Ithiyori ye-uniformitarianism ingenye yezimiso eziyisisekelo ze-geology yesimanje, ephakamisa ukuthi izinqubo zokwakheka komhlaba ezibonwa eMhlabeni phakathi nesikhathi sokwakheka komhlaba ziyafana nalezo ezenzeka esikhathini esidlule. Lo mbono wathuthukiswa ngekhulu le-18 nguJames Hutton futhi wachazwa kabanzi nguCharles Lyell ngekhulu le-19. Iphakamisa ukuthi izinqubo ze-geological, ezifana nokuguguleka, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, kanye nentaba-mlilo, kwenzeka njalo futhi kancane kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, nokuthi izinguquko ebusweni boMhlaba ziwumphumela wokunqwabelana koshintsho oluncane phakathi nezigidi zeminyaka. Lesi simiso sibalulekile ekuqondeni umlando woMhlaba kanye nokuvela kwezindawo zawo.
Ukuqonda isimiso se-uniformitarianism ku-geology nokubaluleka kwayo kwisayensi.
Isimiso se-uniformitarianism ku-geology siyinkolelo-mbono ephakamisa ukuthi izinqubo ezifanayo ze-geological ezabumba uMhlaba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ziyaqhubeka nokusebenza ngendlela efanayo nanamuhla. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izenzakalo ze-geological esizibonayo namuhla, njengokuguguleka komhlaba, ukubola kwenhlabathi, kanye ne-volcanism, ziyafana nalezo ezenzeka esikhathini esidlule.
Lo mbono wathandwa kakhulu yisazi se-geology uJames Hutton ngekhulu le-18 futhi uyisisekelo sokuqonda umlando woMhlaba. Ngokuqaphela ukuthi izinqubo ze-geological ziyavumelana futhi ziyabikezelwa, ososayensi bangasebenzisa ubufakazi obukhona ukuze bachaze isikhathi esidlule se-geological. Isibonelo, ngokutadisha izendlalelo zamatshe angaphansi komhlaba, izazi ze-geology zingaphetha ngendawo yasendulo lapho la matshe akhiwa khona.
Ukubaluleka kwe-uniformitarianism ku-geology kukhulu kakhulu, njengoba kusebenza njengesisekelo sokuhumusha amarekhodi e-geological. Ngaphandle kwalesi simiso, bekuyoba nzima kakhulu ukuqonda ukuthi uMhlaba wavela kanjani eminyakeni eyizigidigidi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-uniformitarianism isisiza ukubikezela izenzakalo ezingaba khona zesikhathi esizayo, njengokuzamazama komhlaba nokuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo, ngokusekelwe kumaphethini abonwe esikhathini esidlule.
Ngamafuphi, isimiso se-uniformitarianism ku-geology sibalulekile kwisayensi ngoba sisenza sikwazi ukuqonda kangcono umlando woMhlaba futhi silindele izenzakalo ze-geological ezingaba khona. Siyithuluzi elinamandla elisisiza ukuqonda izimfihlakalo zeplanethi yethu futhi sihlele ikusasa.
Zitholele ubaba we-uniformitarianism, ithiyori ebalulekile ye-geological eyaguqula isayensi.
I-Uniformitarianism iyithiyori eyisisekelo ye-geological eyashintsha indlela ososayensi abaqonda ngayo umlando woMhlaba. Umsunguli wayo isazi sokuma komhlaba saseScotland uJames Hutton, owaphila ngekhulu le-18. U-Hutton waziwa ngokuthi "uyise we-geology yesimanje," futhi imibono yakhe yashintsha isayensi ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngaphambi kukaHutton, ososayensi abaningi babekholelwa embonweni wenhlekelele, owawuthi izenzakalo ze-geological zibangelwa izinhlekelele eziphuthumayo nezinobudlova, njengezikhukhula nokuzamazama komhlaba. Kodwa-ke, uHutton akavumelananga nalo mbono futhi wasikisela ukuthi izinqubo ze-geological ezibumba uMhlaba zenzeka kancane kancane futhi kancane kancane esikhathini eside.
Isimiso esiyisisekelo se-uniformitarianism ukuthi izinqubo ezifanayo ze-geological esizibona namuhla, njengokuguguleka komhlabathi kanye ne-sedimentation, zenze ngendlela efanayo kuwo wonke umlando woMhlaba. Lokhu kusho ukuthi singafunda izinqubo zamanje zokuma komhlaba ukuze siqonde ukuthi uMhlaba uguquke kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Le ndlela yashintsha i-geology futhi yavumela ososayensi ukuthi bakhe kabusha umlando woMhlaba ngokunembe kakhudlwana. Ngenxa yomsebenzi ka-Hutton nezinye izazi zokuma komhlaba ezalandela ezinyathelweni zakhe, manje sesiqonda kangcono ukuvela kweplanethi yethu namandla alolonge indawo yawo phakathi nezigidigidi zeminyaka.
Ithonya le-uniformitarianism kumbono kaDarwin wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
I-Uniformitarianism iyinkolelo-mbono eyathonya kakhulu indlela kaCharles Darwin ekuziphendukeleni kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Le thiyori, eyaduma izazi zokwakheka komhlaba ezifana no-James Hutton kanye no-Charles Lyell, ibeka ukuthi izinqubo ze-geological kanye nemvelo ezibumba uMhlaba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ziyahambisana futhi zenzeka kancane kancane futhi kancane kancane.
Lo mbono wokufana kwezinqubo zemvelo wawuyisisekelo kuDarwin, njengoba wawusikisela ukuthi izinguquko eMhlabeni nasendaweni ezungezile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi zenzeka kancane futhi ngokuqhubekayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinhlobo nazo ziyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngezinguquko ezincane eziqongelelwe ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.
KuDarwin, i-uniformitarianism yanikeza isisekelo esiqinile senkolelo-mbono yakhe yokukhethwa kwemvelo . Waphikisana ngokuthi izinhlobo ezivumelana kangcono nendawo ezikuyo zinethuba elikhulu lokusinda nokuzala, zidlulisela izici zazo ezizuzisayo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. Ngakho-ke, ukuvela kwezinhlobo kuyinqubo eqhubekayo kancane kancane, ngokuhambisana nezimiso ze-uniformitarianism.
Ngamafuphi, i-uniformitarianism yabamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwenkolelo-mbono kaDarwin yokuvela kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, imnike isisekelo esiqinile nesingaguquki sokuchaza ukuthi ukuphila emhlabeni kwathuthuka kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ithini ithiyori kaCharles Lyell nokubaluleka kwayo ku-geology?
Inkolelo-mbono kaCharles Lyell, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Uniformitarianism , ingenye yezisekelo eziyisisekelo ze-geology yanamuhla. ULyell wayengusosayensi we-geology wekhulu le-19 owaphakamisa umbono wokuthi izinqubo ze-geological eziye zabumba uMhlaba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ziyafana nalezo ezenzeka namuhla. Le nkolelo-mbono iyaphikisana nombono wangaphambilini we- Catastrophism , owaphikisana ngokuthi uMhlaba wabunjwa yizehlakalo eziphuthumayo neziyinhlekelele.
ULyell waphikisana ngokuthi izinguquko eMhlabeni zenzeka kancane kancane futhi njalo , nokuthi izinqubo ezifanayo ezibonwa namuhla, njengokuguguleka komhlabathi, ukubola kwenhlabathi, kanye nentaba-mlilo, yizo ezibangela ukwakheka kwezingqimba zomhlaba eminyakeni eyizigidi. Wavikela nombono wokuthi uMhlaba mdala kakhulu kunalokho okwakucatshangwa ngaphambili, ngaleyo ndlela waphonsela inselelo izinkolelo zendabuko.
Ukubaluleka kombono kaLyell we-Uniformitarianism kweze-geology kukhulu kakhulu. Kwaguqula indlela izazi ze-geology eziqonda ngayo umlando woMhlaba nendlela ezichaza ngayo amatshe, amaminerali, kanye nezinsalela ezitholakala kuwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Uniformitarianism yathonya ezinye izindawo zesayensi, njenge-biology kanye ne-archaeology, ngokuphakamisa indlela yesayensi nenengqondo yokuchaza izenzakalo zemvelo.
Ngamafuphi, ithiyori ka-Charles Lyell ye-Uniformism yayiyingqopha-mlando emlandweni wesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba, yaba neqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwesiyalo nasekuqondeni ukuguquguquka koMhlaba ngesikhathi sokwakheka komhlaba.
I-Uniformism Theory: Origins and Principles
I-Uniformitarianism iyisiphakamiso sefilosofi nesayensi esivela ku-Scottish Enlightenment. Le mbono igcizelela ukuthi izinqubo zemvelo ezenzeka kulo lonke ukuvela koMhlaba zazifana, zihlala njalo, futhi zingaphindaphindeka.
Ngamanye amazwi, izici ezababangela esikhathini esidlule ziyafana namuhla futhi zenzeka ngamandla afanayo. Ngakho-ke, zingafundwa ukuze kuqondwe ukuhamba kwesikhathi. Igama elithi ukufana akufanele lididaniswe nokufana.
Umsuka
James Ussher
Umzamo wokuqala wokuguga uMhlaba, kanye nezenzakalo zawo, wenziwa umbhishobhi omkhulu wase-Ireland wase-Anglican uJames Ussher. Washicilela incwadi yakhe ethi, The Annals of the World , ngo-1650, esekela umsebenzi wakhe ezingcezwini ezithile zeBhayibheli kanye nesikhathi sokuphila esimaphakathi somuntu.
Ngale ndlela, wafuna ukulinganisa indawo yokuqala emlandweni wale planethi. Ithiyori yase-Ireland yamukelwa njengeyiqiniso ngaleso sikhathi.
UJames Hutton
Ngakho-ke, uJames Hutton, isazi sokuma komhlaba saseBrithani kanye nesazi sezemvelo eyaziwa ngokuthi unguyise wesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba yesimanje, waba ngowokuqala ukuphakamisa umbono we-uniformitarianism, owabona ukukhanya ekhulwini le-18.
Phakathi nohambo lwakhe lokuzungeza iziQhingi zaseBrithani, u-Hutton wazinikela ekuchazeni nasekubhaleni ngokuningiliziwe amadwala ahlangana nawo endleleni. Ngempela, wayengumdali womqondo wesikhathi esijulile futhi engowokuqala ukucacisa imfihlakalo ye-sedimentation.
Umsebenzi ohlanganise iningi lalezi zifundo yi- Theory of the Earth , eyanyatheliswa phakathi kuka-1785 no-1788, futhi yaqashelwa njengomsebenzi omkhulu kaHutton. Kuyo, uphakamisa izimiso zemfundiso, ngokusekelwe ebufakazini abuqoqile, ezizonikeza isimo sesayensi kanye nenani ku-uniformitarianism.
Lezi zimiso zigomela ngokuthi iplanethi enguMhlaba ayizange ithonywe izenzakalo ezinobudlova, ezisheshayo, kodwa izinqubo ezihamba kancane, ezingaguquki, nezihamba kancane kancane. Izinqubo ezifanayo ezingabonakala zisebenza emhlabeni namuhla zazinesibopho sokubumba uMhlaba. Isibonelo: umoya, isimo sezulu, nokugeleza kwamagagasi.
Izimiso zokufana
Izimiso eziyisisekelo zalo mbono yilezi:
Isikhathi samanje siyisihluthulelo sesikhathi esedlule: izehlakalo zenzeka ngesivinini esifanayo namanje njengoba zihlala zenza.
-Izinqubo zenzeke njalo emlandweni wemvelo. UJames Hutton uchaza lokhu encwadini yakhe ethi Theory of the Earth : " Asitholi mkhondo wesiqalo, noma ithemba lokuphela ."
-Amandla nezinqubo ezibonakala ebusweni bomhlaba ziyefana nalezo ezilolonge isimo somhlaba kuwo wonke umlando wemvelo.
-Izinqubo zokuma kwezwe, njengokuguguleka komhlabathi, ukubeka phansi noma ukuminyana, azishintshi, nakuba zenzeka ngesivinini esiphansi kakhulu.
Ukufana emphakathini wesayensi kanye namathiyori ahlobene
I-Uniformitarianism yayiphikisana kakhulu phakathi nekhulu le-18 nele-19 ngenxa yokuthi, phakathi kwezinye izizathu, yanikeza indlela enengqondo yokuqonda umlando omude wemvelo kanye nokwakheka komhlaba futhi yamukela ushintsho njengengxenye evamile yezinqubo zemvelo ezahlukene.
Nakuba kungazange kushiwo ngokucacile, wabonisa ukuthi zingaba nezinye izindlela zokuqonda umhlaba ngale kwencazelo ethembekile nenembile yeBhayibheli.
UJohn Playfair, uCharles Lyell noWilliam Whewell
Omunye wabavikeli bomsebenzi kaHutton kwakunguJohn Playfair, isazi sesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba saseBrithani kanye nesazi sezibalo, owathi, encwadini yakhe ethi Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth , eyanyatheliswa ngo-1802, wacacisa ithonya uHutton ayenalo ocwaningweni lwesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba.
UCharles Lyell, ummeli kaHutton, isazi sokuma komhlaba, kanye nezwe lakubo, wafunda kabanzi futhi wathuthukisa izimiso ze-uniformitarianism ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni lwakhe.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uWilliam Whewell, isazi sefilosofi nososayensi waseBrithani, waba ngowokuqala ukuqamba igama elithi uniformitarianism ekhulwini le-19, naphezu kokungavumelani neminye yemibono yalo.
Ubudlelwano ne-realism kanye nenhlekelele
I-Uniformitarianism ihlobene eduze neminye imibono, njenge-realism kanye nenhlekelele. Ihlanganyela nobuqiniso ngesimangalo sokuthi izehlakalo ezedlule zingachazwa ngesisekelo sokuthi izimbangela zazo bezifana nalezo ezisebenzayo njengamanje.
Futhi ngenhlekelele, ixhunywe njengomlingani oqondile we-uniformitarianism, ngoba inkolelo-mbono yenhlekelele ithi uMhlaba, emvelaphi yawo, uvele ngokuzumayo futhi ngenhlekelele.
Iziqu zamanje - inkolelo yokuthi uguquko kufanele lwenzeke kancane kodwa kancane - lumelwe futhi ezifundweni zika-Hutton noLyell, njengoba imigomo yokufana ichaza ukuthi izinqubo zokudalwa nokuqothulwa zenzeka zihambisana nezinguquko ze-geological and biological ezihluka ngesikhathi nobukhulu.
Ukufana namuhla
Incazelo yesimanje ye-uniformitarianism ihlala ithembekile kakhulu embonweni wayo wokuqala, nakuba ivuma ukuhluka okucashile. Ngokwesibonelo, izazi zokuma komhlaba zanamuhla ziyavuma ukuthi amandla emvelo asebenza ngendlela ayesebenza ngayo ezigidini zeminyaka edlule. Nokho, amandla alawa mandla angahluka ngokuphawulekayo.
Ijubane lezinqubo zemvelo nalo liyahlukahluka. Futhi nakuba sazi ukuthi bezilokhu zikhona, zikhona, futhi zizoqhubeka zikhona, kusenzima ukubikezela ukuzamazama komhlaba, ukudilika kwenhlabathi, ngisho nezikhukhula ezinkulu.
Ukubaluleka kokufana
Ngeke kwenzeke ukuphika ukubaluleka komlando i-uniformitarianism eyayinayo emkhakheni we-geology. Ngenxa yale thiyori, kwaba nokwenzeka ukuhumusha umlando woMhlaba ngamatshe awo, ukuqonda izici ezibangela izikhukhula, kanye nobukhulu obuguquguqukayo bokuzamazama komhlaba nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo.
Imibono kaHutton yokuma komhlaba yaze yanciphisa umthelela wezinhlangano ezinamandla njengeSonto LamaKatolika ngoba, ngokunengqondo, ukungenelela kwaphezulu kwakungasabalulekile ekuchazeni izenzakalo zemvelo. Ngakho-ke, isihluthulelo sokuqonda isikhathi samanje asikho kumandla angaphezu kwawemvelo, kodwa esikhathini esidlule.
UHutton noLyell, kanye nazo zonke iziphakamiso zabo kanye nocwaningo, babewumthombo ohlonishwayo wokuphefumulelwa kukaCharles Darwin, njengoba kwakunjalo nangombono wabo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, owanyatheliswa encwadini ethi *The Origin of Species * ngo-1859.
Kulo msebenzi, eminyakeni engamashumi ayisikhombisa ngemva kokuba uHutton eshicilele i -Theory of the Earth , kwasikiselwa ukuthi ushintsho oluqhubekayo kodwa oluqhubekayo lusebenza kokubili ekuziphendukeleni kwezinhlobo kanye nasekuziphendukeleni kweplanethi uqobo.
Izinkomba
- Hutton, J. (1788). Ithiyori Yomhlaba; noma uphenyo lwemithetho ebonakalayo ekwakhiweni, ekuhlakazweni, nasekubuyiselweni kwezindawo emhlabeni . Ukuthengiselana kweRoyal Society yase-Edinburgh, Umq. I
- Ukubhala kwe-BBC (2017).UJames Hutton, umhlambalazi owembula ukuthi iqiniso ngoMhlaba lalingekho eBhayibhelini futhi wasinika isikhathi esijulile . I-BBC World Itholwe ku: bbc.com
- Abahleli be-Encyclopaedia Britannica (1998). I-Uniformitarianism . I-Encyclopaedia Britannica. Kubuyiswe ku-britannica.com
- Thomson, W., “Lord Kelvin” (1865). I-'Doctrine of Uniformity' ku-Geology Iphikiswe Kafushane . Izinqubo zeRoyal Society yase-Edinburgh.
- Vera Torres, J.A. (1994). Stratigraphy: Izimiso kanye Izindlela . U-Ed. Roda.