I-Russian-Japanese War yayiyingxabano ehlomile eyenzeka phakathi kuka-1904 no-1905, ehlanganisa amandla aseRussia naseJapane. Izandulela zalokhu kungqubuzana zibuyela emuva entshisakalweni yawo womabili la mazwe ekwandiseni ithonya lawo esifundeni sase-Asia, ikakhulukazi eManchuria naseKorea. Izimbangela zempi zazihlanganisa izingxabano zendawo, ezomnotho, nezombusazwe, kanye nokuphishekela udumo namandla esifundeni. Imiphumela yeMpi YaseRussia-YaseJapane yayibalulekile, okwaphumela ekunqotshweni okuhlazisayo kweRussia, ukuqina kweJapane njengombuso wesifunda, kanye nokusayinwa kweSivumelwano sasePortsmouth, esalamula yi-United States, eyasungula imingcele emisha nomthelela esifundeni. Lokhu kungqubuzana kube nomthelela ohlala njalo ebudlelwaneni bamazwe ngamazwe kanye ne-geopolitics yaseMpumalanga Ekude.
Kungani iJapane yaya empini?
Impi YaseRussia-YaseJapane yayiyingxabano eyenzeka phakathi kuka-1904 no-1905, futhi yayiqhutshwa ngokuyinhloko ingxabano phakathi kweJapane neRussia ngethonya esifundeni saseManchuria naseKorea. I-Japan, eyayithuthukiswa ngokushesha kwezimboni kanye nesimanje, yabona impi njengethuba lokuqinisekisa amandla ayo nokwandisa indawo yayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iJapan yayinentshisekelo yokulawula iKorea, okuyiphuzu lamasu elibalulekile esifundeni. Ukuba khona kweRussia esifundeni, ikakhulukazi eManchuria, kwabeka usongo ezithakazelweni zaseJapane, okuholela izwe esinqumweni sokuya empini.
AmaJapane ayehlose ukwandisa umbuso wawo futhi azimise njengombuso wesifunda, okwawashukumisela ukuba abhekane neRussia, umbuso wezwe osumisiwe. Ukunqoba kweJapane eMpini YaseRussia-Japanese kwaba ingqopha-mlando emlandweni wezempi, okubonisa amandla nokuzimisela kwezwe ukufeza izinhloso zalo.
Imiphumela yempi yayibalulekile kuzo zombili izinhlangothi, ngokusayinwa kweSivumelwano sasePortsmouth ngo-1905, esaqaphela ukunqoba kwamaJapane futhi sanikeza izindawo zaseJapane eManchuria naseKorea. Impi nayo yaba nomthelela womhlaba wonke, yashintsha ubudlelwano bamandla esifundeni futhi yaba nomthelela ezenzakalweni zesikhathi esizayo, njengeMpi Yezwe I.
Intuthuko ngemuva kokunqoba kweJapan eRussia ngo-1905.
Impi YaseRussia-YaseJapane yayiyimpi ehlomile eyenzeka phakathi kuka-1904 no-1905, ehlanganisa uMbuso WaseRussia kanye noMbuso WaseJapane. Izimbangela zempi zaziyizingxabano zezindawo eManchuria naseNhlonhlweni YaseKorea. Ukunqoba kwamaJapane iRussia ngo-1905 kwaba nemiphumela ebalulekile.
Ngemva kokunqotshwa kweRussia, kwasayinwa iSivumelwano sasePortsmouth, saqeda ingxabano futhi saqaphela ubukhosi baseJapan esifundeni. Lesi senzakalo sasiphawula okokuqala ukuthi umbuso waseYurophu unqotshwe yisizwe sase-Asia ezikhathini zanamuhla, okubonisa ukukhula kweJapane njengamandla esifunda.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunqoba kweJapane kube nomthelela omkhulu ku-geopolitical landscape yomhlaba wonke, kwashintsha ibhalansi yamandla esifundeni sasePacific. IJapane yavela njengamandla ezempi ahlonishwayo, kuyilapho uMbuso WaseRussia wabhekana nokulimaza isithombe sawo samandla amakhulu.
Izehlakalo ezalandela ukunqoba kwamaJapan phezu kweRussia ngo-1905 zaphawulwa ukukhula kweJapan njengombuso wesifunda kanye nokuba buthakathaka kwethonya laseRussia esifundeni. Lesi senzakalo saba nemiphumela ehlala njalo futhi sasiza ekulolongeni ubudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe ekhulwini lama-XNUMX.
I-USSR yalwa neJapane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II.
Impi yaseRussia neJapane yayiyingxabano eyenzeka phakathi kweSoviet Union neJapane ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II. Izimbangela zalokhu kungqubuzana ziqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, lapho imibuso emibili iphikisana ngezindawo ezifundeni zaseManchuria naseMongolia. Ukwanda kokungezwani phakathi kwala mazwe amabili kwaphetha ngochungechunge lokulwa ngezikhali, okwaholela ekumenyezelweni kwempi ngokusemthethweni ngo-Agasti 1945.
Isizinda sale ngxabano siqala emuva eMpini yaseRussia neJapane ka - 1904-1905, eyaholela ekunqotshweni okuhlazisayo koMbuso waseRussia. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ubudlelwano phakathi kwala mazwe amabili buhlale buqinile, kunezingxabano zendawo kanye nokungqubuzana okungahleliwe emngceleni.
Imiphumela yeMpi YaseRussia NamaJapane yayibalulekile. I-Soviet Union yakwazi ukunqoba izindawo zaseManchuria naseKorea, yandisa ithonya layo esifundeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunqotshwa kweJapane kwenza buthaka isikhundla sayo njengamandla esifunda futhi kwaba negalelo ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II.
Ukungena kwe- USSR kule ngxabano kwaba yisici esinqumayo emiphumeleni yeMpi Yezwe II kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha kwebhalansi yamandla ezweni langemva kwempi.
Imibandela ebekwe esivumelwaneni sokuthula esasayinwa ePortsmouth ngo-1905.
Ngemva kweMpi YaseRussia-YaseJapane, iSivumelwano Sokuthula SasePortsmouth sasayinwa ngo-1905, sasungula imigomo yokuqeda ukungqubuzana. Amaphuzu abalulekile esivumelwano ahlanganisa ukudluliselwa kwengxenye eseningizimu yeSakhalin Island eJapane, ukuqashelwa kweKorea njengezwe elizimele, nokuhoxiswa kwamasosha aseRussia eManchuria. IRussia iphinde yavuma ukubuyisela iPort Arthur kanye neNhlonhlo yaseLiaodong ekulawuleni amaShayina.
La magama ayebalulekile ekuqedeni impi nasekusunguleni ukuthula phakathi kwalezi zizwe ezimbili. Bamele ushintsho olukhulu ekulinganiseni kwamandla esifundeni, lapho iJapan iphuma njengamandla ezempi kanye neRussia yehlulwa ngendlela ehlazisayo. Imibandela yesivumelwano sokuthula nayo yaba nemiphumela yamazwe ngamazwe, yathinta ubudlelwano bobunxusa bamazwe womabili neminye imibuso yomhlaba.
Ekugcineni, Isivumelwano Sokuthula sasePortsmouth saphawula ukuphela kweMpi YaseRussia-Japanese futhi saba nemiphumela ebalulekile kwezombusazwe zesifunda kanye nepolitiki yezwe. Kwakuyingqopha-mlando emlandweni wobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe futhi kwalolonga inkambo yezenzakalo zesikhathi esizayo e-Asia nangale kwayo.
Impi YaseRussia-YaseJapane: Isendlalelo, Izimbangela, Imiphumela
Impi yaseRussia neJapane yaqala mhla ziyi-8 kuNhlolanja 1904, yaqhubeka kwaze kwaba nguSepthemba 5, 1905, yaphela ngokunqoba kwamaJapane. Imbangela enkulu yempi kwakuyizifiso zezwe zombili, okwaholela ekulweni ezindaweni ezahlukene.
Izwe laseRussia lalifuna ichweba elalingeke libe yiqhwa ebusika. I-Vladivostok, ngenxa yeqhwa, yayingasetshenziswa izinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela, futhi uhulumeni wamaTsarist wawufuna isizinda sebutho lawo lasolwandle endaweni. Inhloso ekhethiwe kwakuyiPort Arthur, eChina.
IJapan yayisiphenduke amandla amakhulu ase-Asia ngemuva kwempi neChina. Yayisiyitholile indawo, nakuba kwadingeka inike abaseRussia itheku laseShayina okukhulunywe ngalo ngenhla. Iminyaka eminingana, abameleli bamazwe amabili babe nezingxoxo, kodwa ngaphandle kokufinyelela izivumelwano ezibalulekile, futhi ekugcineni, kwaqubuka ukungqubuzana phakathi kwabo.
Ibutho laseJapane lazuza ukunqoba okucacile phezu kwamaRussia, okwadingeka ekugcineni avume ukunqotshwa. Imiphumela yaba ukuthi izwe lase-Asia laqinisa isikhundla salo esinzima e-Asia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eRussia, ukunganeliseki kwakungesinye sezizathu zeNguquko ka-1905.
Ekugcineni, ukunqoba kweJapane kwamangaza iYurophu yobandlululo, eyayingacabangi ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi abantu abangewona abelungu banqobe impi yalolu hlobo.
Ingemuva
Imibuso yaseYurophu yazinza eMpumalanga Ekude kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 kuqhubeke. Ubuthakathaka baseShayina kanye nezinsizakusebenza eziningi zenza kwaba into efiseleka kakhulu, hhayi emazweni aseYurophu kuphela kodwa naseJapan, eyayikhula ngamandla.
Ngakho, waqala umjaho wokulawula indawo yase-Asia enkulu ngangokunokwenzeka. Ekuqaleni, amaJapane ayegxile eKorea nasenyakatho yeChina, indawo nayo eyayifunwa yiRussia.
Kunoma yikuphi, ukunqoba kweJapane empini yokuqala ngokumelene neChina kwandisa amandla ayo kanye nomthelela esifundeni. Nokho, yayingakwazi ukumelana nemibuso yaseYurophu. Bayicindezela ukuba ibuyisele enye yensimu enqotshiwe kumaShayina.
IRussia e-Asia
I-Russia yayifuna ichweba elalizosekela ibutho layo lasolwandle lasePacific. Ngo-1896, yavumelana neChina ukusebenzisa iPort Arthur, enye yezindawo iJapane eyayiphoqeleke ukuba ibuye ngemva kwempi.
Esinye sezigatshana (eziyimfihlo) zesivumelwano esilawula lokhu kudluliselwa kwakungezempi ngokwemvelo: iRussia yathembisa ukuvikela iChina uma iJapane ihlasela. Esinye isici sesivumelwano sanikeza iRussia imvume yokwakha ujantshi kuleyo ndawo.
eManchuria
Ngo-1900, iRussia yathatha ithuba le-Boxer Uprising ukuze ithathe iManchuria. Eqinisweni, kwakuyisenzo esenziwa ngokuzimela yibutho, njengoba uhulumeni engazange avume. Alikho elinye izwe elimelene nokuhlasela.
Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, iChina yancenga abaseRussia ukuba bazibophezele ekushiyeni lesi sifunda, kodwa ekugcineni benqaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iPacific Fleet yabo yayisifikile kakade ePort Arthur, futhi ujantshi wawusuphelile.
Korea
IKorea yayingenye yezindawo lapho ukungqubuzana phakathi kweRussia neJapane kwakubonakala kakhulu. Ekuqaleni, la mazwe amabili afinyelela esivumelwaneni sokwandisa ithonya lawo kule nhlonhlo.
Nokho, ngo-1901, iJapane yaphula isivumelwano sokungathathi hlangothi, njengoba lokhu kwakuyosho ukuthi ithonya lamaRussia eManchuria lase lithuthukile.
Isivumelwano phakathi kweJapan neGreat Britain
Isivumelwano phakathi kweJapan neGreat Britain singelinye lamaphuzu abaluleke kakhulu okufanele uwaqonde mayelana nomongo wangaphambi kwempi. Konke kwaqala lapho, ngo-1898, iRussia yenqaba ukuvumela iChina ukuba isebenzise iPort Arthur, igcine ukulawula ngokugcwele leli chweba. Lokhu kwabacasula kakhulu abaseJapane nabaseBrithani, ababekhathazeke ngokuhwebelana kuleso sifunda.
Naphezu kwemizamo yeBrithani yokuvimbela ukuhlaliswa kwabantu baseRussia endaweni, abakwazanga ukukuvimbela. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni bafune isivumelwano namaJapane. Bazama ukuxoxisana neRussia, kodwa kwaba nhlanga zimuka nomoya. Ekugcineni, lesi sivumelwano saseJapane neBrithani sasayinwa ngo-1902.
Elinye lamaphuzu esivumelwano lazibophezela abaseBrithani ekwakheni imikhumbi yezempi yaseJapane, abasheshe bayifeza.
Kuzoba nomzamo wokugcina ezingxoxweni neRussia, kodwa ngaphandle kwemiphumela. IJapane yafuna ukuhoxiswa kweManchuria futhi yabeka nezinye izimo ezinzima. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili yezingxoxo, izwe lase-Asia lanquma ukunqamula ubudlelwano ngo-1904.
Izimbangela zempi
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezingxabano ezivamile eYurophu, phakathi kweJapane neRussia, abukho ubutha bomlando noma ukuthukwa okudlule. Imbangela eyinhloko yempi yayimane nje ingxabano yokulawula izindawo ezifanayo zase-Asia.
Izimbangela zomnotho
Into yokuqala eyaholela eRussia ukuthi ithathe izinyathelo eziningi eMpumalanga Ekude kwaba isifiso sokuvula imikhakha emisha yokuhweba. Ukusungulwa kweVladivostok ("lowo ophethe iMpumalanga" ngesiRashiya) kwakuyisibonelo esicacile salokhu. Nokho, itheku lalelo dolobha lahlala iqhwa isikhathi esiningi sonyaka, ngakho lafuna elinye elalizolithwala kangcono.
Esinye isizathu sezomnotho kwaba yimalimboleko eyanikezwa iChina ukuze inxephezele iJapan ngempi eyayiphakathi kwabo. Ngokushintshana, iChina yavumela iRussia ukuthi yakhe ujantshi endaweni yayo, inqamule iManchuria. Lokhu akuzange kuwajabulise amaJapane, nawo ayefuna ukwandisa ithonya lawo kwezomnotho.
Izizathu zezombangazwe
Ukuphela kokungqubuzana kweSino-Japanese kwashiya izivumelwano eziningana ezazithandeka kakhulu amaJapane. AmaJapane ayesekwazile ukulawula indawo eyayikuyo iPort Arthur. Ingcindezi evela emibusweni yaseYurophu yawaphoqa ukuba ayishiye.
IJalimane nayo yabonisa isithakazelo kule ngxenye yomhlaba. Ngo-1897, u-Quindao wathatha i-China, eyayikhathaza abaseRussia, besaba ukuthi amaphrojekthi abo angeke afezeke. Njengendlela yokuvimbela, wathumela iqembu lamasosha ePort Arthur futhi wahlela ukuba iChina iqashise ukusetshenziswa kwayo. IJapane yabhikisha, kodwa kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya.
Enye, nakuba ingaziwa kangako, imbangela kwaba yishwa likaTsar Nicholas II lapho eya eVladivostok. Inkosi yahlaselwa futhi yalinyazwa indoda yaseJapan, okubonakala sengathi idale ukucasuka okukhulu ngeJapan.
Ngo-August 1903, amaRussia adala i-Viceroyalty yaseMpumalanga Ekude futhi aqoka isikhulu esingenaso isipiliyoni sokuxoxisana. Yize kuyiqiniso ukuthi izimfuno zaseJapan bezinzima kakhulu, ithimba laseRussia nalo alinikezi lutho ngasohlangothini lwabo. Ngakho, ezinsukwini ezimbili ngaphambi kokugqashuka kwempi, ubuhlobo bawohloka ngokuphelele.
Imbangela yezempi
I-Russia yaqala ukulwa neMpumalanga Ekude ngo-1882, njengoba yayingenazo izitha ezinkulu ngaphambili. Njengoba iChina neJapane yayiqina, abaseRussia bakuthola kudingekile ukuthumela amasosha endaweni, kanye nokwakha ujantshi wesitimela.
IJapan ikubeke kwacaca ukuthi izimisele ukusebenzisa amandla ukuze ivikele izimangalo zayo. Ngaleso sikhathi, amazwe aseNtshonalanga awazange azithathele phezulu lezi zitatimende.
I-Boxer Rebellion yaholela ekubhujisweni kwamakhilomitha angaba ngu-1000 we-Trans-Siberian Railway. Isebenzisa lokhu njengezaba, iRussia yathumela amasosha angu-100.000 XNUMX endaweni, engena eManchuria ukuze avikele izithakazelo zayo.
Imiphumela yempi
Ezinsukwini ezimbili ngemva kokuba iJapane iphule ubudlelwano neRussia, ngaphambi kokuba izingxoxo zokuletha ukuthula esifundeni zibhuntshile, kwaqala impi. AmaJapane ahlasela, ngaphandle kwesimemezelo sangaphambili, ichweba laseRussia lasePort Arthur. Ngokushesha baqhubeka nokuqhubekela phambili, benqoba uMudken.
Sekukonke, yonke impi yayilandelana ngokunqoba kwamaJapane, nakuba kwakunezindleko eziphakeme zezomnotho. Imikhumbi yaseRussia yayindala kakhulu futhi yayingakwazi ukuncintisana nemikhumbi yezitha zayo eyayakhiwe eYurophu.
Impi yasolwandle yaseTsushima yaba igalelo lokugcina ezifisweni zaseRussia. Ibutho labo lakhukhulwa amaJapane.
Isivumelwano sasePortsmouth
Izazi-mlando zezempi zithi iRussia yayizohlulwa kusenesikhathi. Umyalo wayo wachazwa njengongafanelekile, futhi amasosha awazange afinyelele izinombolo ezidingekayo ukuze ethule impi ebuthweni laseJapane.
Zonke izinto zempi zazithunyelwa ngesitimela, ngoSitimela WaseSiberia. Kwakuwuhlelo olunensayo futhi ngenxa yalokho olungasebenzi kahle. Ngakho-ke, akumangazi ukuthi ngemva kokuhlasela okungalindelekile ePort Arthur, ingxabano yaphela ngokunqoba kwamaJapane.
ISivumelwano SasePortsmouth kwaxoxiswana ngaso futhi sasayinwa kulelo dolobha laseMelika. I-Russia yayibuthakathaka kakhulu, ngenxa yezingxabano ezinkulu zangaphakathi. Kuyiqiniso futhi ukuthi iJapane yacishe yacekelwa phansi impi; ngakho-ke, naphezu kokunqoba kwayo, kwakufanele iqaphe ezicelweni zayo.
Roosevelt, uMongameli wase-United States, walamula lezi zingxoxo. Ekugcineni iRussia yabona ukubaluleka kweJapane eKorea, yaphoqeleka ukuba ishiye iPort Arthur nezinye izindawo, futhi kwadingeka ibuyisele iManchuria eChina.
Nokho, i-Japan ayizange ithole noma iyiphi inkokhelo yanoma yiliphi inani lemali, okwakuyinto eyayibalulekile ngenxa yesimo sama-akhawunti ayo.
Ukuvukela kwango-1905
Ngaphezu kobunzima abantu baseRussia ababhekana nabo, impi yaba ngesinye sezizathu ezaholela ekuVukeleni umbuso ngo-1905.
Ushintsho ngokwengqondo eNtshonalanga
Umthelela ongokwengqondo wokunqoba kweJapan eYurophu wawumkhulu. Ngokokuqala ngqá, izwe elingelona elaseCaucasia labonisa ukuphakama ngaphezu kwemibuso yaseYurophu. Lokhu akuzange nje kubangele ukushaqeka nokudideka kulowo mphakathi onobandlululo kodwa futhi kwabhebhethekisa izinhlangano eziningi ezimelene nobukoloni.
Abanye ababhali bayibiza le mpi ngokuthi ukuphela kwenganekwane yomlungu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iJapane yazuza udumo olukhulu emhlabeni wonke. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukusebenza kwayo, ngokungafani neMpi Yezwe II, kwakunobuntu ngokwanele ukuba kubhekwe njengempi.
Izinkomba
- López-Vera, Jonathan. "Impi YaseRussia-YaseJapane (1904-1905), ukunqoba okungalindelekile." Itholwe kwa-HistoriaJaponesa.com,
- EcuRed. Impi YaseRussia-Japanese Itholwe ku-ecured.cu
- Maffeo, Aníbal José. Impi Russian-Japanese ka 1904-1905. Kubuyiswe ku-iri.edu.ar
- Abahleli be-Encyclopaedia Britannica. Impi yaseRussia-Japanese. Kubuyiswe ku-britannica.com
- Slawson, Larry. Impi YaseRussia-YaseJapane: Imiphumela Yezombangazwe, Ezamasiko, Nezempi. Kubuyiswe ku-owlcation.com
- Szczepanski, Kallie. Amaqiniso ngeMpi YaseRussia-Japanese. Kubuyiswe ku- thoughtco.com
- Farley, uRobert. Lapho iJapane neRussia Ziya Empini. Kubuyiswe ku-nationalinterest.org