Ithiyori yezobulungiswa kaJohn Rawls ingenye yemibono enethonya futhi ephikiswana ngayo kufilosofi yezombangazwe yangaleso sikhathi. I-Rawls ifuna ukusungula izimiso zobulungisa ezingaqondisa inhlangano yomphakathi ngendlela enobulungisa nelinganayo. Indlela yakhe isekelwe ekucabangeni ukuthi abantu kufanele baphathwe ngokulinganayo nokuthi ukungalingani kwezenhlalakahle kufanele kuzuze labo abangenalo inzuzo encane. U-Rawls uhlongoza isivumelwano senhlalo esicatshangelwayo, esibizwa ngokuthi "iveli lokungazi," lapho abantu benganquma khona ngezimiso zobulungisa ngaphandle kokwazi isikhundla sabo emphakathini. Kulo mgubuzelo kuphuma izimiso zobulungisa njengokungakhethi, okuhloswe ngazo ukuqinisekisa ukulingana kwamathuba kanye nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo awo wonke amalungu omphakathi.
Isifinyezo somsebenzi ka-John Rawls othi “Theory of Justice” ngamafuphi.
Encwadini yakhe ethi "A Theory of Justice," u-John Rawls uphakamisa imodeli yomphakathi onobulungisa esekelwe kumgomo wokulingana kwamathuba kanye nesiqinisekiso samalungelo ayisisekelo abo bonke abantu. Uvikela umbono wokuthi ubulungisa kufanele buqondwe njengobulungiswa, okungukuthi, njengesethi yemithetho engakhethwa ngokungakhethi ngabantu abanengqondo esimweni esicatshangelwayo "seveli yokungazi," lapho bengazi khona isikhundla sabo emphakathini.
U-Rawls uthi ukungalingani kwezenhlalo kwamukeleka kuphela uma kuzuzisa abangeneli kangako, kulandelwa isimiso somehluko. Uphakamisa ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kwezinsiza namathuba emphakathini kufanele kuhlelwe ukuze kwandiswe inhlalakahle yabasengozini kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela kuqinisekiswe ubulungisa njengokulingana.
Izimiso Ezimbili Zobulungiswa zikaRawls: Zisho Ukuthini?
Ithiyori yezobulungiswa kaJohn Rawls ingenye enethonya elikhulu kufilosofi yezepolitiki yesimanje. Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zalo mbono yizimiso ezimbili zobulungisa, u-Rawls ezethula njengeziyisisekelo enhlanganweni yomphakathi.
Umgomo wokuqala ka-Rawls wobulungiswa umgomo we inkululeko Kuyalingana. Lokhu kusho ukuthi wonke umuntu kufanele abe nelungelo lohlelo lwenkululeko eyisisekelo elinganayo, eqinisekisiwe kuwo wonke amalungu omphakathi. Le nkululeko ihlanganisa inkululeko yokucabanga, ukukhuluma, ukuzihlanganisa nokuvota. Umgomo wenkululeko elinganayo ubeka ukuthi umphakathi kufanele uqinisekise ukuthi bonke abantu bathola le nkululeko eyisisekelo, ngaphandle kokubandlululwa.
Umgomo wesibili wobulungiswa kaRawls umgomo we amathuba alinganayoLokhu kusho ukuthi umphakathi kumele wakheke ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi wonke umuntu unamathuba afanayo okuzuza izikhundla negunya. Lokhu kusho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukungalingani kwezomnotho nezenhlalo kuhlelwa ngendlela ezuzisa labo abangenanzuzo encane, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu unamathuba afanayo empumelelo.
Le migomo ibalulekile ekwakheni umphakathi onobulungiswa futhi onokulingana, lapho wonke umuntu enamathuba afanayo okufeza izinjongo namandla akhe.
Uyini umqondo oyinhloko wethiyori yobulungisa?
Ithiyori kaJohn Rawls yobulungiswa izungeza umgomo wokuthi ubulungisa njengokulingana. Ku-Rawls, ubulungisa buyafinyelelwa lapho izikhungo zezenhlalakahle zakhiwe ngendlela yokuqinisekisa amathuba alinganayo kuwo wonke amalungu omphakathi, ikakhulukazi labo ababencishwe amathuba kakhulu. I-Rawls iphakamisa imodeli yomphakathi onobulungisa esekelwe ku inkontileka yomphakathi okucatshangelwayo, lapho abantu bevumelana ngezimiso zobulungisa ezingakhethwa ngemuva a umgubuzelo wokungazi.
Umgubuzelo wokungazi uyisingathekiso esimelela isimo lapho abantu bengazazi izimo zabo siqu, njengobulili, uhlanga, isigaba senhlalo, amakhono, njalonjalo. Lokhu kubavumela ukuthi benze izinqumo ezingachemile futhi bakhethe izimiso zobulungisa ezizuzisa wonke umuntu, kungakhathaliseki isikhundla sakhe emphakathini. Umbono uwukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho yezenhlalakahle nezikhungo zinobulungiswa futhi ziyalingana kuzo zonke izakhamuzi, ikakhulukazi labo abasengozini kakhulu.
Ngakho-ke, umqondo oyinhloko wethiyori ka-Rawls yobulungisa ukuphishekela umphakathi onobulungiswa osekelwe ezimisweni zokulingana, ukulingana, nokuhlonipha amalungelo omuntu ngamunye. Kuyindlela ehlose ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu bathola ithuba lokuthuthukisa amakhono abo futhi baphile impilo ehloniphekile, ngaphandle kokucwaswa noma amalungelo angalungile. Ubulungisa buka-Rawls njengobulungiswa bufuna ukudala ukulingana phakathi kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kanye nokulingana komphakathi, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe umphakathi onobulungiswa nosekela wonke amalungu awo.
Umbono kaJohn Rawls ngobulungiswa bezenhlalo: ukuhlaziya okuningiliziwe.
Ithiyori yezobulungiswa kaJohn Rawls ingenye enethonya elikhulu kufilosofi yezepolitiki yesimanje. U-Rawls uhlongoza imodeli yobulungiswa bezenhlalakahle esekelwe kumgomo wokuthi ukulingana futhi emcabangweni we ubulungisa njengokulingana.
Ngokuka-Rawls, ubulungiswa bezenhlalakahle kufanele buqinisekise ukuthi bonke abantu banethuba lokuthuthukisa amakhono abo futhi baphishekele izinjongo zabo zempilo ngokukhululeka nangokulinganayo. Kulokhu, uphakamisa umqondo we umgubuzelo wokungazi, lapho abantu kufanele benze izinqumo mayelana nenhlangano yomphakathi ngaphandle kokwazi ukuthi sizoba yini isikhundla sabo kuwo, okuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa ngokungakhethi.
I-Rawls imelela ukusatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo kwezinsiza namathuba emphakathini, ifuna ukunciphisa ukungalingani okungafanele okungase kuvele ngenxa yokuhluka kwesigaba somphakathi, ubulili, uhlanga, noma ezinye izici. Uphikisa ngokuthi ukungalingani kwamukeleka kuphela uma kuzuza okuncane kakhulu, kulandelwa isimiso sokuthi ukukhulisa ubuncane.
Ithiyori Yakhe Yobulungisa iyaqhubeka nokuxoxwa ngayo futhi iphikiswana ngayo yizazi zefilosofi, osopolitiki kanye nezifundiswa emhlabeni jikelele.
I-Theory of Justice kaJohn Rawls
Ngaphandle kokungabaza, uma kwakukhona umuntu ovelele kufilosofi yezombangazwe phakathi nengxenye yesibili yekhulu lama-1921, kwakunguJohn Bordley Rawls (2002 - XNUMX).
Ithiyori kaJohn Rawls yobulungiswa , okubuye kube uhlobo lwenkontileka yenhlalo, kube yindlela eyinhloko yesisekelo sefilosofi yenkululeko endaweni yayo yezenhlalakahle, kanye nephuzu eliyisibopho lokubhekisela ekubhekaneni neminye imisinga yezombangazwe.
Ukuhlola "indawo yoqobo".
Ithiyori yezobulungiswa ka-Rawls, esekelwe ekuhlolweni komcabango “wendawo yokuqala”, wadalulwa encwadini yakhe enkulu ethi “Theory of Justice” (1971), futhi iyisiphakamiso mayelana nokuzithoba komuntu kanye nezisusa zokugcina ezilawula ukuziphatha kokuziphatha.
Ukuhlolwa komcabango wesimo sokuqala kuhlose ukusekela izimiso eziyisisekelo zobulungisa ekuzibonakaliseni ukuthi, ukufihla ulwazi oluthile mayelana nezimo zethu ezibalulekile ngemuva “kweveli yokungazi”, kusivumela ukuba sibonise njengabantu abakhululekile nabalinganayo Kufanele zibe yini izimiso eziyisisekelo zobulungisa? .
Umthelela wesidingo sokuziphatha sikaKant
Ukuhlolwa komcabango ka-John Rawls kungashiwo kumafilosofi afana no-Hume noma u-Kant. Ngempela, kukhona ukuxhumana okucacile phakathi kwesikhundla sokuqala kanye nesibopho sokuziphatha saseKantian, njengoba lesi sakamuva sisekelwe ezisekelweni zezimiso zokuziphatha ngokuzindla okusekelwe amandla anengqondo wesifundo, futhi hhayi eqinisweni lokuba ingxenye yeqembu elithile ezamasiko noma ezomlando.
Umehluko kungaba ukuthi, ngenkathi uKant ecabanga ukuthi kungenzeka ukufeza lezi zimiso ngabanye, uRawls uhlongoza isikhundla sokuqala njengomsebenzi wokuxoxa phakathi kwabantu abazohlala ezindaweni ezahlukene emphakathini, ngisho noma bebengazi ngesikhathi bekwisikhundla sabo sokuqala. Zizoba yini lezi zindawo?
Ngakho-ke, akukhona nje ukudonswa okungaqondakali kwezimiso zokuziphatha ezivamile ezenziwa umuntu ngamunye, kodwa futhi uhlobo inkontileka yomphakathi esungula izisekelo zobulungisa kanye nesakhiwo esiyisisekelo somphakathi.
Omunye umehluko ngo-Kant ukuthi, nakuba owangaphambili acabanga ngesidingo sakhe esinqunyiwe njengesimiso esingafinyelelwa noma yisiphi isidalwa esinengqondo, u-Rawls kamuva wachibiyela umbono wakhe ukuze agomele ngokuthi isikhundla sakhe sasekuqaleni sisebenza kuphela emiphakathini yomlando ayiqaphela njengezimiso zayo eziyisisekelo: inkululeko nokulingana.
Iveyili lokungazi
Njengoba sesibonile, uRawls uthatha ukuthi abantu abakhuluma ngamabomu endaweni yokuqala musa ine ukuqaphela ukuthi bazokuba nasiphi isikhundla emphakathini esikhathini esizayo . Ngakho-ke abazi ukuthi bazoba kusiphi isigaba somphakathi noma yiziphi izikhundla abazoba kuzo. Futhi abazi ukuthi yimaphi amakhono emvelo noma izimo zengqondo abazoba nazo ezingabanika inzuzo ngaphezu kwabanye.
Ngempela, kuRawls, ilotho yemvelo ayilungile futhi ayinabo ubulungisa, kodwa okubalulekile ukuthi umphakathi uwuphatha kanjani umehluko ongokwemvelo phakathi kwabantu. Ekugcineni, laba bantu bayazi ukuthi bayoba nombono othile wokuhle (ukuthi ukuphila okunenjongo kufanele kube yini) okuzoqondisa izimpilo zabo nokuthi, njengabantu abanengqondo, bangaphinde bacabange futhi balungise ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ngokuphambene neminye imibono yobulungisa, u-John Rawls akasikiseli noma yimuphi umbono wokuhle okuzuzwe njengefa ngokomlando okusebenza njengesisekelo sobulungisa. Uma kunjalo, izifundo bezingeke zibe mahhala. KwamaRawls, imigomo yobulungisa ikhiqizwa endaweni yokuqala futhi azikho ngaphambi kwakho. Ziyizimiso ezavela endaweni yokuqala eyayizophawula imingcele yemibono yesikhathi esizayo yokuhle okukhethwe umuntu ngamunye ekuphileni kwakhe okuphathekayo.
Ngakho-ke, abahlanganyeli esikhundleni sokuqala bathathwa njengabameleli babantu abathile, baphoqelelwe, nokho, ukuba benze ngamabomu ngaphansi kwesihenqo sokungazi .
Abahlanganyeli ekuhlolweni kwendawo yokuqala
Kodwa lezi zihloko azikho abangenalwazi ngokuphelele. Abazi noma yimiphi imininingwane yezimpilo zabo njengezifundo ezibambekayo, kodwa kumele abe nolwazi lwesayensi mayelana nemvelo yomuntu (ulwazi lwebhayoloji, ukusebenza kwengqondo, kanye nokucatshangwa kokufaneleka kwethiyori yezomnotho ye-neoclassical) ebavumela ukuba bazi ukuthi bazoziphatha kanjani ekuphileni kwabo, ukuze bakwazi ukuxoxisana nabanye ngokulingana ngezimiso ezingcono kakhulu abangasekela kuzo ubulungisa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, laba bantu kucatshangwa ukuthi banomuzwa wokulunga, okusho ukuthi bafuna ukuthobela izindinganiso ezibhekwa njengezinobulungiswa ngemva kwenqubo yezingxoxo.
Okokugcina, u-Rawls uthatha ukuthi izihloko zesikhundla sokuqala azithandi ngokulinganayo, okungasho ukuthi ziyizidalwa ezinobugovu, kodwa lokho, kumongo wesikhundla sokuqala, intshisekelo yakho iwukuxoxisana kuphela ngomkhawulo weveli lokungazi. bevuna umuntu othile wesikhathi esizayo abammele. Isisusa sabo yilokhu hhayi isisa.
Izimiso zobulungisa
Ngakho-ke, i-Rawls idonsa uchungechunge lwezimpahla zomphakathi eziyinhloko ezidingekayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe "amandla okuziphatha," umqondo oshiwo ngenhla wobulungisa, kanye nekhono lokubuyekeza nokuphishekela umbono othile wokuhle.
Labo izimpahla zomphakathi eziyinhloko zingamalungelo nenkululeko , amathuba, imali engenayo kanye nengcebo noma izisekelo zokuhlalisana okufanele zihlonishwe (njengemfundo esilungiselela ukuphila emphakathini kanye nemali encane engenayo).
I-Rawls isebenzisa ithiyori yokukhetha enengqondo ezimeni zokungaqiniseki zesimo sokuqala ukuze kukhishwe izimiso zobulungisa. Umgomo wokuqala awukhipha esikhundleni sokuqala yileso wonke umuntu kufanele abe nenkululeko enkulu kakhulu eyisisekelo okungenzeka lokho kuvumela wonke umphakathi ukuba nawo ube nalezi nkululeko. Le nkululeko iyinkululeko yokukhuluma, ukuzihlanganisa noma yokucabanga. Lesi simiso sisekela umqondo wenkululeko.
Isimiso sesibili sisekelwe ekulinganeni . Ngokuka-Rawls, izihloko ezinengqondo ezibonisana endaweni yokuqala zingaphikisa ngokuthi ukungalingani kwezomnotho nezenhlalo kuvunyelwe ngezinga lapho zisebenza ngendlela ezuzisa kakhulu abantu ababencishwe amathuba kakhulu emphakathini futhi zincike ezikhundleni ezivulekele bonke abantu ngaphansi kwezimo zamathuba alinganayo.
Iyiphi indlela engcono kakhulu yokuhlela umphakathi?
Njengoba ababambiqhaza abasesikhundleni sokuqala bengazi ukuthi bazoba yiphi indawo emphakathini, okungukuthi, abazi ukuthi yiziphi izinzuzo zomphakathi noma zemvelo abazoba nazo ukuze baqhudelane ngezikhundla nezikhundla ezahlukene emphakathini, baphetha ngokuthi. okunengqondo futhi okuphephe kakhulu ukukhulisa ubuncane, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “maximin” .
NgokukaMaximin, izinsiza ezilinganiselwe zomphakathi kufanele zabiwe ukuze labo abampofu baphile ngendlela eyamukelekayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, akuyona nje indaba yokusabalalisa uchungechunge lwezinsiza ezinomkhawulo ngendlela efanele, kodwa ukuthi lokhu kusatshalaliswa kuvumela umphakathi uwonke uyakhiqiza futhi kusekelwe ekubambisaneni. Ngakho-ke, ukungalingani kungaba nengqondo kuphela lapho lezi zidingo ezincane zihlangatshezwa nawo wonke umuntu, futhi kuphela inqobo nje uma zisebenzela umphakathi, ikakhulukazi labo ababencishwe amathuba kakhulu.
Ngale ndlela, ababambiqhaza abasesikhundleni sokuqala baqinisekisa ukuthi, ngokuthatha indawo yabo emphakathini, bazophila ngesithunzi futhi bakwazi ukuncintisana ukuze bathole izikhundla ezihlukahlukene ezingase zibe khona. Lapho ababambiqhaza abasesikhundleni sokuqala kufanele bakhethe phakathi kwemibono ehlukene yobulungiswa, bazokhetha ubulungisa njengobulungiswa obuhlongozwe u-Rawls ngaphezu kweminye imibono, njenge-utilitarianism.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokukaRawls, umbono wakhe wobulungisa njengobulungisa ungahunyushelwa kuwo izikhundla zezepolitiki, njenge-liberal socialism noma intando yeningi ekhululekile , lapho impahla yangasese ikhona. Abukho ubuKhomanisi noma ubunxiwankulu bemakethe yamahhala obungavumela ukusungulwa komphakathi osekelwe ebulungiswa obuqondwa njengokulingana.
Ifa likaJohn Rawls
Kunjalo, ithiyori efana nekaRawls, ewumgogodla wepolitiki kanye nobulungiswa, isidonse ukugxekwa okukhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ongqondongqondo benkululeko njengoRobert Nozick (1938–2002) bayaphikisana nokwabiwa kabusha kukahulumeni, njengoba kungqubuzana nelungelo eliyisisekelo lokujabulela izithelo zomsebenzi womuntu.
Naye wathola ukugxeka ongqondongqondo bomphakathi ngombono wakhe wokuzithoba. Njengoba kucacile embonweni wakhe, kuRawls, abantu, kukho konke okuphendulayo ekuvezeni izisekelo zomphakathi, kungancishiswa kube yizidalwa ezinengqondo (noma, njengoba engathi, ezinengqondo).
Umphakathi uzosungulwa ngesivumelwano phakathi kwabalinganayo ngaphambi kwemibono ehlukene yokuhle. Nokho, ubukhomanisi buphikisa ngokuthi asikho isihloko esingaba khona esingandulelwa ukucabanga kokuhle.
Ngokwalo mbono, asikwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezisekela izimiso zobulungisa ngale kwamagugu ajwayelekile asibumbe njengabantu ngabanye. Laba ongqondongqondo bacabanga ngomuntu njengoba akhiwe maqondana nendawo yabo yamasiko nenhlalo, ukuze ukuzithoba akukwazi ukwehliswa kube yibhizinisi elingabonakali nomuntu ngamunye.
UJohn Rawls ngokungangabazeki isazi sefilosofi sezombusazwe esibe nomthelela omkhulu engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20. Izinkolelo-mbono zakhe azisizanga nje ukwazisa izikhundla ezithile zezombangazwe, kodwa futhi zasebenza njenge emkhathizwe lapho sicabanga khona mayelana nobulungiswa nepolitiki , ngisho nasezikhundleni eziphikisanayo zezombangazwe.
Izinkomba ze-Bibliographic:
- Freeman, S. (2017). Indawo yoqobo . [ku-inthanethi] Plato.stanford.edu. Iyatholakala lapha .
- Rawls, J. (1980). Kantian constructivism in moral theory. I-Journal of Philosophy, 77 (9), ikhasi 515.
- Rawls, J. (2000). Ithiyori yobulungisa (uhlelo 1). I-Cambridge (Massachusetts) [etc.]: I-Harvard University Press.