Ama-organic biomolecules ayizinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali ezikhona ezintweni eziphilayo ezenza imisebenzi ebalulekile yokugcina ukuphila. Akhiwe ngokuyinhloko nge-carbon, i-hydrogen, umoya-mpilo, ne-nitrogen, futhi angase aqukathe i-phosphorus, isulfure, nezinye izakhi. Lawa ma-molecule awela ezigabeni ezine eziyinhloko: ama-carbohydrate, lipids, amaprotheni, nama-nucleic acid. Ngayinye inezici ezithile futhi yenza imisebenzi ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwezinto eziphilayo. Ezinye izibonelo zama-biomolecule ephilayo zifaka i-glucose, ama-fatty acids, ama-enzyme, ne-DNA. Ngokuqonda ukwakheka nokusebenza kwala ma-molecule, singaziqonda kangcono izinqubo zebhayoloji ezenzeka ezintweni eziphilayo.
Izici eziyinhloko zama-biomolecules: funda mayelana nezakhiwo eziyisisekelo zalezi zinhlanganisela ezibalulekile ekuphileni.
Ama-biomolecules ayizinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezibalulekile ekuphileni, ezikhona kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Benza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile, okuhlanganisa imisebenzi yesakhiwo, amandla, kanye ne-catalytic, phakathi kokunye. Ukuqonda izici eziyinhloko zala ma-molecule kubalulekile ukuze siqonde inkimbinkimbi yezinqubo zezinto eziphilayo.
Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zama-biomolecules yinkimbinkimbi yesakhiwo. Akhiwa ama-athomu e-carbon, i-hydrogen, umoya-mpilo, i-nitrogen, futhi, kwezinye izimo, i-phosphorus nesibabule. Lezi zakhi zihlelwa ngezindlela ezithile, zakha ama-molecule anezimo nemisebenzi ehlukene.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-biomolecules anamazinga ahlukene enhlangano. Angahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amane ayinhloko: ama-carbohydrate, lipids, amaprotheni, nama-nucleic acid. Iqembu ngalinye lenza imisebenzi ethile emzimbeni futhi libalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuphila.
Esinye isici esibalulekile sama-biomolecules yikhono lawo lokusebenzisana. Bangakwazi ukubopha omunye nomunye futhi bakhe izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi, njengama-cell membranes, ama-organelles, nezicubu. Lokhu kusebenzisana kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwezinto eziphilayo.
Okokugcina, ama-biomolecules asebenza kakhulu futhi abamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali okuhlukahlukene emzimbeni. Angahlukaniswa futhi ahlanganiswe ukuze anikeze amandla, akhe izakhiwo zamaselula, futhi enze eminye imisebenzi ebalulekile ehlukahlukene.
Ngamafuphi, ama-biomolecules ayizinhlanganisela zezinto eziphilayo ezibalulekile ekuphileni, afaka inkimbinkimbi yesakhiwo, amazinga ahlukahlukene enhlangano, amandla okuxhumana, kanye nokusebenza kabusha okuphezulu. Ukuqonda lezi zici kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukubaluleka kwalezi zinhlanganisela ekusekeleni ukuphila.
Ukubaluleka kwama-biomolecules: funda ngemisebenzi yawo ebalulekile yomzimba womuntu.
Ama-Biomolecules ama-molecule e-organic akhona ezintweni eziphilayo futhi enza imisebenzi ebalulekile yomzimba womuntu. Zibalulekile ekugcineni impilo, njengoba zibandakanyeka ezinqubweni ezihlukahlukene ze-metabolic kanye nesakhiwo eziqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle komzimba.
I-biomolecules eyinhloko ephilayo etholakala emizimbeni yethu ihlanganisa ama-carbohydrate, amaprotheni, i-lipids, nama-nucleic acid. Ngayinye yalezi inemisebenzi ethile ebalulekile ukuze siphile.
Os ama-carbohydrate, isibonelo, iwumthombo oyinhloko wamandla wamaseli futhi idlala indima ebalulekile yesakhiwo kwezinye izakhiwo zamaselula. amaprotheni banesibopho sokwakheka kwezicubu, ukuthuthwa kwezinto kanye nokusebenza kwama-enzyme. lipids sebenza ezindaweni zokugcina amandla, ukufakwa kwe-thermal kanye nokwakhiwa kwamangqamuzana eseli. Ekugcineni, ama-nucleic acid zibalulekile ekugcinweni nasekudluliselweni kolwazi lofuzo.
Ngaphandle kwala ma-biomolecules, kukhona nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezifana namavithamini namahomoni, enza imisebenzi yokulawula emzimbeni. Wonke la ma-molecule asebenza ndawonye ukuze aqinisekise ukulingana nempilo yemizimba yethu.
Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwama-biomolecules kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi imizimba yethu isebenza kanjani nokuthi singayigcina kanjani impilo yethu. Ukudla okulinganiselayo, okunothe ngezakhi kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi lezi zinto ziyadliwa ngokwanele ukuze siphile.
Funda ngamaqembu amane amakhulu ama-biomolecules akhona ezintweni eziphilayo.
Ama-biomolecules ezinto eziphilayo angama-molecule ayinkimbinkimbi abalulekile ekuphileni kwezinto eziphilayo. Benza imisebenzi ebalulekile emzimbeni, njengokuhlinzeka ngamandla, ukwakha izakhiwo zamaselula, nokulawula izinqubo ze-metabolic. Kunamaqembu amane ayinhloko ama-biomolecules akhona ezintweni eziphilayo: ama-carbohydrate, amaprotheni, lipids e ama-nucleic acid.
Os ama-carbohydrate Ziwumthombo oyinhloko wamandla amangqamuzana futhi zikhona ekudleni okufana nesinkwa, i-pasta, nezithelo. Akhiwe nge-carbon, i-hydrogen, nomoya-mpilo futhi angahlukaniswa njengama-monosaccharides, ama-disaccharides, nama-polysaccharides.
As amaprotheni zibalulekile ekwakhiweni nasekusebenzeni kwamaseli. Akhiwe ngama-amino acid futhi enza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene emzimbeni, njengokuthutha izinto, ukuzivikela komzimba, nokufinyela kwemisipha.
Os lipids ama-molecule adlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kolwelwesi lwamangqamuzana nasekugcineni amandla. Zihlanganisa izinto ezinjengamafutha, amafutha, nama-phospholipids.
Os ama-nucleic acid banesibopho sokugcina nokudluliswa kolwazi lofuzo. Akhiwe ngama-nucleotide futhi akhona ku-DNA ne-RNA, abalulekile ekwakhiweni kwamaprotheni nokuphindaphinda kwamaseli.
Kafushane, ama-biomolecule ephilayo ayisisekelo empilweni yezidalwa eziphilayo, adlala indima ebalulekile ezinqubweni ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo. Kubalulekile ukugcina ukudla okulinganiselayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthathwa okwanele kwala ma-biomolecules nokugcina impilo yomzimba.
Ukufaneleka kwama-biomolecules ephilayo ekusekeleni ukuphila komuntu.
Ama-biomolecules ezinto eziphilayo adlala indima ebalulekile ekusekeleni ukuphila komuntu, abalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwento ephilayo. La ma-molecule akhiwe nge-carbon nezinye izakhi ezifana ne-hydrogen, umoya-mpilo, i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, nesibabule, futhi akhona kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuphila ezaziwayo.
Ama-biomolecule eyinhloko ephilayo ama-carbohydrate, lipids, amaprotheni, nama-nucleic acid. Ngayinye yalezi zigaba zezinhlanganisela zinemisebenzi ethile emzimbeni, enikela emisebenzini ehlukahlukene ebalulekile.
Os ama-carbohydrate iwumthombo oyinhloko wamandla kumaseli, ihlinzeka ngeglucose edingekayo kumetabolism yamaselula. lipids dlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwamangqamuzana olwelwesi lwamaseli, ukugcinwa kwamandla kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamahomoni.
As amaprotheni, wona, amangqamuzana abalulekile okwakhiwa nokugcinwa kwezicubu zomzimba, asebenza njengama-enzyme, abathuthi bezinto, kanye nezingxenye zesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni. Okokugcina, ama-nucleic acid, njenge-DNA ne-RNA, anesibopho sokudluliswa nokuvezwa kwezakhi zofuzo, okuyisisekelo sofuzo kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni.
Ngakho-ke, ama-biomolecule ephilayo enza imisebenzi ebalulekile emzimbeni womuntu, eqinisekisa ukugcinwa kokuphila kanye nokusebenza kahle kwazo zonke izinhlelo zomzimba. Ukugcina ukudla okunomsoco, okunothe ngezakhi kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubuqotho nokusebenza ngendlela efanele kwama-biomolecules futhi, ngenxa yalokho, impilo kanye nokuphila kahle komuntu.
Ama-biomolecules e-organic: izici, imisebenzi nezibonelo
As i-biomolecules ephilayo Itholakala kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, ibonakala ngesakhiwo esisekelwe kukhabhoni. Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-molecule ezinto ezingaphili, ama-molecule e-organic ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngokwesakhiwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zihlukahlukene kakhulu.
Ahlukaniswa njengamaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate, lipids, nama-nucleic acid. Imisebenzi yabo ihluke kakhulu. Amaprotheni abamba iqhaza njengama-elementi esakhiwo, asebenzayo, kanye ne-catalytic. Ama-carbohydrate nawo anemisebenzi yesakhiwo futhi angumthombo oyinhloko wamandla ezidalwa eziphilayo.
Ama-lipids ayizingxenye ezibalulekile zolwelwesi lwebhayoloji nezinye izinto, njengamahomoni. Ziphinde zisebenze njengezinto zokugcina amandla. Ekugcineni, ama-nucleic acid—i-DNA ne-RNA—aqukethe lonke ulwazi oludingekayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe futhi kugcinwe izinto eziphilayo.
Izici ezijwayelekile
Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zama-biomolecules ephilayo ukuguquguquka kwawo ekwakheni izakhiwo. Lokhu kwehlukahlukana okukhulu kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezingaba khona kungenxa yesikhundla esikhethekile esinikezwe i-athomu yekhabhoni enkabeni yenkathi yesibili.
I-athomu ye-carbon inama-electron amane ezingeni layo eliphezulu lamandla. Ngenxa yesilinganiso sayo se-electronegativity, iyakwazi ukwenza izibopho namanye ama-athomu ekhabhoni, yakhe amaketanga anomumo nobude obuhlukene, avuliwe noma avaliwe, anesibopho esisodwa, esikabili, noma kathathu ngaphakathi.
Ngokufanayo, isilinganiso se-electronegativity se-athomu ye-carbon siyivumela ukuthi yakhe izibopho nama-athomu ngaphandle kwekhabhoni, njenge-electropositive (i-hydrogen) noma i-electronegative (i-oksijeni, i-nitrogen, isulfure, phakathi kokunye).
Lesi sakhiwo sokuhlanganisa sivumela ama-athomu ekhabhoni ukuthi abekwe kusigaba sokuqala, sesibili, sesithathu, noma se-quaternary, kuye ngenani lama-carbon ahlanganiswe kuwo. Le sistimu yokuhlukanisa izimele enanini lama-valence abandakanyekayo kubhondi.
Ukuhlukanisa kanye nemisebenzi
Ama-molecule e-organic ahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amane amakhulu: amaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate, ama-lipids, nama-nucleic acid. Sizozichaza ngokuningiliziwe ngezansi:
-Amaprotheni
Amaprotheni akha iqembu lama-molecule e-organic achazwa kangcono futhi abonakala ngososayensi bezinto eziphilayo. Lolu lwazi olubanzi ngokuyinhloko lubangelwa ukukhululeka kwabo kwangaphakathi kokuhlukaniswa nokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlamvu-uma kuqhathaniswa namanye ama-molecule amathathu e-organic.
Amaprotheni adlala indima ebanzi yezinto eziphilayo. Angasebenza njengama-molecule ezokuthutha, esakhiwo, ngisho nama-catalytic. Iqembu lokugcina lakhiwe ama-enzyme.
Amabhlogo wesakhiwo: ama-amino acid
Amabhlogo wokwakha amaprotheni ama-amino acid. Emvelweni, sithola izinhlobo ezingama-20 zama-amino acid, ngayinye enezici zayo ezichazwe kahle ze-physicochemical.
Lawa ma-molecule ahlukaniswa njengama-alpha-amino acid ngoba aneqembu eliyinhloko le-amino kanye neqembu le-carboxylic acid njengama-substituents ku-athomu yekhabhoni efanayo. Okuwukuphela kwento ehlukile kulo mthetho i-amino acid proline, ehlukaniswa njenge-alpha-amino acid ngenxa yokuba khona kweqembu lesibili le-amino.
Ukwakha amaprotheni, lawa "mabhulokhi wokwakha" kumele enze i-polymerize, futhi akwenza lokho ngokwakha isibopho se-peptide. Ukwakheka kochungechunge lwamaprotheni kuhilela ukuqedwa kwe-molecule yamanzi ngebhondi ngayinye ye-peptide. Le bhondi imelwe njenge-CO-NH.
Ngaphezu kokuba yingxenye yamaprotheni, amanye ama-amino acid athathwa njengama-metabolites wamandla futhi amaningi awo ayizakhi ezibalulekile zokudla okunomsoco.
Izici zama-amino acid
I-amino acid ngayinye inesisindo sayo nokubukeka okumaphakathi kumaprotheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngayinye inenani le-pK le-alpha-carboxylic acid, amaqembu e-alpha-amino, neqembu elisemaceleni.
Amanani we-pK wamaqembu e-carboxylic acid angaba ngu-2,2; kuyilapho amaqembu e-alpha-amino enamanani e-pK asondele ku-9,4. Lesi sici siholela esicini esijwayelekile sesakhiwo sama-amino acid: ku-pH yokuphila, womabili amaqembu asesimweni se-ion.
Lapho i-molecule ithwala amaqembu ashajelwe ngokuphambene, abizwa ngokuthi ama-dipole ions noma ama-zwitterions. Ngakho-ke, i-amino acid ingasebenza njenge-asidi noma isisekelo.
Ama-alpha amino acid amaningi anamaphuzu ancibilikayo asondele ku-300°C. Zincibilika kalula endaweni epholile kunasezincibilikilweni ezingapholi. Iningi liyancibilika emanzini.
Isakhiwo samaprotheni
Ukuze ucacise umsebenzi wephrotheni ethile, kuyadingeka ukunquma ukwakheka kwayo—okungukuthi, ubuhlobo obunezinhlangothi ezintathu phakathi kwama-athomu akha iphrotheni okukhulunywa ngayo. Amazinga amane okuhlelwa kwesakhiwo anqunyelwe amaprotheni:
Isakhiwo esiyinhloko : ibhekisela ekulandelaneni kwama-amino acid akha iphrotheni, ngaphandle kwanoma yikuphi ukwakheka okungase kusekelwe amaketango ayo aseceleni.
Isakhiwo sesibili : kwakhiwa ukuhlelwa kwendawo kwama-athomu omgogodla. Nakulokhu, ukwakheka kwamaketanga aseceleni akunakwa.
Isakhiwo semfundo ephakeme : ibhekisela esakhiweni esinezinhlangothi ezintathu sawo wonke amaprotheni. Nakuba kungase kube nzima ukusungula ukwehlukana okucacile phakathi kwesakhiwo semfundo ephakeme nesesibili, ukuhlangana okuchaziwe (njengokuba khona kwama-helices, izindwani ezigoqiwe, kanye nokuphenduka) kusetshenziselwa ukuqoka ngokukhethekile izakhiwo zesibili.
Isakhiwo se-quaternary : isetshenziswa kumaprotheni akhiwe ama-subunits amaningi, okungukuthi, amaketanga e-polypeptide amabili noma ngaphezulu. Lawa mayunithi angasebenzisana ngokusebenzisa amandla e-covalent noma amabhondi e-disulfide. Ukuhlelwa kwendawo kwama-subunits kunquma isakhiwo se-quaternary.
-Ama-carbohydrate
Ama-carbohydrate, ama-carbohydrate noma ama-saccharides (kusuka ezimpandeni zesiGreki sakcharón, okusho ushukela) yisigaba esichichima kakhulu samangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni.
Ukwakheka kwawo kungathathwa egameni elithi “carbohydrates”, njengoba engama-molecule anefomula (CH 2 O) n , lapho n mkhulu kuno-3.
Ama-carbohydrate anemisebenzi ehlukahlukene. Enye yezinto eziyinhloko yisakhiwo, ikakhulukazi ezitshalweni. Emkhakheni wezitshalo, i-cellulose iyinto eyinhloko yesakhiwo, ibalwa ku-80% wesisindo esomile somzimba.
Omunye umsebenzi obalulekile yindima yayo yamandla. Ama-Polysaccharides, afana nesitashi ne-glycogen, ayimithombo ebalulekile yokugcina izakhi.
Ukwahlukanisa
Amayunithi ayisisekelo ama-carbohydrate ama-monosaccharides, noma ushukela olula. Lezi zithathwe ku-straight-chain aldehydes noma ama-ketone kanye notshwala obuyi-polyhydric.
Ahlukaniswa ngokwesimo samakhemikhali seqembu lawo le-carbonyl abe ama-aldose nama-ketose. Aphinde ahlukaniswe ngokwenani lamakhabhoni.
Ama-monosaccharides ahlangana ndawonye ukuze akhe ama-oligosaccharides, avame ukutholakala ngokuhlangana nezinye izinhlobo zamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo, njengamaprotheni nama-lipids. Lawa ahlukaniswa njengama-homopolysaccharides noma ama-heteropolysaccharides, kuye ngokuthi akhiwe ngama-monosaccharides afanayo (owokuqala) noma ahlukile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, zihlukaniswa ngokuya ngohlobo lwe-monosaccharide elizihlanganisayo. Ama-Glucan angama-polymers we-glucose, ama-polymers e-galactose angama-galactans, njalonjalo.
Ama-Polysaccharides anesici sokwenza amaketanga aqondile namagatsha, njengoba izibopho ze-glycosidic zingakhiwa nanoma yimaphi amaqembu e-hydroxyl atholakala ku-monosaccharide.
Lapho inani elikhulu lamayunithi e-monosaccharide lihlotshaniswa, sikhuluma ngama-polysaccharides.
- I-lipids
I-lipids (kusuka kwesiGreki ama-lips, okusho amafutha) amangqamuzana emvelo angancibiliki emanzini futhi ancibilika kuzincibilikisi ezingaphili, njenge-chloroform. Lokhu kwakha amafutha, amafutha, amavithamini, amahomoni, nolwelwesi lwebhayoloji.
Ukwahlukanisa
Amafutha acid : angama-carboxylic acid anamaketanga e-hydrocarbon ubude obude. Ngokwe-Physiologically, akuvamile ukutholakala mahhala, njengoba ezimweni eziningi esterified.
Ezilwaneni nasezitshalweni, sivame ukuzithola zisesimweni sazo esingagcwele (ukwakha amabhondi amabili phakathi kwamakhabhoni) kanye ne-polyunsaturated (enebhondi ephindwe kabili noma ngaphezulu).
I-Triacylglycerols : Abizwa nangokuthi ama-triglycerides noma amafutha angathathi hlangothi, enza iningi lamafutha namafutha atholakala ezilwaneni nasezitshalweni. Umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko ukugcina amandla ezilwaneni, ezinamaseli akhethekile okugcina.
Ahlukaniswa ngokuya ngobunikazi kanye nendawo yezinsalela ze-fatty acid. Amafutha emifino ngokuvamile awamanzi ezingeni lokushisa legumbi futhi anothe ngezinsalela ze-acid enamafutha anezibopho eziphindwe kabili noma ezintathu phakathi kwama-athomu awo ekhabhoni.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amafutha ezilwane aqinile ezingeni lokushisa elivamile futhi inani lama-unsaturated carbons liphansi.
I-Glycerophospholipids : owaziwa nangokuthi ama-phosphoglycerides, ayizingxenye eziyinhloko ze-lipid membranes.
I-Glycerophospholipids ine-nonpolar, noma i-hydrophobic, "umsila" kanye ne-polar, noma i-hydrophilic, "ikhanda." Lezi zakhiwo zihlanganiswe zibe i-bilayer, nemisila ibheke ngaphakathi, ukuze zakhe ulwelwesi. Ngaphakathi kwalolu lwelwesi, kuhlanganiswe uchungechunge lwamaprotheni.
I-Sphingolipids : ama-lipids atholakala ngamanani aphansi kakhulu. Ziyingxenye yolwelwesi futhi zitholakala ku-sphingosine, i-dihydrosphingosine, kanye nozakwabo.
I-cholesterol : Ezilwaneni, iyingxenye evelele yolwelwesi, elungisa izici zazo, njengokumanzi. Itholakala futhi kulwelwesi lwama-organelles amaselula. Kuyisandulela esibalulekile samahomoni e-steroid, ahilelekile ekuthuthukisweni kocansi.
- Ama-nucleic acid
Ama-Nucleic acid ayi-DNA kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-RNA ezikhona. I-DNA inesibopho sokugcina lonke ulwazi lofuzo, oluvumela ukukhula, ukukhula, nokugcinwa kwezinto eziphilayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-RNA ibamba iqhaza ekudluliseleni ukwaziswa kofuzo okufakwe ku-DNA kuma-molecule amaprotheni. Ngokwesiko, izinhlobo ezintathu ze-RNA zihlukaniswa: isithunywa, ukudlulisa, kanye ne-ribosomal. Nokho, ama-RNA ambalwa amancane anemisebenzi yokulawula.
Amabhulokhi wokwakha: ama-nucleotides
Izakhiwo zama-nucleic acid, i-DNA ne-RNA, zingama-nucleotide. Ngamakhemikhali, ziyi-pentose phosphate esters, lapho isisekelo se-nitrogen esixhunywe kukhabhoni yokuqala. Singakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwe-ribonucleotides ne-deoxyribonucleotides.
Lawa ma-molecule ayi-planar, anephunga elimnandi, ne-heterocyclic. Lapho iqembu le-phosphate lingekho, i-nucleotide ibizwa kabusha ngokuthi i-nucleoside.
Ngaphezu kwendima yawo njengama-monomers kuma-nucleic acid, lawa ma-molecule atholakala yonke indawo futhi abamba iqhaza enanini elibalulekile lezinqubo.
I-Nucleoside triphosphates yimikhiqizo enothe ngamandla, njenge-ATP, futhi isetshenziswa njengohlobo lwemali lwamandla lokusabela kwamaselula. Ziyingxenye ebalulekile ye-coenzymes NAD. + , NADP + , i-FMN, i-FAD kanye ne-coenzyme A. Ekugcineni, ziyizakhi zokulawula zezindlela ezihlukahlukene ze-metabolic.
Izibonelo
Kunezibonelo ezingenakubalwa zama-molecule ezinto eziphilayo. Okugqame kakhulu futhi kufundwe yi-biochemists kuxoxwa ngezansi:
IHemoglobin
I-Hemoglobin, i-pigment ebomvu egazini, iyisibonelo esivelele seprotheni. Ngenxa yokusabalalisa kwayo kabanzi kanye nokuhlukaniswa kalula, iye yafundwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo.
Iphrotheni ehlanganiswe ama-subuunits amane futhi, ngakho-ke, iwela esigabeni se-tetrameric, esinamayunithi amabili e-alpha namabili e-beta. Ama-subunits e-Hemoglobin ahlobene nephrotheni encane enesibopho sokuthola umoya-mpilo emisipha: i-myoglobin.
Iqembu le-heme liyi-porphyrin derivative. Lokhu kubonisa i-hemoglobin futhi yiqembu elifanayo elitholakala kuma-cytochromes. Iqembu le-heme linesibopho sombala obomvu wegazi futhi indawo ebonakalayo lapho i-globin monomer ngayinye ibophezela emoyeni.
Umsebenzi oyinhloko waleli phrotheni ukuthutha umoya-mpilo usuka esithweni esibhekene nokushintshaniswa kwegesi - okuthiwa amaphaphu, ama-gill noma isikhumba - kuya kuma-capillaries, ukuze asetshenziselwe ukuphefumula.
I-Cellulose
I-Cellulose iyi-polymer eqondile eyakhiwe amayunithi e-D-glucose axhunywe ukuxhumana kwe-beta 1,4. Njengama-polysaccharides amaningi, awanawo umkhawulo kasayizi omkhulu. Kodwa-ke, balinganisela cishe izinsalela ze-glucose eziyi-15.000.
Iyingxenye yezindonga zamaseli ezitshalo. Ngenxa ye-cellulose, ziqinile futhi zibavumela ukuba babhekane nokucindezeleka kwe-osmotic. Ngokufanayo, ezitshalweni ezinkulu, njengezihlahla, i-cellulose inikeza ukusekelwa nokuzinza.
Nakuba ngokuvamile zihlobene nezitshalo, ezinye izilwane ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-tunicates zine-cellulose ekwakhekeni kwazo.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi isilinganiso 10 a 15 kg ye-cellulose ihlanganiswa - futhi yehliswe - ngonyaka.
Ulwelwesi lwebhayoloji
Ulwelwesi lwebhayoloji lwakhiwe ngokuyinhloko ngama-biomolecules amabili: lipids namaprotheni. Ukwakheka kwendawo kwama-lipids kumise okwe-bilayer, enemisila ye-hydrophobic ebheke ngaphakathi namakhanda angama-hydrophilic abheke ngaphandle.
I-membrane iyinhlangano eguquguqukayo futhi izingxenye zayo zihamba njalo.
Izinkomba
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- Battaner Arias, E. (2014). Inhlanganisela ye-enzymology . Izinguqulo zeNyuvesi yaseSalamanca.
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- U-Devlin, T. M. (2004). I-Biochemistry: imanuwali enezicelo zomtholampilo . Ngihlehlile
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- UMacarulla, JM noGoñi, FM (1994). I-biochemistry yomuntu: inkambo eyisisekelo . Ngihlehlile
- UMüller – Esterl, W. (2008). I-Biochemistry Fundamentals for Medicine and Life Sciences . Ngihlehlile
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