UBaldomero Lillo (1867-1923) wayengumbhali nomlandisi wezindaba waseChile omsebenzi wakhe wawusekelwe ekubalweni kwezenhlalo. Imibhalo yakhe yayiphefumulelwe yizinkinga zomphakathi isizwe sakhe esasibhekene nazo ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.
Umsebenzi wokubhala kaLillo wawucebile ngezinsiza futhi ubonakala ngazo zombili izici zesimanje nezendabuko. Umlobi wasebenzisa ulimi olulula, olunembayo, noluvezayo ukuze axoxele izinkinga zabampofu ezweni lakubo eChile.
Nakuba umsebenzi walo mbhali wawungewona omkhulu, wakwazi ukushiya uphawu ngokuqukethwe kwawo kanye nokujula okwaxoxwa ngakho izindaba. Izihloko zakhe ezibaluleke kakhulu kwakuyi -Sub-terra, i-La compuerta nº 12 , kanye ne-Sub-sole. Indlela uLillo abhekana ngayo nesimo ezimayini zaseChile yamenza waba yincwadi ebhekisela kuyo ezweni lakubo.
I-Biografia
Ukuzalwa nomndeni
U-Baldomero Lillo Figueroa wazalwa ngoJanuwari 6, 1867, edolobheni laseLota, esifundazweni saseConcepción. Wakhulela emndenini wamasiko, ophakathi nendawo, lapho ubaba wakhe kwakunguJosé Nazario Lillo Robles nonina uMercedes Figueroa. Wayenabafowabo ababili: u-Emilio noSamuel. Umalume wakhe, u-Eusebio Lillo Robles, wayeyimbongi eyaqamba iculo lesizwe laseChile.
ULillo wachitha ubuntwana bakhe edolobheni lakubo, lapho afunda khona kubavukuzi ngokwabo ngezimo ezinzima zokusebenza kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okunzima abakubekezelela ezimayini zamalahle. Lezi zindaba, kanye nothando lwakhe lwempilo yonke lokufunda, kwaba nomthelela emsebenzini wakhe wakamuva njengombhali.
Izifundo
U-Baldomero Lillo waqeda iminyaka yakhe yokuqala esikoleni samabanga aphansi eLota futhi, ngo-1876, waqala ukufunda esikhungweni semfundo ehlangene eBucalebu. Eminyakeni eyisikhombisa kamuva, wathuthela nomndeni wakhe emphakathini waseLebu, lapho akwazi khona ukubhalisa esikoleni esikhulu sedolobha. Ngaleso sikhathi, uyise washona, futhi wayeka isikole waya emsebenzini.
Isifundo esisha
ULillo wasebenza isikhathi eside esitolo ukuze ondle unina nezingane zakubo ngokwezimali. Ngo-1897, washada nentokazi okuthiwa uNatividad Miller, futhi baya eSantiago beyofuna impilo engcono. Wahlala engumngane wakhe kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe kanye nomama wezingane zakhe ezine.
Edolobheni laseSantiago, wahlangana nomfowabo uSamuel (umbhali futhi owawina uMklomelo Wezincwadi Kazwelonke ngo-1947), owamsiza ukuthola umsebenzi eNyuvesi yaseChile. Uthando ayenalo ngezincwadi esemncane lwamholela ekushicileleni inkondlo ethi "The Sea" kumagazini i-Comic ngo-1898.
Izinyathelo zemibhalo
Inhlansi yokubhala yayihlala ikhona eLillo, ngakho ngo-1903 wangenela umncintiswano wokubhala owawukhuthazwa yiCatholic Magazine. Umbhali waba ngumnqobi ngenxa yendaba yakhe ethi "Juan Fariña," ayisayina ngegama elingelona iqiniso elithi Ars. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kwavula iminyango ezindabeni ezifana neLatest News, Zig-Zag , kanye ne-El Mercurio.
Udumo lwemibhalo
Umbhali osafufusa wakwazi ukuqinisa umsebenzi wakhe futhi wathola ukuqashelwa ngo-1904 ngokunyatheliswa kwencwadi yakhe yokuqala ethi Sub-terra . Emsebenzini oshiwo ngenhla, uBaldomero Lillo walandisa ngezimo zokusebenza zabavukuzi, esebenzisa ulimi oluqondile olunecala lomphakathi.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, umbhali waqhubeka nokuthuthukisa umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala kancane kancane, futhi ngo-1905, wabamba iqhaza emncintiswaneni wokubhala owawuhlelwe yiphephandaba i- El Mercurio. ULillo wangena emcimbini nendaba yakhe ethi Sub-sole futhi wawina indawo yokuqala. Kulesi senzakalo, uBaldomero wasayina indaba esebenzisa igama elithi Danko.
Okuthunyelwe okusha
ULillo waqhubeka nokushicilela imibhalo nezindaba ku- Zig-Zag kanye ne-El Mercurio. Ngo-1907, wakhipha incwadi yakhe yesibili yezindaba, enesihloko esithi Sub-sole, lapho achaza khona indlela yokuphila ezindaweni zasemakhaya kanye nentuthuko yezimboni yangaleso sikhathi kuzo zonke izindaba eziyishumi nantathu.
Ngawo lowo nyaka, kwaba nesiteleka esikhulu sabavukuzi kanye nokubulawa kwabantu abaningi esikoleni saseSanta María e-Iquique, enyakatho yeChile. Lezi zenzakalo zashukumisela uBaldomero ukuba aye kule ndawo ukuze athole ulwazi olunembile. Ngemva kokubona lokho akwazi ukukwenza, waqala ukubhala inoveli ethi La Strike, kodwa akakwazanga ukuyiqeda.
Ukulahlekelwa okubili
Impilo yombhali iphawuleka ngokushonelwa abathandayo ababili. Ngo-1909, unina, uMercedes Figueroa, washona, futhi ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, washonelwa umkakhe, uNatividad. Naphezu kosizi lwakhe, washikashikeka ukuze anakekele izingane zakhe: uLaura, u-Eduardo, uMarta no-Óscar.
Iminyaka edlule nokufa
Umbhali wanikela iminyaka yakhe yokugcina ekunakekeleni izingane zakhe, ukubhala, nomsebenzi wakhe enyuvesi. Imisebenzi yakhe eshicilelwe yaya ngokuya intula, kwathi ngoMeyi 10, 1917, wathatha umhlalaphansi eNyuvesi yaseChile. Ngaleso sikhathi, u-Baldomero Lillo wayephethwe isifo sofuba samaphaphu, ahlushwa naso kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-September 10, 1923, edolobheni laseSan Bernardo.
Esilo
Isitayela sokubhala sikaBaldomero Lillo sakhiwe ngaphakathi kwesimanjemanje futhi sathonywa ababhali baseYurophu abanjengo-Émile Zola noTolstoy. Wasebenzisa ulimi oluhlelekile, olunembayo, oluqondile noluvezayo. Imibhalo yakhe yayigxile ezindikimbeni zezenhlalo nezendabuko, egcwele ubuqiniso, ukuzindla, nokugxeka.
Iyasebenza
– I-Sub-terra (1904).
– Isango 12 (1906).
– I-Subsole (1907).
– Okungathandwa (1907).
– Izindaba ezidumile (uhlelo lwangemva kokufa luka-1947).
– Ukutholakala kanye Nezinye Izindaba Zolwandle (uhlelo lwangemva kokufa luka-1956).
– Itayitela (uhlelo lwangemva kokufa luka-1959).
– Uphenyo Olubuhlungu (uhlelo lwangemva kokufa luka-1964).
Incazelo emfushane yeminye yemisebenzi yakhe
Ngaphansi komhlaba (1904)
Incwadi yokuqala kaBaldomero Lillo yanyatheliswa ngoJulayi 12, 1904, enesihloko esiphelele: I-Sub-terra, imidwebo yezimayini. Le ncwadi yayinezindaba eziyisishiyagalombili ezihlobene nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabavukuzi emphakathini waseLota.
Ukuthuthuka komsebenzi kugqugquzelwe yizindaba umbhali azizwa esemncane kanye nobubha obuqhubekayo nokuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi. Bese, izindaba ezakha le ncwadi:
– “Okungavumelekile”.
– “Isango No. 12”.
– “Inkokhelo”.
- "I-chiffon kaDeveli".
- "I-grisú".
- "UJuan Fariña".
- "Umdlalo omuhle kakhulu."
- "I-grisú".
Ngo-1917, uLillo wayishicilela kabusha le ncwadi. Umbhali wenze izinguquko kwezinye zezindaba futhi wengeza ezinye, ezashicilelwa emithonjeni yezindaba ehlukahlukene yaseChile. Izihloko ezilandelayo zengeziwe:
- "I-auger".
- "Irekhodi".
– “Isandla sabhajwa.”
- "Wayeyedwa."
– “Cañuela and Petaca”.
“Abangasebenzi”
Le ndaba yayikhuluma ngeDayimane, ihhashi osekunesikhathi lisetshenziswa ezimayini zamalahle ukudonsa izinqola. Inkonzo yakhe yaphela ngenxa yokulimala emlenzeni, ngakho abasebenzi bamhlonipha ngenkulumo.
Ucezu
“Ukukhishwa kwehhashi emayini, okwakungeyona isenzakalo esingavamile, kwakuqoqene eduze kwepiki izisebenzi ezazihlohle amabhala ebhulokhini kanye nalabo ababephethe ukubuyisela angenalutho bese bewafaka emakhejini…
Kwabaningi, leso silwane sasibakhumbuza izinsuku ezingcono, lapho inkwali ewumngcingo, ngezingalo ezinamandla, izinyo lensimbi lomgundi licwila ngendlela ecashile...
“Wonke umuntu wayazi uDayimane, isihluku esiphanayo, esasihamba ngesineke futhi ngokungakhathali nezinqola zaso, kusukela ekuseni kwaze kwaba sebusuku, emigwaqweni enyakazayo yokudonsa…”.
Ucezu lwe "Devil's Chiffon"
“… Ngemva kwemizuzu embalwa yokulinda kuthulekile, isisebenzi saqhweba abasebenzi ukuba basondele sathi:
“Nguwe, Carreteros de la Alta, akunjalo?”
“Yebo, mnumzane,” kuphendula okwaxoxwa naye.
"Ngiyaxolisa ukusho ukuthi uphelelwe umsebenzi." Nginomyalelo wokuthi nginciphise induku ngaleyo ndlela.
Abasebenzi abazange baphendule kwathula kwathi cwaka.
Ekugcineni, umdala wathi:
“Kodwa ingabe izolashwa kwenye indawo?”
Lo muntu wavala incwadi waphinde wancika esihlalweni sakhe, iphimbo lakhe liqinile futhi waphendula:
- Ngicabanga ukuthi kunzima, sinabantu abangaphezu kokwanele ukwenza yonke imisebenzi.
Isisebenzi sagcizelela:
"Siyawamukela umsebenzi esiwunikwe, sizoba abathengisi, ama-proppers, noma yini oyifunayo."
Umhlabathi ongaphansi (1907)
Bekuyincwadi yesibili kaLillo eshicilelwe, enephimbo elingokoqobo nelomdabu. Kuyo, walandisa ngempilo yabantu basemaphandleni baseChile. Kulo msebenzi, umbhali ubecophelela kakhulu ekubhaleni, futhi okuqukethwe bekunamandla ngenxa yezindikimba azithuthukisile.
Nazi ezinye zezindaba ezakha le ncwadi:
- "Ukungakhokhelwa".
– “Esondweni”.
- "Abaminzile."
- "I-tramp".
– “Akunabungane”.
- "Ubusuku babafileyo".
- "Isicupho".
“Abaminzile”
Le ndaba yayimayelana nothando lukaSebastian ngoMagdalena. Ubuhlobo bombhangqwana osemusha babonakala ngobumpofu kusukela ekuqaleni, kwaze kwaba ngolunye usuku uSebastian ethola ifa elibahlukanisa, futhi uthando lwabo lwaphela kabuhlungu.
Ucezu
"...Kodwa lokhu kuquleka kwakubonakala nje. Engqondweni yakhe, imibono yayiphazima njengombani. Umbono wesikhathi esidlule wavela engqondweni yakhe, ukhanya, ucacile, futhi unembile... Kancane kancane, ukukhanya kwakhanya engqondweni yakhe, futhi waqaphela ngomunyu ukuthi ubuqotho bakhe nokholo lwakhe yikona kuphela okwakufanele asolwe ngeshwa lakhe..."
“Esondweni”
Abalingiswa abaqavile kule ndaba bekungamaqhude amabili alwayo uClavel noCenizo. Umbhali wayefuna ukuveza isiko labalimi bangaleso sikhathi, ngakho waqala ukulwa phakathi kwalezi zilwane ezimbili. Ekugcineni, uCenizo wanqoba, futhi uClavel wabhekana nesiphetho esibi.
Ucezu
“Izimpaphe ezimhlophe ze-carnation zazinombala ongachazeki, ikhanda layo lalivuvukele futhi limnyama, futhi esikhundleni seso langakwesokunxele kwakukhona imbobo enegazi ...
"Impi ayisenaso isimo sayo esikhangayo, esihle muva nje. Izikhali ezicwebezelayo zama-paladins, ezibushelelezi futhi ezipholishiwe ekuqaleni komqhudelwano, zaziqhekekile futhi zahlakazeka, zimbozwe ungqimba olunemibala yodaka negazi..."
Isiqephu se-"The Trap"
“Ngolunye usuku lukaJuni ekuseni, kubanda kancane futhi kunenkungu, uLuis Rivera, umqashi wakwa-'El Laurel', kanye nomngane wakhe, unjiniyela oyisikhulu u-Antonio del Solar, badla isidlo sasekuseni futhi baxoxa ngokujabula endlini yokudlela enkulu nendala yezindlu ezindala ezansi...
"Ntambama eyedlule, ekwanelisekeni okukhulu kukaRivera, owaphazanyiswa ukuvakasha kwakhe yedwa, wanquma ukuchitha izinsuku ezimbili epulazini, ezinikezele emdlalweni wakhe awuthandayo ...".
Imisho
- "Izinwele ezisiliva, imibimbi ebusweni babo, nemizimba eyomile, engama-angular kwakuyizimpawu ezibonisa ukuthi abaqashi abasha ababili begumbi lesihlanu bachithe iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu lapho."
“Makhehla ndini bayakuxosha ngoba awusenamsebenzi!Kunjalo nakithi sonke, laphaya phansi akukho mehluko phakathi komuntu nesilwane.
- "Bakwethu, lesi sihluku siwumfanekiso wempilo yethu! Yeka ukuthi uthule kangakanani, ehlushwa isiphetho sethu asilahlile! Nokho, amandla ethu namandla amakhulu kangangokuthi akukho lutho ngaphansi kwelanga olungamelana nomgomo wakhe."
- "Ukukhanya kwenkanyezi, okuthambile njengokuphulula, kuphefumulele umoya wokuphila empilweni ethule."
“Hlonipha uyihlo nonyoko, usho umthetho kaNkulunkulu, ngiyanincenga, bantabami, ukuba ningalokothi ningabalaleli abadala benu. Hlalani nithobekile futhi nizithobe, niyozuza injabulo kulo mhlaba nenkazimulo yaphakade kwelizayo.
- "Lokho akusiyo isisa, kungukumosha, ukubamba iqhaza; kugqugquzelwa kanjalo ububi nobuvila."
– “… Njengomoya ophuma emlonyeni wowesifazane omusha, ukukhanya kwawo, imfudumalo ecashile, ephululwa ngokunganaki, egubuzelwe yinkungu efiphele, ingilazi yamanzi ebushelelezi.”
- "Ah, uma ngikwazi ukuvusa imimoya ye-infernal, bengingeke ngingabaze umzuzwana nje ukuthengisa igazi lakho, umphefumulo wakho, ukuze uthole lelo sandla segolide, ukuntuleka kwayo okwakuyimbangela yokungajabuli kwakho kuphela!"
- "Kwavela kanjani futhi nini ukuxokozela kwalokhu kuxokozela enhliziyweni yakho, okuthi, nakuba kuncane, kudlikiza ngamandla ezinhliziyweni ezingenalwazi!"
Izinkomba
- Lillo Baldomero. (2019). Spain: Wikipedia. Ithathwe ku: es.wikipedia.org.
- López, B. (S. f.). I-Chronology ngu-Baldomero Lillo. I-Spain: I-Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library. Ithathwe ku: cervantesvirtual.com.
- Baldomero Lillo (1867-1923). (2018). I-Chile: Inkumbulo yaseChile. Umtapo Wezincwadi Kazwelonke waseChile. Kutholwe ku: memoriachilena.gob.cl.
- Tamaro, E. (2004-2019). Lillo Baldomero. (N/a): Umlando kanye Nezimpilo. Ithathwe ku: biografiasyvidas.com.
- Lillo, Baldomero. (2009). I-Chile: I-Icarito. Kutholwe ku: icarito.cl.