Ngo-1688, usosayensi wase-Ireland kanye nesombusazwe uWilliam Molyneux wathumela incwadi kusosayensi wefilosofi odumile uJohn Locke, lapho aveza khona imfihlakalo eyavusa isithakazelo somphakathi wonke wesayensi wangaleso sikhathi. Kuyisilingo somcabango esaziwa ngokuthi iMolyneux's Problem , futhi siyaqhubeka nokukhiqiza isithakazelo.
Kuso sonke lesi sihloko, sizodingida lolu daba, okuphikiswana ngalo futhi kuxoxwe ngalo kuyo yomibili imikhakha yezokwelapha nefilosofi, futhi okusadala ukungezwani okuningi phakathi kwabacwaningi nabacabangi.
Yini inkinga kaMolyneux?
Kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe, uMolyneux wayethanda ikakhulukazi izimfihlakalo ze-optics kanye ne-psychology yombono. Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu ukuthi umkakhe wayengaboni esemncane kakhulu.
Umbuzo oyinhloko owabuzwa yisosayensi kwakuwukuthi umuntu ozelwe eyimpumputhe ofunde ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuhlukanisa nokubiza izinto ezahlukene ngokuthinta angakwazi yini ukuzibona ngamehlo uma ephinde abone ngesikhathi esithile empilweni yakhe.
Isizinda esiholele u-Molyneux ukuba enze lo mbuzo agqugquzelwe umbhalo wesazi sefilosofi u-John Locke, lapho enza khona umehluko phakathi kwemibono noma imiqondo esiyithola ngomqondo owodwa kanye naleyo esiyidinga ngaphezu kohlobo olulodwa lokubona.
Njengoba uMolyneux ayemncoma kakhulu lo ngqondongqondo wesiNgisi, wanquma ukuthumela imicabango yakhe ngeposi... okwathi ekuqaleni, ayizange ithole impendulo. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni emibili kamuva, ngobungane obusha phakathi kwalaba bacabangi ababili, u-Locke wanquma ukuphendula, nangomdlandla omkhulu.
Lokhu kwakuhlanganisa ukubhekana nenkinga kaMolyneux emsebenzini wakhe, okuvumela lokhu kuzindla ukuthi kufinyelele izilaleli eziningi kakhulu.
ULocke wachaza le nkinga kanje: indoda eyimpumputhe kusukela ekuzalweni ifunda ukuhlukanisa ngokuthinta i-cube kanye nendilinga eyenziwe ngezinto ezifanayo nobukhulu obufanayo. Ake sithi manje njengoba le ndoda isiphinde yabona futhi izinto ezimbili zibekwe phambi kwayo, ingabe ingazihlukanisa futhi iziqambe ngamagama ngaphandle kokuzithinta kusengaphambili, isebenzisa ukubona kwayo kuphela?
Inkinga kaMolyneux ngaleso sikhathi yadonsa ukunaka kwezazi zefilosofi eziningi, iningi lazo eseliphenduke abantu abahamba phambili. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona uBerkeley, uLeibniz, uWilliam James noVoltaire ngokwakhe.
Izingxoxo zokuqala zangaleso sikhathi
Ukusabela kokuqala kwezazi zefilosofi zangaleso sikhathi kwaphika, okokuqala nokubaluleke kakhulu, ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi umuntu oyimpumputhe athole ukubona, ngakho-ke kwabheka inkinga kaMolyneux njengohlobo lwenselele yengqondo engaxazululwa kuphela ngesizathu.
Bonke bavumelana ngokuthi imizwa etholwa izinzwa zokubona nokuthinta ihlukile komunye nomunye, kodwa bakwazi ukuvumelana ngokuthi bahlobene kanjani. Abanye, njengoBerkeley, bacabanga ukuthi lobu budlelwano abunasizathu futhi bungasuselwa kokuhlangenwe nakho.
Nokho, abanye banquma ukuthi lobu buhlobo buyadingeka futhi busekelwe olwazini abazalwa nalo, kuyilapho abanye, njengoMolyneux noLocke, bacabanga ukuthi lobu buhlobo buyadingeka futhi bafunda kokuhlangenwe nakho.
Lapho imibono nemicabango yabo bonke laba bafilosofi isiqoqiwe, kwabonakala ukuthi bonke labo ababesesikoleni sefilosofi sangesikhathi , njengoMolyneux, uLocke, noBerkeley, basabela kabi: umuntu oyimpumputhe wayengeke akwazi ukuhlanganisa lokho ayekubona, ngakolunye uhlangothi, nalokho ayekuthinte, ngakolunye uhlangothi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, labo ababelandela izimiso zokuqonda babevame ukunikeza izimpendulo eziqinisekisayo; ngakho-ke, yayingekho indlela yokuthola ikhambi elivumelanayo.
Ezinye izazi zefilosofi zazikholelwa ukuthi umuntu ongakwazi ukubona kusukela ezalwa wayengasabela ngokuqondile lapho ebuka izinto. Nokho, bonke abanye babekholelwa ukuthi umuntu uzodinga ukusebenzisa inkumbulo nokucabanga kwakhe futhi kufanele akwazi ukubona zonke izinhlangothi zezinto ezihamba ngakubo.
- Ungase ube nesithakazelo: ” Izingxenye eziyi-11 zeso kanye nemisebenzi yazo “
Zithini izifundo?
Naphezu kokungenzeki kokwenza izifundo zesayensi ezingaxazulula inkinga kaMolyneux, ngo-1728, isazi sezakhi zofuzo saseNgilandi uWilliam Cheselden sashicilela icala lengane eyayinobumpumputhe bokuzalwa eyayikwazi ukubona ngemva kokuhlinzwa kwe-cataract.
Kuso sonke lesi sigameko kuthiwa lapho ingane iqala ukubona, yayingakwazi ukubona, ngokubona, ukuma kwezinto, nokuthi yayingakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinto ezihlukahlukene.
Ezinye izazi zefilosofi, kuhlanganise noVoltaire, uCamper noBerkeley, zabheka lokho okushiwo udokotela oyiNgisi njengokusobala futhi akunakuphikiswa, eqinisekisa umbono wokuthi umuntu oyimpumputhe obuye abone akakwazi ukuhlukanisa izinto aze afunde ukubona.
Kodwa-ke, abanye babenokungabaza ngalezi zivivinyo. Babecabanga ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ingane ayizange ikwazi ukwenza izahlulelo ezifanele ngoba amehlo ayo ayengasebenzi kahle nokuthi idinga isikhathi sokululama. Abanye baphinde baveza ukuthi ukuhlakanipha komfana kungathinta nokuba yiqiniso kwezimpendulo zakhe.
Izindlela zesimanje zokuhlola umcabango
Kuyo yonke ikhulu le-19, kwashicilelwa yonke imilando nezifundo ngeziguli ezake zahlinzwa nge-cataract, zizama ukukhanyisa inkinga kaMolyneux. Njengoba kwakulindelekile, kwavela imiphumela yazo zonke izinhlobo , eminye isekela okutholakele kukaCheselden kanti eminye iphikisana nayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, la macala ayengenakwenzeka ukuwaqhathanisa, njengoba izimo zangaphambi nangemva kokuhlinzwa zazihluke kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, inkinga kaMolyneux yayixoxwa kaningi, ngaphandle kokufinyelela esivumelwaneni ngesisombululo sayo.
Ngokuphathelene nenkinga kaMolyneux, ngekhulu lama-20, ukugxila kwashintshela ekubuyekezweni komlando kanye nomlando wabantu yizazi zefilosofi ezazihlaziya futhi zaphakamisa izixazululo. Eminyakeni edlule, le mfihlakalo iye yahlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zemikhakha yesayensi, njenge-psychology, i-ophthalmology, i-neurophysiology, ngisho nezibalo nobuciko.
Ngo-1985, ngokufakwa kobuchwepheshe obusha emkhakheni wezempilo, kwaphakanyiswa olunye uhlobo lwenkinga kaMolyneux. Lokhu kwabuza ukuthi i-cortex ebonakalayo yesiguli esinobumpumputhe bokuzalwa ingavuselelwa yini ngogesi ukuze isiguli sibone iphethini ye-cube noma ukukhanya kokukhanya ngesimo sendilinga . Kodwa-ke, ngisho nangalezi zindlela, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuthola impendulo eqondile yalo mbuzo.
Inkinga ebingasoze yaxazululeka
Siyaqiniseka ukuthi uMolyneux wayengazi nhlobo ngesiphithiphithi umbuzo wakhe owawuzosibangela kuwo wonke umlando. Ngale ndlela, umuntu angaphetha ngokuthi iMolyneux Problem ingenye yezindlela zokucabanga ezikhiqizayo nezithela kakhulu eziphakanyisiwe kuwo wonke umlando wefilosofi, ezihlala zimbozwe yimfihlakalo efanayo naleyo uMolyneux ayibhala ngo-1688.