Incazelo ye-angstrom ku-Physics and Chemistry: ukusetshenziswa, izikali, nokuhleleka kobukhulu.

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Kulo mhlahlandlela obanzi, sizofika ngqo ephuzwini mayelana nokuthi iyini i-angstrom, ukuthi isetshenziselwa ini, nokuthi ihlobana kanjani nemiqondo yansuku zonke yefiziksi nekhemistri. amalabhorethri kanye namakilasi. U-Å uyiyunithi encane kakhulu yobude.Lokhu kuwusizo kakhulu lapho sikhuluma ngama-athomu, izibopho zamakhemikhali, ama-molecule, nezinhlaka zekristalu.

Nakuba ingeyona ingxenye esemthethweni ye-International System of Units (SI), i-angstrom isalokhu iyithuluzi elibalulekile ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene zesayensi. Ungacabanga ngakho njenge... isinqamuleli esisebenzayo ukuveza ubude ngokulandelana kwe-10^-10 Imitha ngaphandle kokupakisha oziro, ukugcina izibalo nokufunda kucace kakhudlwana.

Iyini i-angstrom nokuthi ungayiguqula kanjani?

Ngokwezinombolo, ayikho imfihlakalo: 1 Å ilingana ne 10^-10 m, ebuye ihambisane no-0,1 nm (nanometer) noma u-100 pm (ama-picometers). Lokhu kulingana kwenza iyunithi ifaneleke kakhulu ekukaleni ubukhulu be-athomu nobuncane be-nanometric, njengobude bamabhondi amakhemikhali kanye nebanga eliphakathi kwezindiza zekristalu.

Isibonelo, umphakathi wesayensi uvamise ukukhetha u-Å kuya ku-nm lapho isikali sisincane kakhulu, njengoba ukubala kuba nokunembile. Njengomthetho wesithupha: 1 nm ngu-10 Å., kanye no-1 μm (micrometer) ilingana no-10.000 Å. Ngakho-ke, ungakwazi ukuzulazula ngokushesha phakathi kwezikali ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukunemba.

Kuhle ukukhumbula: ekubhalweni kwesayensi, ukusebenza nayo 10^-10 m Kwenza izibalo neziqhathaniso zibe lula. Ngakho-ke, noma nini lapho ubona izilinganiso ze-nanometer engaphansi, cabanga ukuziguqulela ku-Å lapho lokho kwenza yonke into ifundeke kakhudlwana futhi ingaguquki.

Umsuka, uphawu kanye nezindlela zokubhala

Igama elithi angstrom liwukuhlonipha isazi sefiziksi saseSweden u-Anders Jonas Ångström, umcwaningi wangekhulunyaka le-19 owaba nesandla esikhulu ekuhloleni izinto ezibonakalayo. Uphawu Å Iwuhlamvu olusonhlamvukazi lwezinhlamvu zesiSwidi, olwakhiwe u-A olunendandatho encane ngaphezu kwalo, futhi ngenxa yalokho ludonsa ukunaka okukhulu emibhalweni yobuchwepheshe.

Ungathola ukupela okuhlukile laphaya: i-angstrom, i-angström, i-ångstrom ne-ångström, ngisho nezinhlobonhlobo eziguqulelwe ukuphimisela kwesiPutukezi, njengokuthi ângstrom. Ngesi-Portuguese, isipelingi esithi "angstrom" yisona esinconywa kakhulu.Njengoba izinhlamvu zesiSwidi zingeyona ingxenye yezinhlamvu.

Lokhu kunakekelwa akukhona nje okusemthethweni. I-INMETRO yamukele iyunithi ye-'angstrom' ngo-2012., iqondana nokusetshenziswa kwamanje ngesi-Portuguese. Emibhalweni yezobuchwepheshe, ubuningi bobuningi bungase buvele njengama-angstrom noma ama-angstron, kokubili atholakala ezintweni ezivela ensimini.

Mayelana nokuphimisela, ezincwadini zesiNgisi kuvamile ukubona iziphakamiso zento eseduze ne-'ANG-strəm', kuyilapho ngesi-Swedish, umsindo othi Å uvame ukufana no-'ô' ovaliwe. NgesiPutukezi saseBrazil, ukufunda okusebenzayo kakhulu kuvame ukuzwakala 'ANG-stroke'Futhi lokho kusebenza kahle ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

Indawo ye-angstrom ngokuhlobene nesistimu ye-SI.

Nakuba isetshenziswa kabanzi, I-angstrom ayiyona ingxenye ye-International System of Units.Ifakwe kwezokuxhumana kusukela ku-Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) kwaze kwaba kuhlelo lwesi-8 lwemibhalo yayo esemthethweni; nokho, ikhishwe ngokuphelele kuhlelo lwesi-9. Lokhu akusho ukuthi akuvunyelwe: kuqinisa kuphela ukuthi, ngokombono osemthethweni, i-SI ibeka kuqala imitha kanye nokuphindaphinda kwayo kanye nama-submultiples.

Empeleni, abantu abaningi bayaqhubeka nokusebenzisa u-Å ngoba, esikalini se-athomu, kucacile futhi kulula. Ungayithatha njengengxenye yesistimu yemethrikhi ngomqondo obanzi, njenge iyunithi yendabuko esewusizo Ezimweni ezithile. Ezincwadini ezidinga ukunemba kwe-SI, vele uguqulele ku-m, nm, noma pm bese uqhubeke.

Ikuphi i-angstrom ewusizo kakhulu?

Inzuzo enkulu ye-angstrom ukufaneleka kwayo esikalini sezakhiwo zendaba. Okunye ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile kuhlanganisa Ubude besibopho samakhemikhali, ubukhulu bama-molecule nama-biomolecules, isikhala kumakristalu, namaza obude emisebeni ye-ultraviolet ikakhulukazi kumabanga e-X ray.

Ku-crystallography, isibonelo, kusebenza kakhulu ukuveza ibanga phakathi kwezindiza ze-athomu (ipharamitha d) ku-Å. Lokhu kuhlobene ngokuqondile noMthetho kaBragg, nλ = 2d·sinθ, lapho ubude begagasi λ, isikhala se-engeli θ, kanye nobude begagasi θ kuvame ukuvela kule yunithi. Kububanzi be-X-ray, u-λ ngokuvamile iwela ngohlelo luka-1 Å.esiza ukugcina izinombolo zilula.

Ku-structural biology, izilinganiso zobubanzi be-DNA double helix, ubukhulu bamaprotheni ayimbulunga yonke, ngisho nobukhulu bezimbotshana kulwelwesi kuvame ukubikwa kulesi sikali. Ukuthi 20 Å ngedayamitha yemolekyuli kuqonde kakhulu. kunokuba ubhale 2 nm noma 2 × 10^-9 m.

Kukhemistri, ubude bebhondi obufana ne-C-C, C-H, kanye ne-OH ngokuvamile buba ngu-1 Å, buhluka ngokuya ngendawo yamakhemikhali. Ngaphakathi kwalobu bubanzi, i-angstrom ingokwemvelo, njengoba igcina izinombolo ziseduze no-1, 2, noma 3, okwenza kube lula ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwezinhlanganisela. Amanani azungeze u-1 Å ajwayelekile..

Ubudlelwano obusheshayo phakathi kuka-Å, nm, pm kanye no-μm

Ukuze uzulazule phakathi kwezikali ngaphandle kokukhubeka, gcina izinqamuleli ezimbalwa ziseduze. 1 Å = 0,1 nm1 Å = 100 pm, 10 Å = 1 nm, futhi 10.000 Å = 1 μm. Lokhu kwenza izinto zibe lula kakhulu uma ufunda i-athikili kuyunithi eyodwa futhi udinga ukuyibika kwenye.

Uma sikhuluma ngama-athomu ahlukanisiwe, amanani avame ukuzungeza izingxenye ze-nm. Ngakho, inani elingaba ngu-0,2 nm liba ngu-2 Å, okunikeza umbono osheshayo wesilinganiso ngaphandle kokubeka oziro noma ama-exponents yonke indawo. Ukuguqula izingxenyana ze-nm zibe u-Å kwenza ukufunda kube lula..

Uma uxazulula izivivinyo noma ulungiselela umbiko, ithiphu ukukhetha iyunithi eyenza izinombolo zibe lula, inqobo nje uma kucace kumfundi. Ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo: ezakhiweni ze-athomu nekristalu, u-Å uyisinqumo esifanele; ngezilinganiso ezikhudlwana, i-nm kanye ne-μm iyabusa.

Ukuhleleka kobukhulu kanye nokuphawula kwesayensi: imiqondo ebalulekile

Uma sikhuluma ngokucaca, kufanelekile ukuxhuma i-angstrom nomqondo wokuhleleka kobukhulu. I-Order of magnitude (OG) isilinganiso esimelwe amandla angu-10. i-eksponenti yayo iyinombolo ephelele. Kuyindlela esheshayo yokubeka izinombolo esikalini, ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngokunemba.

I-Scientific notation (SN) iyindlela ehlangene yokubhala izinombolo ezinkulu kakhulu noma ezincane kakhulu. Inefomu elithi x · 10ⁿ, ngo-1 ≤ x <10, lapho u-n eyinombolo ephelele (positive, negative, noma zero). I-OG ne-NC ziyahambisana: eyokuqala igxile emandleni angu-10, kanti eyesibili igxile kusethi yamandla e-coefficient.

Uma inani eliphelele lenombolo likhulu kuno-1, i-eksponenti n iphozithivu; uma inombolo iphakathi kuka-0 no-1, u-n unegethivu. Le mininingwane ibalulekile ekuguquleni izilinganiso ezifana no-0,0000000001 m ukuya ku-1 × 10⁻¹².^-10 m, okungukuthi, 1 Å. Ukuqonda uphawu lwe-eksponenti kubalulekile..

Kunezinqubo ezimbili ezisabalele zokunquma i-OG evela ku-NC. Uma usebenzisa isimiso se-arithmetic, uqhathanisa i-coefficient x no-5,5; uma ukhetha incazelo yejometri, uqhathanisa u-x no-3,16. Kuye ngokukhetha, i-eksponenti yokugcina ingaba n noma n + 1..

Imithetho yokuchaza ukuhleleka kobukhulu

Cha umgomo we-arithmetic meanUthatha isilinganiso phakathi kokweqisa okungu-1 no-10: (1 + 10)/2 = 5,5. Ngakho-ke, uma u-x engaphansi kuka-5,5, i-OG izoba ngu-10.ⁿUma u-x emkhulu noma elingana no-5,5, i-OG izoba ngu-10.^{n + 1}Iwumgomo futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa ezinkingeni zesethulo.

I- geometric mean isimiso Thatha impande yesikwele ka-10: √10 ≈ 3,16. Kulokhu, uma x <3,16, i-OG ingu-10.ⁿUma x ≥ 3,16, i-OG ingu-10.^{n + 1}Ukukhethwa kwendlela kungahluka kuye nge-bibliography noma uprofesa.

Njengoba abanye ababhali bemela umbandela othile noma enye, izivivinyo eziningi zigwema ukunikeza amanani ka-x phakathi kuka-3,16 no-5,5, ukuze kugwenywe ukudala ukungaqondakali. Yisho imibandela oyisebenzisayo uma kunesikhala sokutolikwa..

Kunoma yikuphi, umehluko phakathi kwe-OG ne-NC ukuthi nge-OG ugcina kuphela amandla angu-10. I-NC ilondoloza kokubili amandla kanye ne-coefficient phakathi kuka-1 no-10., kuyilapho i-OG yenza ukufundwa kwesikali kube lula.

Isinyathelo ngesinyathelo: indlela yokuthola ukuhleleka kobukhulu

Inqubo ilula. Okokuqala, guqulela inombolo ibe inothi yesayensi, okungukuthi, x · 10ⁿ ngo-1 ≤ x < 10. Bese, usebenzisa umbandela okhethiwe (i-arithmetic noma incazelo yejiyomethrikhi) kunani lika-x ukuze unqume phakathi kuka-10ⁿ e-10^{n + 1}. Ukuguqulela ku-NC kuyisinyathelo sokuqala..

Ukuhlela: uma ulandela incazelo ye-arithmetic, qhathanisa u-x no-5,5; uma ukhetha incazelo yejiyomethri, qhathanisa u-x no-3,16. Lokhu kuqhathanisa kunquma ukuthi incazelo yejiyomethri igcina i-eksponenti efanayo engu-10 njengencazelo yejometri noma ihambisa inani lendawo eyodwa. Ukuqhathanisa u-x ne-threshold elungile kunquma umphumela..

Empeleni, lokhu kuba mechanical kakhulu. Ngemva kwezibonelo ezimbalwa, usheshe uhlonze i-eksponenti evelele kanye nobubanzi lapho inombolo ewela khona, okusheshisa izibalo kukho kokubili i-physics nekhemistri. Ukuqeqeshwa kwakha ukushesha..

Uma inani likumayunithi okungewona awe-SI, umthetho uyafana: guqulela kusisekelo sokuqhathanisa osifunayo, lungisa notation yesayensi, bese unquma ukuhleleka kwamandla adonsela phansi (OG). Indlela isebenza kunoma yiliphi inani..

Izibonelo ezixazululiwe zokuhleleka kobukhulu

Isibonelo 1 - Ijubane lengululeIngulule igijima ku-108 km/h imizuzwana engu-10. Lunjani ukuhleleka kobukhulu bebanga elihanjiwe ngamasentimitha? Ukuguqula i-108 km/h iye ku-m/s kunikeza... 30 m / s (mane uhlukanise ngo-3,6). Ngemizuzwana eyi-10, ibanga lingama-30 × 10 = 300 m.

Ngokwesayensi, 300 m = 3 × 10² m. Kusukela 1 m = 100 cm = 10² cm, sino-3 × 10² × 10² = 3 × 10⁴ cm. I-coefficient 3 ingaphansi kuka-3,16 (geometric) no-5,5 (arithmetic), ngakho-ke i-OG ingu-10⁴. Umphumela: OG = 10⁴.

Isibonelo sesi-2 - Usayizi wezinhlayiya ku-colloidCabangela okuqinile okuhlakazekile okungu-0,00000087 m. Ukubhala ngombhalo wesayensi, lokhu kungu-8,7 × 10^-7 m. Njengoba u-8,7 edlula u-3,16 no-5,5, i-OG iqhubekela ku-10.^{n + 1}; ngakho-ke, ukuhleleka kobukhulu 10^-6 m.

Qaphela ukuthi, kuzimo ze-nano ne-subnano, lezi zinyathelo ziyaphindwa. Guqula ibe ngu-x · 10ⁿ Kuyasiza ukuqhathanisa ngokushesha amanani okungenzeka kube uchungechunge lukaziro kwesokunxele sephoyinti ledesimali. Izaziso zesayensi zenza iziqhathaniso zibe lula..

Ukuzivocavoca kwamazwana

Umbuzo 1 - Ukukhanya okubonakalayoEzingxenyeni ezidlulele ze-spectrum ebonakalayo, sinokubomvu (700 nm) no-violet (400 nm). Umehluko ngu-300 nm, okulingana no-3 × 10² × 10^-9 m = 3 × 10^-7 m. Njengoba i-coefficient 3 ingaphansi kuka-3,16 no-5,5, i-OG i 10^-7Ekukhetheni okuningi, lokhu kuzofanelana nenketho enelebuli engu-10.^-7.

Umbuzo 2 – Ichibi lamanziI-cubic tank inemiphetho engu-3 m, ngakho-ke ivolumu ingu-3³ = 27m³Ukwazi ukuthi 1 m³ = 1000 L, sinawo 27 × 10³ LUma ilitha ngalinye lidla imizuzwana engu-300, isikhathi esiphelele singama-27 × 10³ × 300 s = 8,1 × 10⁶ s.

Ngokusebenzisa imibandela, u-8,1 mkhulu kuno-3,16 no-5,5; ngakho-ke, i-OG iyi-10.^{6 + 1} = 10⁷Esivivinyweni, lokhu kuvamise ukuba yimpendulo efanele, ebhalwe ukuthi 10.⁷.

Lezi zivivinyo zibonisa ukuba wusizo kwe-OG (I-Orientation of Gravitation) ukuze uthole ukubuka konke okusheshayo kobukhulu. Iwusizo lapho usebenza ngezilinganiso ngo-Å, nm, kanye no-μm. futhi udinga ukuqhathanisa izikali ngaphandle kokumosha isikhathi.

Iziqalo nezikali zama-magnitude ngobude

Yize i-SI isuse i-angstrom kumadokhumenti ayo, iziqalo ezisemthethweni zohlelo zihlanganisa uhla olukhulu, ukusuka ku-10.^-24 i-10²⁴Ekuhlukaniseni ubude obuhlobene nomhlaba we-athomu ne-molecular, okuvamile kakhulu phezulu (10^-12), nano (10^-9) kanye ne-micro (10^-6).

Emisebenzini edinga ukubambelela ngokuqinile ohlelweni lwe-SI, ungasebenzisa u-pm, nm, no-μm ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukucaca, inqobo nje uma umbhalo ubonisa ngokucacile isikali esisetshenzisiwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuma-athikili nezincwadi emikhakheni efana necrystallography kanye ne-solid state physics, i-Å isabusa ngoba yenza izinto zibe lula phakathi kwebanga elifanele. Khetha ngokwezithameli kanye nezidingo zokushicilelwe..

Uma uqhathanisa izikali, zama ukucabanga ngenombolo ebukeka ihlanzeke kakhulu: ibanga elingu-2 × 10^-10 m angajika 2 Åokuyinto enembile, kuyilapho 0,2 nm noma 200 pm kungase kube kancane ngokushesha. Umongo kanye nezethameli zinquma ukukhetha okungcono kakhulu.

Kunoma ikuphi, ukuguqulwa kobungcweti phakathi kuka-Å, nm, kanye no-pm kuzokonga isikhathi ekuxazululeni izinkinga nasekufundeni amagrafu, amathebula, kanye nemingcele ye-crystallographic. Ukuguqulwa okusheshayo kuyikhono elisebenzayo..

Izicelo zakudala: ama-X-ray, uMthetho kaBragg, nezinto zokwakha.

Ku-X-ray diffraction, kuvamile ukuthatha ubude bezaza obuzungeze u-1 Å, obuqondanisa kahle nokuhlukana kwe-interplanar kokuqinile. Uma ubhala u-λ, usuka ku-θ, isibalo nλ = 2d·sinθ sigeleza ngokwemvelo kule yunithi. λ ≈ 1 Å ijwayelekile ekuhlukaniseni i-X-ray..

Kukhemistri kanye ne-biochemistry, ukucaca kuyaqhubeka: ubude bebhondi, i-atomic radii, nobukhulu bezakhiwo ezifana ne-DNA helix zimelelwe kahle kulokhu kuphawula. Ngokubukeka, amathebula aku-Å akhombisa ngokushesha umehluko phakathi kwezinhlanganisela nokuhlanganisa. Amathebula aku-Å asheshisa ukuqhathanisa..

Kwabaqalayo, inkambiso enhle iwukuba njalo uhambisane nemiphumela ngokuguqulwa kwesibili, lapho kufanele. Ukubonisa inani elifanayo ku-Å naku-nm kwenza kube lula ukukuqonda kulabo abangakajwayelani nesikali se-subnanometer. Ukuguqulwa okuhambisanayo kusiza abaqalayo..

Isipelingi, ubuningi, nesitayela emibhalweni yobuchwepheshe.

Uma ubhala ngesi-Portuguese, kunconywa ukuthi usebenzise elithi "angstrom," elinombhalo omncane othi "a," emzimbeni wombhalo, ngaphandle kwasekuqaleni komusho noma ezihlokweni. Ubuningi buvela ngokuthi "ama-angstroms" noma "ama-angstron," womabili atholakala ezincwadini. Ukuvumelana kwesipelingi kubalulekile..

Kumalegends namalebula e-eksisi, ukuvumelana kusemqoka. Uma isibalo sakho sisebenzisa i-nm, gcina i-nm kuzo zonke izilinganiso; uma isebenzisa u-Å, gwema ukushintsha okungadingekile. Ukugcina izinga elifanayo kugwema ukudideka..

Kulabo ababhala amazinga, amamanyuwali, nemibiko esemthethweni, indlela ephephe kunazo zonke i-SI (Ulwazi Lwesistimu). Kuma-athikili, izinto zokufundisa, namanothi ezinkulumo, i-angstrom ihlala iwusizo kakhulu futhi i-didactic, inqobo nje uma yethulwa ngaphakathi komongo ofanele. Hlanganisa isitayela nezithameli kanye nezinga lokusemthethweni..

Ukufunda kanye nezinsiza ezengeziwe

Uma ufuna ukujula kokuqukethwe kobuchwepheshe nezibonelo, kufanelekile ukubonisana nezinto zezifundo nemibiko. Lezi zixhumanisi zinikeza izinsiza eziwusizo nezingxoxo ngesi-Portuguese futhi zingacebisa izifundo zakho:

Landa i-PDF - impahla yezemfundo enezisekelo ezifanele.

Landa i-PDF - Izilinganiso ku-physics ne-chemistry ngokugxila kwe-didactic..

Landa i-PDF - Imodeli ehlobene ne-angstrom kuzimo zomoya.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuvamile ukuthola izifundo zevidiyo neziqondiso ezisebenzayo mayelana nombhalo wesayensi nokuguqulwa kweyunithi. Buyekeza imibandela yokuqoqa kanye nokususa indawo yedesimali. Kuyasiza kakhulu futhi lapho wethula imiphumela.

Izihloko ezivame ukuvela eduze kwe-angstrom

Ukuphetha umjikelezo wokufunda, nazi izihloko ngokuvamile ezihambisana nalesi sihloko. Ukuhlola ngayinye yazo kusiza ukuqinisa ukuqonda kwakho kwesikali se-athomu namasu okuhlola: Ama-X-ray, uMthetho kaBragg, kanye ne-Solid State Physics:

• I-X ray
• Umthetho kaBragg
• I-athomu ye-Hydrogen
• I-crystal
• I-Solid State Physics
• I-Micrometer
• I-Nanometer
• Ubude be-Plack

Ukwazi i-angstrom, ngokuyisisekelo, ukufunda ukucabanga ngesilinganiso esifanele. Lapho ubona u-1 Å njengo-10^-10 Ukuzulazula kalula phakathi kuka-pm, Å, nm, kanye no-μm kwenza ukufunda ngezimo zomzimba nezekhemikhali kube ngokwemvelo kakhulu. Imithetho yokuhleleka kobukhulu nenothi yesayensi isebenza njengamathuluzi okuzuza isivinini ngaphandle kokudela umkhuba omuhle: ukucaca, ukungaguquguquki, nobunye obufanele umongo.