Isiphepho u-Patricia sasingesinye seziphepho ezinamandla kakhulu ezake zaqoshwa, zafinyelela esigabeni sesi-5 esikalini se-Saffir-Simpson. Isimo sezulu esakheka e-Pacific Ocean ngo-Okthoba 2015 futhi sahlasela ugu olusentshonalanga ye-Mexico, sadala umonakalo ngemva kwalokho. Amazwe athinteke kakhulu kube yiMexico ne-United States, enezimvula ezinamandla, umoya ofinyelela ku-325 km/h, nezikhukhula ezishiye izinkulungwane zingenamakhaya. Imiphumela yeSiphepho uPatricia yayihlanganisa umonakalo omkhulu wempahla, ukulahlekelwa ukuphila, nezinhlekelele zemvelo. Lo mcimbi usebenze njengokhwelo lokuvusa isidingo sokulungela kanye nokusabela ngempumelelo ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo.
Isiphepho sadlula kuliphi izwe?
Isiphepho uPatricia sasingesinye seziphepho ezinamandla kakhulu ezake zabhalwa ePacific Ocean, zafinyelela amandla eSigaba 5 ngo-Okthoba 2015. Ukudlula kwaso okubhubhisayo kwenzeka eMexico, ngokuqondile ogwini olusentshonalanga yezwe, ikakhulukazi ezithinta izifunda zaseJalisco, eColima naseNayarit.
Isiphepho u-Patricia sakheka ngenxa yezimo zezulu ezivumayo, njengamazinga okushisa olwandle angaphezu kwejwayelekile kanye nokungabikho kwemimoya yokugunda. Lezi zici zibe nomthelela ekuqineni ngokushesha kwesiphepho, sifinyelele imimoya efinyelela ku-325 km/h (XNUMX mph), okubangela ukucekelwa phansi okukhulu endleleni yaso.
Ngaphandle kweMexico, amanye amazwe nawo athintwe ngokungaqondile iSiphepho uPatricia, ikakhulukazi i-United States neCanada, ngenxa yokuba seduze kwezindawo. Imiphumela yalesi siphepho ihlanganisa izikhukhula, ukubhidlika kwenhlabathi, ukucekelwa phansi kwengqalasizinda nokulahlekelwa kwabantu.
Ngakho-ke, iSiphepho u-Patricia sadlula eMexico, sashiya incithakalo futhi saba nomthelela ngokuqondile kubantu bendawo futhi saba nomthelela ongaqondile kwamanye amazwe esifundeni.
Imithelela ebangelwa isiphepho: yimiphi imiphumela evame kakhulu?
Iziphepho zinamandla ngokwedlulele futhi zibhubhisa izenzakalo zemvelo, ezikwazi ukubangela imithelela elimazayo nomaphi lapho zidlula khona. Isibonelo sakamuva salokhu kwakuyiSiphepho uPatricia, esibhekwa njengesinamandla kunazo zonke ezake zabhalwa eNtshonalanga Nenkabazwe. Lesi siphepho sagadla eMexico nase-United States, sashiya umkhondo wembubhiso futhi sabangela imiphumela eyahlukene.
Ukwakheka kweSiphepho uPatricia kubangelwa izimo zezulu ezivumayo, njengamanzi olwandle afudumele, anikeza amandla okuqina kwaso. Lapho sifika ogwini lwaseMexico, lesi siphepho sadedela imimoya enamandla, izimvula ezinamandla nezikhukhula, okwabangela ukubhidlika kwenhlabathi nokucekelwa phansi kwemizi nengqalasizinda.
Amazwe athintwe yiSiphepho uPatricia kuye kwadingeka abhekane nochungechunge lwemiphumela, evame kakhulu: ukulahlekelwa ukuphila, ukungabi namakhaya, ukunqanyulwa kukagesi, ukuphazanyiswa kwezinsizakalo eziyisisekelo ezifana namanzi okuphuza kanye nokuxhumana, ukulimala kwezinto ezibonakalayo, ukulahlekelwa kwezomnotho kanye nomthelela wemvelo.
Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi iziphepho ezifana no-Patricia ziyizehlakalo ezimbi kakhulu ezidinga ukulungiswa, ukuhlela, kanye nesinyathelo esisheshayo esivela kuziphathimandla kanye nomphakathi. Izinyathelo zokuphuma, izindawo zokukhosela zesikhashana, izinhlelo zezimo eziphuthumayo, nemizamo yokwakha kabusha kubalulekile ukuze kuncishiswe imithelela nokuvikela izimpilo zabantu kanye nempahla.
Uma kubhekwa lokhu, kuyacaca ukuthi kudingeka sihlale siphapheme futhi sizilungiselele ukubhekana nemiphumela edabukisayo yesiphepho esinjengoPatricia, esingashiya umkhondo wokubhujiswa nokuhlupheka ngemva kwaso.
Imuphi umonakalo ongadalwa yisiphepho?
Isiphepho esinjengeSiphepho uPatricia singabangela umonakalo omkhulu. Lesi simo semvelo singadala imimoya enamandla kakhulu, izimvula ezinamandla, nezikhukhula, okungaholela ekubhidlikeni kwenhlabathi, ukucekelwa phansi kwezindlu nengqalasizinda, futhi kubangele ukulahlekelwa okungenakubalwa kwabantu nezinto ezibonakalayo.
Amazwe ahlaselwe yisiphepho, njengeSiphepho uPatricia, abhekene nesimo esiphuthumayo, kufanele abhekane nokuphuma ezindaweni ezisengozini, ukuhlinzeka ngamanzi ahlanzekile nokudla, ukuhlinzeka usizo kwabahlukumezekile, nokuvuselela zonke izifunda. Izindleko zezimali ezihambisana nesiphepho zingaba nkulu, zibe nomthelela emnothweni wezwe elithintekile futhi kuthathe iminyaka ukulungisa umonakalo odalwe.
Imiphumela yesiphepho, njengeSiphepho uPatricia, ayizwakali nje kuphela ngesikhathi esifushane, kodwa futhi nangesikhathi eside. Imiphakathi ethintekile ibhekana nezinselelo zokululama, ukubhekana nokuhlukumezeka ngokomzwelo, nokwakha kabusha izimpilo zayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo okubangelwa isiphepho kungaba nemiphumela ehlala njalo, kuthinte imvelo kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zendawo.
Ngamafuphi, isiphepho esinjengeSiphepho uPatricia singabangela umonakalo ongenakubalwa, ongathinti kuphela izindawo ezithinteke ngokuqondile kodwa futhi ube nemiphumela yomhlaba wonke. Kubalulekile ukuthi uzilungiselele futhi uthathe izinyathelo zokuphepha ukuze unciphise umthelela wezinto ezinjalo zemvelo.
Isiphepho uPatricia: Izimbangela, Amazwe Athintekile, Nemiphumela
O Isiphepho uPatricia Kwakuyisiphepho sesibili esinamandla kakhulu ukukhiqizwa eNtshonalanga Nenkabazwe futhi esiqine kakhulu ngokwengcindezi ye-barometric eqoshwe emhlabeni.
Kwenzeka ngo-2015, futhi ukushuba ngokushesha kwemimoya yayo kwenza kwaba esinye sezimo zezulu eziyingozi kakhulu emazweni lapho imiphumela yaso yezwakala, kuhlanganise neMexico ne-United States. Isivinini sokuqina kwayo komoya kwakuyirekhodi eliqoshwe yi-United States National Hurricane Center.
Naphezu kokuqina kweSiphepho uPatricia namandla esafika ngawo eMexico, le nto yemvelo yathatha izimpilo ezimbalwa; nokho, bekudinga ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezigidi zamaRandi ukuze kube lula ukusesha, ukutakula, kanye nemizamo yokuthola usizo. Umonakalo odalwe yisiphepho ulinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-325 zamaRandi.
Izinkinga zesikhathi
Ukuqeqesha
Maphakathi no-Okthoba 2015, kwavela izindaba zokuthi ukujikeleza kwe-cyclonic kungase kuhlanganiswe emkhathini phezu koLwandlekazi iPacific. Isimo sezulu saqhubeka nokuhamba kancane ezinsukwini ezilandelayo sase sihlanganiswa nezinye izehlakalo zemvelo.
Ezinsukwini ezintathu ngemva kokubikwa kwalesi simo, isimiso somkhathi saqiniswa njengesenzakalo esingokwemvelo esihlanganisa imvula eneziphepho phezu kolwandle, ibanga elide ukusuka eMelika Ephakathi.
Ngokushesha ngemva kokuba uhlelo luhlanganyele nokuphulwa komoya okuvela edolobheni laseMexico i-Tehuantepec, okubambezele ukuthuthukiswa kwesimo sezulu sibe ukucindezeleka kwezindawo ezishisayo.
I-subtropical ridge, ethathwa njengendawo enengcindezi ephezulu etholakala enyakatho nenkabazwe eseningizimu, ivumele ukuphazamiseka kwesimo sezulu ukuthi kuhlanganiswe ngo-Okthoba 20 futhi kube ukudangala kwezindawo ezishisayo eningizimu ye-Mexico.
Izimo zezulu zadala ithuba lokuthi ukucindezeleka kwezindawo ezishisayo kuzokhula ngokushesha. Ngemva kwamahora ambalwa, ngo-October 21, yaba isiphepho sasezindaweni ezishisayo futhi yaqanjwa ngokuthi uPatricia.
Ukubhola
UPatricia waba buthaka ntambama ngo-Okthoba 21. Izimbangela azikaziwa; nokho, isiphepho sasezindaweni ezishisayo saphinde saba namandla ngemva kwamahora, futhi ekupheleni kosuku, ifu eliminyene lase limboze ingxenye yaso emaphakathi.
Ngosuku olulandelayo, ngo-Okthoba 22, isenzakalo esingokwemvelo safinyelela amandla esiphepho. Le nqubo yaholela ekubeni isiphepho sishube ngokushesha, okwaholela ekubeni iso likaPatricia libonakale sekuhlwile.
U-Patricia ufinyelele esigabeni sesine esikalini sesiphepho se-Saffir-Simpson, esinezinga eliphezulu lesihlanu, ngo-18 ntambama. ngalolo suku.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okusheshayo kwesiphepho kwaba kangangokuthi, ngo-Okthoba 23, kwafinyelela esigabeni sesihlanu, ngenxa yokwakheka kwendandatho enefu elizungeze -90 degrees Celsius, elinweba amakhilomitha angu-19 ububanzi, okwenza iso lesiphepho. umcimbi wemvelo
Qopha
Ukwanda okusheshayo kwesivinini somoya emahoreni angu-24 nje kwabonisa ukwanda ngokushesha kwesiphepho. Le datha irekhodwe yi-United States National Hurricane Center eNtshonalanga Nenkabazwe.
Ngomhla zingama-23 kuMfumfu wezi-2015, imimoya enamandla kakhulu yesiphepho yanda yaba ngu-195 mph (XNUMX km/h) ngosuku olulodwa.
Isimo sezulu safinyelela umvuthwandaba cishe ngo-12:00 ngo-Okthoba 23, lapho isivinini somoya salo saqoshwa kumakhilomitha angu-345 ngehora kanye nomfutho we-barometric wawo wawungu-872 millibars (mbar).
Lezi zibalo zenze umcimbi wemvelo waba isiphepho esinamandla kunawo wonke ake aqoshwa eMpumalanga Pacific Ocean.
Imininingwane yaqoqwa abazingeli beziphepho, njengoba izisebenzi zezindiza endizela ezivunguvungwini ezishisayo phezu kweNorth Atlantic Ocean kanye neNorthwest Pacific Ocean zaziwa ngokuqoqa ulwazi lwesimo sezulu.
Ukuba buthakathaka
Emahoreni ambalwa kurekhodiwe isivinini somoya sika-Patricia, kube noshintsho oluncane ekushutheni kwesenzakalo semvelo.
Nokho, ngalobo busuku, isimo sezulu, esasingakayithinti indawo, saqala ukuba buthaka saze safika eJalisco, eMexico, cishe ngo-23:15 ebusuku.
Imibono eminingana mayelana nokushuba kwemimoya ka-Patricia kuxoxwa ngayo lapho efika eMexico. Abanye basikisela ukuthi isiphepho sehle saba buthaka saba yiSigaba 4 lapho sifika eMexico: isiteshi esikhethekile silinganise ukucindezela okungu-934,2 mbar.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inkolelo yokuthi isivunguvungu sasisesigabeni sesi-5 nayo yacatshangelwa, ngoba idatha erekhodiwe imimoya eqhubekayo yamakhilomitha angu-270 ngehora kanye nokucindezela kwe-920 mbar.
Lesi sishingishane saba buthakathaka kakhulu ngo-Okthoba 24 njengoba sinqamula ukhahlamba lwezintaba zaseSierra Madre. Iso lesishingishane laqala ukunyamalala, futhi uPatricia waqhubeka ngokushesha ezweni lonke.
Ngo-12:00, isiphepho saba buthakathaka saba ukucindezeleka ezindaweni ezishisayo futhi isiphepho sashabalala ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, sashiya izimvula ezinkulu ezifundazweni eziningana zase-United States.
Amazwe athintekile
I-México
Naphezu kwemibono eyahlukene mayelana namandla omoya kaPatricia ngesikhathi efika eMexico, kuyaziwa ukuthi lesi siphepho sasinamandla kakhulu ngesikhathi sifika ezweni ngo-Okthoba 23.
Izifundazwe ezithinteke kakhulu izinhlekelele zemvelo kwakuyiMichoacán, Colima, Jalisco, neNayarit, lapho iziphathimandla zanquma ukwakha izindawo zokukhosela izisulu.
Sekukonke, kwamiswa izindawo zokukhosela zesikhashana eziyi-1.782 ukusiza abantu ababalelwa ku-258.000. Ikomiti lezimo eziphuthumayo, iButho Lezempi LaseMexico, Ibutho Lamanzi LaseMexico, Ikhomishini Yezokuphepha Kazwelonke YaseMexico, kanye ne-Red Cross babephakathi kwezinhlaka eziqaphe isimo.
Abavakashi baxoshwa ezindaweni ezisengozini enkulu futhi kwamiswa imisebenzi yezohwebo.
Iso lesiphepho ligweme izindawo ezinabantu abaningi ezweni, okunciphise ubungozi ebhizinisini. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi okungenani kwafa abantu abayisithupha eMexico ngenxa kaPatricia, bonke basesifundazweni saseJalisco.
United States
Abantu baseMelika babhekana nemiphumela yeSiphepho uPatricia ikakhulukazi esifundazweni saseTexas. Naphezu kwamahemuhemu okuthi izikhukhula ezibangelwa isenzakalo semvelo zingabangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwempilo, akukho kufa okurekhodiwe lapho.
Kodwa-ke, kube nezikhukhula ezinkulu endaweni, ezithinte izimoto eziningana namakhulu emizi. Lesi simo sidinge ukuhlenga amanzi amaningi. Umonakalo odalwe eTexas ulinganiselwa cishe ku-$50 million.
Guatemala
Ngaphandle kweMexico ne-United States, iGuatemala nayo yayiphakathi kwamazwe ahlaselwe iSiphepho uPatricia.
Okungenani umuntu oyedwa ushonile kwathi abangu-2.100 5,4 basuswa ezweni lonke. Amakhulu emizi nezinkulungwane zamahektha ezilimo acekeleke phansi. Idatha ishayele u-$XNUMX wezigidi ekuxhaseni ngezimali imizamo yokuhlenga nokubuyisela.
ENicaragua
Kunolwazi oluncane mayelana nomthelela weSiphepho uPatricia emazweni aseMelika Ephakathi; nokho, ukwaziswa okuqoqiwe kubonisa ukuthi umuntu oyedwa washona eNicaragua ngemva kokuba abavukuzi abane begqitshwe ukubihlika kwenhlabathi.
Abasebenzi abathathu abebesele batakulwe bephila ngemuva kwesigameko, esenzeke kumasipala waseBonanza.
El Salvador, Costa Rica and Honduras
Imiphumela kaPatricia e-El Salvador yabulala cishe abantu abane, ngaphezu kwezikhukhula ezidale umonakalo emashumini emizi esifundazweni.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izikhukhula ezaqoshwa eHonduras naseCosta Rica zabangela ukuphuma kwabantu abangaphezu kuka-200 eHonduras futhi zalimaza imizi engu-10 eCosta Rica.
Imiphumela
Ukubuyiselwa
Izici zesiphepho u-Patricia zenze ngokushesha kube isenzakalo sesimo sezulu esibeka ingozi enkulu emazweni lapho bekulindeleke ukuthi sifike khona.
Lesi simo sigqugquzele ukuthi kuhlanganiswe amasosha asolwandle angaphezu kuka-5.000 avela eMbuthweni Wezempi Wasemanzini waseMexico ukuze afake isandla emizamweni yokusesha nokuhlenga.
Khonamanjalo, amavolontiya eRed Cross nawo ahlaziya izidingo zesiphepho eMexico. Bahambisa usizo lokusiza abantu.
150 million pesos yabelwa izindawo zezolimo ezithintwe uPatricia; kanti izigidi ezingama-250 zamapeso zabelwa iJalisco, eziyizigidi ezingama-34 zazo ziqondiswe kubantu abathintekile.
Utshalomali olukhulu lwenziwa futhi ukweseka ukusimama komnotho. Ngomhla zingama-28 kuMfumfu, omasipala abangu-15 eJalisco bamenyezelwe njengezindawo zezinhlekelele, kanti abanye bakhishwa ngenxa yesiphepho.
Ukususwa ohlwini
Ukushuba kwesishingishane kwaholela ekutheni iWorld Meteorological Organization ikhiphe igama likaPatricia ohlwini lwamagama ezishingishane ngonyaka olandelayo, ngo-April 2016; yathathelwa indawo u-Pamela ukuze isetshenziswe enkathini elandelayo yeziphepho zasePacific, elinganiselwa ngo-2021.
Izinkomba
- Ukuthi uPatricia, isiphepho esinamandla kunawo wonke emlandweni, wabulala kanjani abantu abambalwa - The Washington Post, (2015). Kubuyiswe kusuka ku-washingtonpost.com
- Isiphepho uPatricia, ingosi ye-Wikipedia yesiNgisi, (nd). Kutholwe ku-wikipedia.org
- Umlando wesimo sezulu weSiphepho u-Patricia, i-English Wikipedia Portal, (nd). Kutholwe ku-wikipedia.org
- Isiphepho u-Patricia sihlasela i-Mexico, i-BBC Portal, (2015). Kubuyiswe ku-bbc.co.uk
- Eminyakeni emithathu edlule, iSiphepho uPatricia saba yisiphepho esinamandla kunawo wonke emhlabeni, esinemimoya engu-215 MPH. (Isiteshi Sesimo Sezulu, n.d.) Kutholwe ku-weather.com
- Hurricane Patricia, Spanish Wikipedia Portal, (nd). Kutholwe ku-wikipedia.org