20Uma kungashiwo lutho, kuvame ukucatshangwa ukuthi usuku lunjalo AD, ikakhulukazi kuzinkulumo ezinjengokuthi "ikhulu lesi-7" noma "ikhulu le-13".

Amathiphu okuthola ikhulunyaka lonyaka

Kukhona iqhinga elilula leminyaka lokho Abagcini ngo-00.Susa izinombolo ezimbili zokugcina (amashumi namayunithi) kanye ezinye 1Le ndlela isheshisa izinto kakhulu.

• 1203 BC → 12 + 1 = 13 ⇒ Ngekhulu le-13 BC
• 630 AD → 6 + 1 = 7 ⇒ Ikhulu lesi-7 AD
• 2008 → 20 + 1 = 21 ⇒ Ikhulu lama-21 AD

Iminyaka lokho ukuphela ngo-00Umthetho uyashintsha: vele ususe oziro ababili bese... ungeze lutho. Kanje, 2000 iwela ku Ikhulu lama-20, yi unyaka we-100 iyaphela Ikhulu lokuqalaLe mininingwane ibalulekile: Unyaka we-100 awuqali ikhulu lesibili.Aqede eyokuqala.

• 1934 (akugcini ngo-00) → 19 + 1 = 20 ⇒ Ikhulu lama-20
• 571 (akugcini ngo-00) → 5 + 1 = 6 ⇒ Ikhulu lesi-6
• 66 (akugcini ngo-00) → 0 + 1 = 1 ⇒ Ikhulu lokuqala
• 2000 (igcina ngo-00) → 20 ⇒ Ikhulu lama-20
• 100 (igcina ngo-00) → 1 ⇒ Ikhulu lokuqala

Uvelaphi umqondo othi "century"?

Igama elithi "ikhulu leminyaka" livela kwisiLatini. saeculum, ehlotshaniswa "nobude besikhathi" noma "iminyaka". Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, Isiko lamaRoma lasiza ekulolongeni Lo mqondo, owawuxhunywe esikhathini eside (ngisho nokufinyelela eminyakeni eyi-110), wagcina uhlanganiswe njengesikhawu so Iminyaka engu-100Elinye ifa laseRoma elihlala njalo kwaba okuthandwayo Izinombolo zamaRoma ukusho amakhulu eminyaka.

Ngenxa yokuthi kuyindlela engokoqobo yokufaka izikhathi zomlando, amakhulu eminyaka a ithuluzi elibalulekile lokuhlela ikhalenda. ...kanye nocwaningo lwesikhathi esedlule emazweni aseNtshonalanga. Yingakho amashadi namathebula okulandelana kwezikhathi ebonisa amakhulu eminyaka BC kanye no-AD ngezinombolo zamaRoma, okuqinisa ukuqhubeka kwaleli siko.

Ingabe uhlelo lokubala lwe-"Anno Domini" lwaqala futhi lwasungulwa kanjani?

Uhlelo U-Anno Domini (AD) — “Unyaka WeNkosi” — yathuthukiswa ngu UDionysius Ungumbungazi oveleleCishe ngo-527, eRoma, ngenkathi esebenza ekubaleni i-Easter, inhloso yakhe kwakungekona ukudala inkathi yendawo yonke, kodwa isiphakamiso sazuza amandla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. MayeI-Venerable, ngekhulu lesi-8, yaqinisa ukusetshenziswa ngokusebenzisa igama elifanayo elithi “ngaphambi kukaKristu” ngesiLatini (Ante Christum) nasekuhlanganiseni umqondo wokuthi Awukho uziro unyaka..

Ukutholwa kwakuhamba kancane: eNtshonalanga Yurophu, uhlelo lwaba luvamile luqala ngo Ikhulu lesi-8ngokukhula okuphawulekayo ngesikhathi I-Carolingian Renaissance. Ku PortugalUshintsho olusemthethweni kule ndlela, ukushiya "iNkathi YaseKesariya" (iNkathi YamaHispanic), lwenzeka ngo. 15 Agasti 1422, eyabekwa iNkosi uJohn I. Eminye imibuso yaseYurophu yamukela inkathi entsha ngezigaba ezihlukene, kodwa phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi neNkathi Yesimanje, yaba indinganiso.

Ngaphambi kwalokho, izindlela ezimbalwa zemicimbi yokuqomisana zazikhona: a ukuqomisana kwenxusa (esho ama-consuls amabili onyaka), isibalo ab urbe condita (I-AUC, kusukela ekusungulweni kweRoma, ngokwesiko yangomhla ka- 753 BC), iminyaka yokubusa yamakhosi, imijikelezo ye inkomba (iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu) kanye nezinye izinkathi zesifunda (njenge I-Seleucid Era futhi siqu I-Spanish EraLawa masistimu adlulelene futhi, kosomlando, ukungafuneki kwezinkomba Lokhu sekuyinzuzo, okuvumela ukuqondanisa kwamadethi avela ezifundeni ezahlukene.

Ikhalenda likaJulian nelikaGregory, ngamafuphi.

Ekupheleni kweRiphabhulikhi yaseRoma, UJúlio César yethulwa, ngo 45-46 BC, the Ikhalenda likaJulian, ibalwa ngezinsuku ezingama-365,25 ngonyaka kanye a gxuma unyaka njalo eminyakeni emi-4Lokhu kuguqulwa kulungise ukuphambuka ekhalendeni langaphambili lamaRoma futhi kwenze ukubala kwaba lula ngokukusondeza onyakeni welanga.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukweqisa kancane kukaJulian (cishe imizuzu eyi-11 ngonyaka) kwanqwabelana kwaba yiphutha elibonakalayo, elithinta izinsuku ezifana ne-equinox ne-Easter. 1582UPapa Gregory XIII wamemezela i- Ikhalenda likaGregory, egcina umthetho we-leap year njalo eminyakeni emi-4, kodwa ngaphandle kokuhlukile: Iminyaka ehlukaniseka ngokwezwe nge-100 akuyona iminyaka ye-leap, ngaphandle uma futhi ihlukaniswa ngama-400.Lokhu kulungiswa kulethe ukunemba okwengeziwe.

I-Julian Period (Skaliger) nokuguqulwa kwedethi

Em 1583, UJoseph Scaliger ehlongozwayo Isikhathi sikaJulian, umjikelezo we Iminyaka engu-7980 ngenxa yomkhiqizo wemijikelezo emithathu: 28 (Solar), 19 (inyanga/metonic) kanye 15 (inkomba). Ukuqala kwalesi sikhathi kwaqalwa 4713 BC (unyaka 1 wenkathi), ukudala "i-tape yokulinganisa" eqhubekayo eyenza kube lula ukuvumelanisa amakhalenda nama-eras ahlukene.

Empeleni, lokhu kwakhiwa kuxhuma kulokho manje esikubiza ngokuthi, ngokwemibandela yezinkanyezi, ukubalwa kwezinsuku okuqhubekayo, okuvumela izinsuku ezivela ezinhlelweni ezahlukene ukuba... iguqulwe kabusha ngokungaguquki. Lapho zisebenzelana nezenzakalo zangaphambi kuka-1582, izazi-mlando nezazi zezikhathi ngokuvamile zisebenzisa izinguqulo i-proleptic (izandiso ezinengqondo) zekhalenda likaJulian noma likaGregory ukwenza izibalo nokuqhathanisa.

Indlela esebenza ngayo, ngokwemibandela ejwayelekile: a) idethi yokuqala ohlelweni lapho yarekhodwa khona iyakhonjwa (isibonelo, unyaka wokubusa, munye izincomo zenxusa noma ireferensi I-AUC); b) lesi sithenjwa sixhunywe kumcimbi owaziwayo (isb., ukusitheka kwelanga, amadili anyakazayo, noma uhlu olusemthethweni) ihange usuku; c) iguqulelwa ekhalendeni elivamile (uJulian noma uGregory proleptic), ekhumbula njalo ukulungisa ukungabikho konyaka uziroUkukhethwa kwekhalenda lendawo kanye namathebula okulingana yikhona okwenza izinsuku ziqhathaniswe.

Isibonelo somlando: idethi ye-Magna Carta.

A Magna Carta kwangeniswa ngemvume 1215Ngokwemibandela yekhalenda, idethi irekhodwe njenge Juni 15 Impendulo kaJuliano ihambisana ne Juni 22 ngengoma kaGregory. Lolu hlobo lokulingana lubonisa ukuthi kungani guqula phakathi kwamasistimu Kubalulekile: amadokhumenti enkathi ephakathi ayebhalwe ngedethi UJuliankanti namuhla sisebenzisa i Gregorian.

Mayelana nenombolo 1215, iyazihlanganisa amarekhodi esikhathi samanje anereferensi (iziKronike, imibhalo yomlando, izincwadi) nangokuvumelana kwalandela nenkathi U-Anno DominiNgokuvamile, amarekhodi enkathi ephakathi ayesetshenziswa njalo iminyaka yokubusaamadili anyakazayo nezinye izinkomba; umlando wesimanje uxhuma lezi zimpawu ohlelweni lwe-AD, okuqinisekisa unyaka ngo ubufakazi obuningi kanye nokuhlanganisa idethi emugqeni wethu wesikhathi ojwayelekile.

Ngaphambi kokumiswa: ukuthi ukuphola kwenziwa kanjani embusweni waseRoma nangale kwayo.

Ezweni lamaRoma nasemiphakathini yamaKristu okuqala, yayingekho indlela eyodwa yendawo yonke yokubala iminyaka. Kwakuvamile ukuxuba amasistimu afana... ukuqomisana kwenxusa, iminyaka yokubusabala ab urbe condita (AUC) kanye nemijikelezo ye isincomo (iminyaka engu-15). Lokhu kuhlukahluka, nakuba kungase kubonakale kudida, kunikezwa namuhla amaphuzu okuqhathanisa esiza ukuvumelanisa imigqa yesikhathi yezifunda nezikhathi ezahlukahlukene.

Emakhulwini eminyaka edlule, imibuso nezikhungo ziye zamukela kancane kancane le U-Anno DominiI-Western Europe ihlanganise ukusetshenziswa kwayo kusukela Ikhulu lesi-8futhi, ezimeni ezifana nalezo ze Portugalukumiswa okusemthethweni kwenzeka kuphela ku Ikhulu le-15, egcizelela ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa ngokulandelana kwezikhathi Isanda kwenzeka emlandweni.

Amathiphu asheshayo namaphutha avamile

Okokuqala, ungalokothi ukukhohlwe lokho Awukho unyaka 0.Phakathi kuka-1 BC no-1 AD, kuphela unyaka owodwa, hhayi emibili. Le mininingwane ithinta noma yikuphi ukubalwa komehluko phakathi kwe-BC ne-AD futhi ichaza ukuthi kungani... sikhipha 1 kufomula.

Okwesibili, Ikhulu leminyaka aliyona idijithi yeshumi yonyaka.Isibonelo, u-1900 unyaka wokugcina Ikhulu le-XIX, ngenkathi i-1901 ivula i- Ikhulu lama-20Futhi phawula: unyaka wezi-2000 uphawula ukuphela kwekhulu lama-20; ikhulu lama-21 liqala ngo-2001.

Okwesithathu, uma kungekho muntu ocacisa u-"BC" noma "AD", ukusetshenziswa okuvamile kuyathatha ADEzincwadini zokufunda nasezincwadini zomlando, le ngqungquthela ijwayelekile, ngaphandle uma umongo ubonisa okuhlukile ngokusobala.

Ekugcineni, sebenzisa i- amaqhingaUma unyaka ungapheli ngo-"00", susa izinombolo ezimbili zokugcina bese wengeza u-1; uma igcina ngo-"00", zisuse futhi ungangezi lutho. Lezi zinqamuleli zivimbela ukudideka, ikakhulukazi ezivivinyweni, ezivivinyweni, nasekufundeni okusheshayo.

Naphezu kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo ezindala kanye nesidingo sokuguqulwa phakathi kwamakhalenda, isihluthulelo sokugwema amaphutha ukukhumbula izinsika ezintathu: ukungabikho konyaka ziro, imithetho yamakhulu eminyaka (ngezinombolo zesiRoman) kanye no-a ifomula elula Ukuze ubale izikhawu phakathi kuka-BC no-AD, unalezi zintathu engqondweni, ukuhumusha izinsuku zomlando nokuzulazula phakathi kwamakhalenda kuba lula kakhulu.