Imibuzo Emine ka-Tinbergen iyindlela eyisisekelo yokuqonda izenzakalo zebhayoloji, ehlongozwe isazi sezinto eziphilayo u-Nikolaas Tinbergen. Le mibuzo ifuna ukunikeza incazelo ebanzi nephelele yokuziphatha okuthile noma isici sebhayoloji, kucatshangelwa amazinga amane encazelo: imbangela eseduze, imbangela yokuthuthuka, umsebenzi ovumelana nezimo, kanye nomlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ngokucabangela lezi zici ezihlukene, kungenzeka ukuthola ukuqonda okujulile nokudidiyelwe okwengeziwe kwezenzakalo zebhayoloji, okunikela ekuthuthukisweni kolwazi nocwaningo kubhayoloji.
Yimiphi imibuzo emine ka-Tinbergen eyisisekelo yokuqonda ukuziphatha kwezilwane?
Imibuzo emine ka-Tinbergen ebalulekile ibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuziphatha kwezilwane. U-Niko Tinbergen, isazi sesayensi yezinto eziphilayo esidumile, uhlongoze le mibuzo ukuze anikeze uhlaka lokuhlaziya olubanzi. Le mibuzo ibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuziphatha kwezilwane emazingeni ahlukene encazelo yezinto eziphilayo.
As Imibuzo emine kaTinbergen yilezi ezilandelayo: imbangela eseduze, imbangela ye-ontogenetic, umsebenzi e ukuziphendukela kwemveloI-Proximal causation isho izimbangela ezisheshayo zokuziphatha, njengezisusa zemvelo ezibangela impendulo. I-Ontogenetic causation ibhekana nokuthuthuka kokuziphatha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kusukela ekuzalweni kuya ekuvuthweni. I-causation esebenzayo ihlola ukuthi ukuziphatha kunomthelela kanjani ekuzivumelaniseni komzimba nokuphila. Okokugcina, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuphenya ukuthi ukuziphatha kuye kwavela kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nokuthi kudluliselwa kanjani ngofuzo.
Le mibuzo emine ihlinzeka ngohlaka olubanzi lokuhlaziya ukuziphatha kwezilwane. Ngokuphendula ngayinye yale mibuzo, abacwaningi bangathola ukuqonda okuphelele okwengeziwe kokuziphatha okukhulunywa ngakho. Isibonelo, lapho bephenya ngokufuduka kwezinyoni, ososayensi bangahlola izimbangela ezikhona zalokhu kuziphatha (isizathu esiseduze), njengokushintsha kobude bosuku. Bangaphinde bahlole ukuthi lokhu kuziphatha kwenzeka kanjani ngesikhathi sokuphila kwezinyoni (isizathu se-ontogenetic), ukuthi ukufuduka kudlala yiphi indima ekusindeni kwazo (umsebenzi), nokuthi lokhu kuziphatha kuye kwavela kanjani ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane (evolution).
Ngakho-ke, imibuzo emine ka-Tinbergen ibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuziphatha kwezilwane emazingeni ahlukene encazelo yezinto eziphilayo. Ngokuphendula le mibuzo, abacwaningi bangathola ukuqonda okubalulekile ngobunkimbinkimbi bokuziphatha kwezilwane kanye nokuzivumelanisa kwazo nemvelo.
Izinhlobo zokuziphatha kwezilwane: funda ngezindlela ezehlukene zokwenza ezilwaneni.
Ukuziphatha kwezilwane kungahluka kakhulu futhi kube yinkimbinkimbi, futhi ukuze sikuqonde kangcono, isazi sezinto eziphilayo u-Nikolaas Tinbergen uphakamise imibuzo engu-4 ka-Tinbergen, okungamazinga encazelo yezinto eziphilayo angasisiza siqonde ukuziphatha kwezilwane.
Imibuzo emine ka-Tinbergen yilena: i-proximal causation, ukuthuthukiswa, ukusebenza, kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. I-Proximal causation isho izimbangela ezisheshayo zokuziphatha, njengezisusa ezicupha isenzo esithile. Ukuthuthuka kubhekisela endleleni ukuziphatha okuthuthuka ngayo kuyo yonke impilo yesilwane. Umsebenzi ubhekisela ezinzuzweni ezilethwa ukuziphatha ekusindeni nasekuzaleni kwesilwane. Futhi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuhlaziya ukuthi ukuziphatha kwaqala kanjani futhi kugcinwa ngokukhethwa kwemvelo.
Kunezinhlobo ezehlukene zokuziphatha kwezilwane, njengokucabanga kwemvelo, okuwukuziphatha okuzalwa nakho okungaguquki, njengokundiza kwezinyoni ezifudukayo. Olunye uhlobo ukufunda, okuhlanganisa ukulungisa indlela yokuziphatha ngesipiliyoni, njengalapho isilwane sifunda ukuvula umnyango ukuze sithole ukudla. Ukukhulumisana kungolunye uhlobo lokuziphatha, oluyisisekelo ekusebenzelaneni phakathi kwezilwane, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuphimisela, ukushukuma komzimba, noma izimpawu zamakhemikhali.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuziphatha komphakathi nakho kukhona kakhulu embusweni wezilwane, nokusebenzelana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwamalungu eqembu, njengokubusa kwe-wolf pack noma amasu okukhwelana ngokuziqhenya kwamabhubesi. Ukubambisana kungesinye isici esibalulekile sokuziphatha komphakathi, lapho izilwane zibambisana khona ukuze zithole izinzuzo ezifanayo, njengokuzingela amabhubesi emaphaketheni noma ekuvikeleni iqembu ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye.
Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuziphatha kwezilwane kanye nemibuzo emine ka-Tinbergen kungasisiza embule izimfihlakalo zezilwane futhi sazise ukuhlukahluka nobunkimbinkimbi bendlela izinto eziphilayo eziziphatha ngayo.
Ukufunda ngokuziphatha kwezilwane: obani ochwepheshe kule ndawo?
Ucwaningo lokuziphatha kwezilwane luwumkhakha wocwaningo olubandakanya ukubheka nokuhlaziya ukuziphatha kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane. Ochwepheshe kulo mkhakha baziwa ngokuthi izazi ze-ethologists, izazi zebhayoloji yokuziphatha, noma izazi zezoopsychologists. Bacwaninga ngendlela izilwane eziziphatha ngayo endaweni yazo engokwemvelo, indlela ezixhumana ngayo, ezizalanisa ngayo, ezondlayo, nokusebenzelana kwazo.
Omunye wemiqondo eyinhloko ocwaningweni lokuziphatha kwezilwane imibuzo emine ka-Tinbergen, emele amazinga encazelo yezinto eziphilayo zokuqonda ukuziphatha kwezilwane. Le mibuzo ihlanganisa umsebenzi, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, ukuthuthukiswa, kanye nendlela yokuziphatha.
Umbuzo wokuqala, ohlobene no umsebenzi yokuziphatha, ifuna ukuqonda ukuthi inomthelela kanjani ekusindeni nasekuzaleni kwesilwane. Umbuzo wesibili, mayelana ukuziphendukela kwemvelo yokuziphatha, iphenya ukuthi ithuthuke kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nokuthi idluliselwa kanjani isuka kwesinye isizukulwane iye kwesinye.
Umbuzo wesithathu, mayelana ukuthuthukiswa yokuziphatha, ihlaziya ukuthi ikhula kanjani kuyo yonke impilo yesilwane, kusukela ekuzalweni kuya ekukhuleni kwayo. Futhi umbuzo wesine, mayelana indlela yokuziphatha, icwaninga izinqubo ze-physiological kanye ne-neural ezisekela ukubonakaliswa kokuziphatha.
Le mibuzo emine ibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuziphatha kwezilwane ngokuphelele, inikeza ukuqonda okuphelele nokujulile kokuthi kungani izilwane ziziphatha ngezindlela ezithile ezimweni nezimo ezahlukene.
Izinto ezithonya ukuziphatha kwezilwane: ukuhlaziya okuningiliziwe kwezimbangela eziyinhloko.
Ukuziphatha kwezilwane kuthonywa uchungechunge lwezici ezingahlukaniswa futhi zihlaziywe ngokwemibuzo emine ka-Tinbergen. Le mibuzo ibalulekile ekuqondeni amazinga encazelo yezinto eziphilayo ngemuva kokuziphatha kwezilwane.
Umbuzo wokuqala kaTinbergen uphathelene ne imbangela esheshayo yokuziphatha, okungukuthi, indlela yokuphila noma yofuzo eqala isenzo. Kuleli zinga lencazelo, izici ezinjengamahomoni, ama-neurotransmitters, nezakhi zofuzo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukuziphatha kwezilwane.
Umbuzo wesibili kaTinbergen ukhuluma no imbangela yentuthuko kokuziphatha, okungukuthi, indlela ukuziphatha okuthuthuka ngayo kuyo yonke impilo yesilwane. Kulo mongo, izici ezifana nezipiliyoni ngesikhathi sokuthuthuka, ukusebenzelana komphakathi, nokufunda kungalolonga ukuziphatha ngendlela ehlala njalo.
Umbuzo wesithathu kaTinbergen uphenya umsebenzi yokuziphatha, okungukuthi, iyiphi injongo noma inzuzo eyiletha esilwaneni. Ukuqonda umsebenzi wokuziphatha kubalulekile ukuze uqonde ukuthi kunomthelela kanjani ekusindeni, ekuzalaneni nasekuzivumelaniseni nezinhlobo zezilwane.
Ekugcineni, umbuzo wesine kaTinbergen uhlaziya i ukuziphendukela kwemvelo yokuziphatha, okungukuthi, ukuthi ithuthuke kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenqubo yokuzikhethela kwemvelo. Ngalo mbono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kungenzeka ukuqonda ukuthi ukuziphatha kwezilwane kuye kwavumelana kanjani nezingcindezi zemvelo ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.
Ngokuhlaziya lezi zimbangela ngokuningiliziwe, kungenzeka ukuthola ukuqonda okujulile kokuziphatha kwezilwane nokuthi kuxhumene kanjani ne-biology kanye ne-ecology yezinhlobo zezilwane.
Imibuzo emi-4 ka-Tinbergen: Amazinga Encazelo Yebhayoloji
Abantu bebelokhu bengabaza umsuka nezimbangela zezinto ezenzeka kubo. Ukusebenzisa leli lukuluku lokwazi emkhakheni wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo kwaveza i-ethology, phakathi kwamanye amagatsha esayensi.
Omunye wobaba bale sayensi u-Nikolaas Tinbergen, isazi sesayensi yezilwane owafaka iminikelo eminingana ekutadisheni izinto eziphilayo. Phakathi kwabo, sithola lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi Imibuzo emi-4 ka-Tinbergen , umzamo wokuhlukanisa okungaziwa ukuze uphendule imibuzo mayelana nesayensi yezinto eziphilayo nokuziphatha kwanoma yisiphi isilwane (kuhlanganise nabantu).
Iyini indima yokuziphatha? Ikhula kanjani, iguqukela kanjani, futhi ibangelwa yini? Uma ufuna ukwazi lezi zimpendulo, qhubeka ufunda.
Isendlalelo: isiqalo sebhayoloji
U-Aristotle wake wathi “ukwazi okuthile ngokwesayensi kuwukwazi izimbangela zako.” Naye wasungula Izinhlobo ezi-4 zezimbangela: impahla, ehlelekile, ephumelelayo neyokugcina Lokhu kungathathwa njengesandulela semibuzo ka-Tinbergen, njengoba kwakuhloswe ukuthi kube isiqalo sophenyo yinoma yimuphi umcwaningi owayefuna ukutadisha imvelo.
Ngaphambi kukaTinbergen, cishe ngo-1930, uJulian Huxley wakhuluma ngezinkinga ezintathu ezinkulu zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo: imbangela, ukubaluleka kokusinda, nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kwakungu-Niko Tinbergen owanezela okwesine: i-ontogeny, okungukuthi, ukuthuthukiswa komuntu ngamunye kusukela ekuzalweni kuya ekufeni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Ernst Mayr, ngo-1961, wakhuluma ngembangela eseduze nembangela eyinhloko.
Yimiphi imibuzo engu-4 ka-Tinbergen?
U-Niko Tinbergen, othathwa njengomunye wobaba besayensi yemvelo, wayeyisazi sezilwane saseDashi owazalwa ngo-1907. Ngo-1973, waklonyeliswa ngeNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, kanye no-Konrad Lorenz kanye no-Kar von Frisch, ngalokho abakutholile mayelana namaphethini okuziphatha komuntu ngamunye kanye nomphakathi .
Tinbergen, esihlokweni sakhe Ngezinjongo nezindlela ze-ethology ka-1963, iphakamisa ubukhona be Izinkinga ezi-4 eziphambili zebhayoloji, noma imibuzo emi-4 ka-Tinbergen , okungamazinga encazelo yebhayoloji yezenzakalo ezithile zemvelo.
U-Tinbergen uphakamisa le mibuzo ukuze aqonde ukuziphatha, futhi imi kanje.
Imbangela noma indlela: Iyini imbangela yokuziphatha?
Imele imbangela elandelayo noma yesakhiwo. Kunjalo izisusa zangaphakathi nezangaphandle ezivusa ukuziphatha .
Lapha, ama-sensory receptors adlala indima ebalulekile ekuvumeleni umbono wolwazi olunikezwa yilezi zisusa.
Inani Lokusinda: Lokhu kuziphatha kunomthelela kanjani ekuphileni kwesilwane nempumelelo yokuzala?
Mela imbangela yokugcina. Leyo, umsebenzi oguquguqukayo, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo noma inzuzo yokuziphatha.
I-Ontogeny: Lokhu kuziphatha kwenzeka kanjani ngesikhathi sokuphila kwesilwane?
Kuhlobene nezinguquko ezingaba khona kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okutholwa iphethini yokuziphatha kuyo yonke impilo yomuntu.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo: Ukuziphatha kwavela kanjani?
Ibizwa nangokuthi i-phylogeny. Funda umlando we-phylogenetic wokuziphatha okunjalo, okungukuthi, izandulela . Ngenxa yalokhu, kungaqondwa ukuthi ukuziphatha kunje okwamanje, hhayi ngenye indlela.
Amaleveli encazelo yezinto eziphilayo
Uma sihlobanisa i-Tinbergen ne-Mayr, siyabona ukuthi izimbangela eziseduze (ngokushesha kwesikhathi) zizohlanganisa indlela yokusebenza kanye ne-ontogeny, futhi izimbangela zokuziphendukela kwemvelo (ezikude kakhulu noma ezikude) zizohlanganisa inani lokusinda kanye ne-phylogeny.
Ngakho-ke, eyokuqala izochaza ukwakheka nezindlela zokuziphatha, bese kuthi ekugcineni, kungani izinto eziphilayo ziyindlela eziyiyo.
Isibonelo esisebenzayo
Ukufanekisa imibuzo kaTinbergen, ake sibone isibonelo . Kuyisiqondiso sokuthola umbono, kodwa izimpendulo zihlala zihluka kuye kwelinye icala.
Cabanga ngengane eshaya abanye lapho ithukuthele. Ake sihlaziye izingxenye zalokhu kuziphatha ngokwemibuzo emine ka-Tinbergen.
Isizathu
Kungase kube ngenxa yokucasuka, ukubekezelelana okuphansi kokukhungatheka, ukuntuleka kwamanye amakhono okuzibamba ngokomzwelo, njll.
Umsebenzi
Thola ukunakwa, yehlisa intukuthelo yakho, khombisa ukucasuka kwakho lapho welashwa.
Ontogeny
Iyathuthuka futhi iziphindaphinda ngoba isivele ikhombisile ukuziphatha okufanayo futhi lokhu kwaqiniswa ngesikhathi esithile.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo
Ingane yabona ukuthi izingane zakubo zaziqiniswe kanjani kulokhu kuziphatha futhi iphinde ikhiqize.
Imiphumela yesayensi
Njengoba sesibonile, singachaza futhi sihlaziye izingxenye zokuziphatha kwesilwane ngasinye esikucabangelayo , nakuba ngokusobala kungekona konke ukuziphatha okunomsebenzi ofanayo, kancane kancane inani eliguquguqukayo elifanayo.
Kuzoba nokuziphatha okuguquguqukayo kakhulu kunezinye, futhi lokhu kuzoba yizo okungenzeka ziphindwe ochungechungeni lokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye lezo ezizozinza kakhulu ohlotsheni oluthile .
Namuhla, eminyakeni engu-50 ngemva kokushicilelwa kwalesi sihloko, Imibuzo Emi-4 ka-Tinbergen isabhekwa njengenye yezincwadi ezibalulekile futhi ezibalulekile zombhali, ngenxa yokubaluleka okubangelwa umbono wakhe ophelele nonezimo eziningi zokuziphatha.
Umbono nesiphetho sombhali
U-Tinbergen unikeze umlingiswa we-pragmatic kuthiyori yakhe kanye nakungqondongqondo, okwenza umsebenzi wakhe ube yithuluzi eliwusizo neliphelele lokuqonda ukuziphatha. Ube ngomunye wabokuqala abafunda ngokubaluleka okuguquguqukayo kokuziphatha okungase kubonakale kuyize ekuqaleni; ngokwesibonelo, wafunda ngokuziphatha kwama-gull, ekhipha igobolondo leqanda esidlekeni lapho amatshwele achanyuselwa.
Umbhali ucabange ukuthi i izinkinga zokuqoqa zizosiza ukuqonda ukuziphatha futhi wakubheka njengengxenye eyisisekelo ye-ethology. Kunoma yikuphi, wayehlale ekhetha hhayi kuphela ukuhlanganisa ukuziphatha kodwa futhi ukuzifunda ngabanye, ukuthola umbono wokuhlaziya nowomhlaba jikelele ngokuziphatha noma inkinga ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Imibuzo emine ka-Tinbergen ibonakala ilula, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo imfushane, njengoba isiholela ekuqondeni okuphelele kwesenzakalo sebhayoloji noma sokuziphatha.
Izinkomba ze-Bibliographic:
- Donal, A. (1999). Okulandelayo nokugcina: okwedlule, okwamanje kanye nekusasa. Izinqubo Zokuziphatha, 189-199.
- Bateson, P. & Laland, K. (2013). Imibuzo emine ka-Tinbergen: ukuhlolwa kanye nokubuyekezwa. Amathrendi ku-Ecology & Evolution, 28 (12), 712-718.