1. UCharles Darwin wayengomunye wososayensi ababenethonya elikhulu emlandweni, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yenkolelo-mbono yakhe yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokuzikhethela kwemvelo, eyethulwa encwadini yakhe ethi “The Origin of Species”.
2. Ithiyori kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yaba nomthelela omkhulu emikhakheni eminingana yolwazi, kuhlanganise nokusebenza kwengqondo. Umbono wakhe wokuthi izinto eziphilayo zavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, zijwayelana nendawo ezikuyo, waba nomthelela endleleni izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo eziqonda ngayo ukuziphatha komuntu.
3. Inkolelo-mbono kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yaba nengxenye ekuthuthukisweni kwengqondo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, efuna ukuchaza ukuziphatha komuntu ngokusekelwe ezinqubweni zokuziphendukela kwemvelo eziye zalolonga ubuchopho nokuziphatha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
4. I-Evolutionary psychology isetshenziswe emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, njenge-development psychology, personality psychology, cognition psychology, ngisho ne-psychopathology, okusiza ukuqonda kangcono umsuka nomsebenzi wokuziphatha komuntu.
5. Ngakho-ke, ithonya likaDarwin ku-psychology laliyisisekelo ekwakhiweni kwesisekelo esiqinile sethiyori esavumela intuthuko enkulu ekuqondeni ukuziphatha komuntu kanye nezimpande zako zokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Umthelela kaCharles Darwin kuPsychology: ukuhlaziya ifa lokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Umthelela kaCharles Darwin ku-psychology wawujulile futhi uhlala njalo, uthonya imibono nezindlela eziningi kulo mkhakha. Ifa lakhe lokuziphendukela kwemvelo laletha imibono emisha kanye nokuqonda esifundweni sokuziphatha komuntu. Ngezansi, sigqamisa amaphuzu amahlanu abonisa ithonya likaDarwin kupsychology:
1. Ithiyori yokuziphendukela kwemvelo: Umqondo wokuthi izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ziyaguquka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokukhethwa kwemvelo ube nomthelela omkhulu kungqondongqondo. UDarwin wabonisa ukuthi izimiso zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zingasetshenziswa kanjani ekuziphatheni komuntu, kube neqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kwemibono efana nengqondo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
2. Ukuziphatha kwezilwane: Ukuqaphela kukaDarwin ukuziphatha kwezilwane kwasiza ekubekeni isisekelo sokucwaninga ngokuziphatha komuntu. Indlela yakhe yesayensi neyokucophelela yaba nomthelela endleleni izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ezifunda ngayo ukuziphatha kwezilwane nokuziphatha komuntu.
3. Ufuzo nokuziphatha: UDarwin uphinde waphayona ukuhlola ubudlelwano phakathi kofuzo nokuziphatha. Ucwaningo lwakhe mayelana nokudluliswa kwezici zofuzo lwaba nomthelela ekufundweni kofuzo lokuziphatha kanye nengqondo yokuthuthuka.
4. Ukuzijwayeza nokusinda: Umbono wokuthi izinto eziphilayo zizivumelanisa nendawo ezikuyo ukuze ziphile wawubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuziphatha komuntu. Izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zisebenzisa lo mqondo ukuchaza izici ezihlukahlukene zokuziphatha komuntu, njengolaka nokuthanda abanye.
5. Ithonya eliqhubekayo: Ifa likaDarwin kupsychology liyaqhubeka nokuba nomthelela ocwaningweni nasemibonweni kuze kube namuhla. Indlela yakhe yokuhlanganisa yonke imikhakha kanye nemikhakha eyahlukene yakhuthaza izizukulwane zezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ukuthi zihlole imibono nemiqondo emisha, zicebisa umkhakha wezokusebenza kwengqondo.
Ifa lakhe liyaqhubeka nokugqugquzela ucwaningo kanye nenkulumo-mpikiswano ngaphakathi kwenkundla, libonisa ukubaluleka kwemibono yakhe yokuqonda ukuziphatha komuntu.
Izici eziyinhloko zemfundiso kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo: indlela emfushane nekhanyayo.
Inkolelo-mbono kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yashintsha isayensi ngokuphakamisa ukuthi izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ziyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokuzikhethela kwemvelo. Lo mbono oyisisekelo wokusinda kwabanamandla waba nomthelela emikhakheni eminingana yolwazi, okuhlanganisa nesayikholoji.
1. Ukuzijwayeza: UDarwin wayekholelwa ukuthi izinto eziphilayo zizivumelanisa nendawo yazo ukuze zandise amathuba azo okusinda nokuzala. Lo mqondo ubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuziphatha komuntu, njengoba i-psychology yethu nayo yakhelwa yizinqubo eziguquguqukayo.
2. Ufuzo: Elinye iphuzu eliyinhloko lenkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukudluliselwa kwezakhi zofuzo zisuka kwesinye isizukulwane ziye kwesinye. Ku-psychology, lesi simiso sisiza ukuchaza ukuthi izici ezithile zobuntu noma amaphethini okuziphatha zingadluliswa kanjani kusuka kubazali kuya ezinganeni.
3. Ukuhluka: UDarwin waphawula ukuthi ohlotsheni olulodwa, kukhona ukuhlukahluka okubangelwa ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo. Ku-psychology, lo mbono ubalulekile ekuqondeni ukwehlukahlukana kokuziphatha nemizwa ekhona emphakathini.
4. Ukukhetha kwemvelo: Ukukhetha kwemvelo kusebenza njengesihlungi, kuvumela abantu abajwayele kangcono indawo yabo. Ku-psychology, le nqubo ingafaniswa nezingcindezi zezenhlalo nezamasiko ezilolonga amaphethini ethu okuziphatha kanye nengqondo.
5. Ukuvela kobuchopho: Ithiyori kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo nayo yaba nomthelela ekuqondeni kwethu ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kobuchopho bomuntu. Izingqondo zethu ziwumphumela wezinkulungwane zeminyaka zokuzijwayeza ukubhekana nezinselele zemvelo. Lo mbono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo ubalulekile ekuqondeni isayense yengqondo njengesayensi efunda ukuziphatha komuntu esimweni somlando nesebhayoloji.
Imiqondo eyinhloko kaDarwin: imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo nokukhethwa kwemvelo.
Ithonya likaDarwin kuPsychology lingabonwa ngamaphuzu amahlanu asemqoka:
1. Ithiyori yokuziphendukela kwemvelo: UDarwin uhlongoze ukuthi izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ziguquke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenqubo yokuzikhethela kwemvelo, lapho izinto eziphilayo ezijwayelene kangcono nendawo ezungezile zinamathuba amaningi okuba ziphile futhi zizalane.
2. Ukukhetha kwemvelo: Lo mqondo kaDarwin ungasetshenziswa nakuPsychology, lapho izici zengqondo eziguquguqukayo zivame ukudluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
3. Ufuzo: U-Darwin uphinde wagcizelela ukubaluleka kofuzo ekudlulisweni kwezimpawu zofuzo, ezithonya ukuziphatha kwabantu nezici zengqondo.
4. Ukuziphatha kwezilwane: Ukuqaphela kukaDarwin ukuziphatha kwezilwane kube nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwe-Comparative Psychology, ecwaninga ukufana nokwehluka kwezilwane nokuziphatha kwabantu.
5. Ukuvela komqondo: Ithiyori kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo nayo yaba nomthelela kwi-Evolutionary Psychology, efuna ukuqonda ukuthi umqondo womuntu wavela kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nokuthi ukuziphatha okuthile kuzivumelanisa kanjani nezimo ukuze uphile.
Ithonya likaDarwin ekuqondeni ukubonakaliswa kwemizwelo kubantu nasezilwaneni.
Ithonya likaDarwin ku-psychology laliyisisekelo ekuqondeni ukubonakaliswa kwemizwelo kubantu nasezilwaneni. Umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko wemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo waletha imibono emisha ekuqondeni ukuziphatha komuntu nezilwane. Nawa amaphuzu amahlanu agqamisa ithonya likaDarwin kulo mkhakha:
- Ithiyori yokuziphendukela kwemvelo: UDarwin uphakamise ukuthi zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kuhlanganise nabantu, zavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenqubo yokuzikhethela kwemvelo. Lokhu kwaba nomthelela endleleni izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ezihlaziya ngayo ukuziphatha komuntu nezilwane, kuhlanganise nokubonakaliswa kwemizwelo.
- Isimo sobuso: U-Darwin uphawule ukuthi izimo zobuso eziningi zitholakala kuwo wonke amasiko nezinhlobo zezilwane, okuphakamisa ukuthi zizalwa futhi zisebenza ngendlela eguquguqukayo. Lokhu kwaba nomthelela ekuqondeni kwethu imizwelo eyisisekelo etholwa abantu nezilwane.
- Ukuqhubeka phakathi kwabantu nezilwane: Ngokugqamisa ukuqhubeka kokuziphendukela kwemvelo phakathi kwabantu nezinye izilwane, uDarwin wagcizelela ukuthi ukuziphatha okuningi nokuvezwa kwemizwelo kwabelwana ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane. Lokhu kwaba nomthelela endleleni yokuqhathanisa kwengqondo.
- Izifundo ngokuziphatha kwezilwane: Ukuqaphela kukaDarwin ukuziphatha kwezilwane, okuhlanganisa izinkulumo ezingokomzwelo, kwaphefumulela ucwaningo lwakamuva olwalufuna ukuqonda ukusebenza okuguquguqukayo kwemizwa ekusindeni nasekuzalweni kwezinhlobo zezilwane.
- Umthelela kuPsychology yesimanje: Ithonya lika-Darwin ekuqondeni ukubonakaliswa kwemizwelo kubantu nasezilwaneni liyaqhubeka nokusebenza kusayensi yezokusebenza kwengqondo yesimanje, lithonya ucwaningo ngokuqaphela, imizwelo, nokuziphatha komphakathi.
Ithonya likaDarwin kuPsychology, ngamaphuzu angu-5
Abanye abantu baphikelela ekukholelweni ukuthi i-psychology nefilosofi ziyafana. Ukuthi kokubili kuthintana ngokuyinhloko nemibono futhi kusize ukuqonda indlela yokuhlakulela umbono womuntu siqu ukuphila ukuphila kuwo.
Kodwa lokhu kungamanga: i-psychology ayisekelwe emibonweni, kodwa endabeni; hhayi endleleni okufanele siziphathe ngayo, kodwa endleleni esiziphatha ngayo kanye nendlela esingaziphatha ngayo uma izimo ezithile eziqondile bezifinyelelwa. Ngamanye amazwi, i-psychology ibilokhu iyisayensi ehlobene eduze ne-biology. Phela, ukuziphatha akukho ngaphandle komzimba ukwenza izenzo.
Ngokwalokhu okungenhla, akusona isimanga ukuthi uCharles Darwin wayenaso futhi usenethonya elikhulu ekusebenzeni kwengqondo Phela, isayensi yezinto eziphilayo isekelwe enhlanganisela yezakhi zofuzo nentuthuko eyaqala ngemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo eyaphakanyiswa uDarwin no-Alfred Russel Wallace. Ngezansi, sizobheka ezinye zezindlela lo mcwaningi abe nomthelela ngazo ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi yokuziphatha.
Ithini imfundiso kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo?
Konke okwenziwa njengamanje kuyisayensi yezinto eziphilayo kusekelwe embonweni wokuthi uCharles Darwin wayeqinisile lapho echaza indlela okuvela ngayo izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuphila. Noma isiphi esinye isiphakamiso esithi siyitiyori ehlanganisayo yebhayoloji, njengoba inhlanganisela yesimanjemanje (inhlanganisela yemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nofuzo) injalo, kufanele inikeze inani elikhulu lobufakazi, futhi lokho akubonakali kungenzeki noma nini maduze.
Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka, kubalulekile ukwazi imibono eyisisekelo eyinhloko ngalokho uDarwin ahlongoza ngesayensi yezinto eziphilayo . Ngokwesazi sezinto eziphilayo u-Ernst Mayr, imibono uDarwin achaza ngayo ukubukeka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo imi kanje:
1. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo
Izinhlu ezahlukene zezidalwa eziphilayo zibonisa ukuthi kanjani, ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane , kukhona izinguquko eziqhubekayo ezicini zabantu ngabanye kanye nendlela ezihlela ngayo noma ezihlala ngayo kuma-ecosystem.
2. Idlozi elivamile
Nakuba zonke "imigqa yomndeni" ivame ukushintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bonke banokhokho abafanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, abantu nezimfene zivela ezizukulwaneni ezazingakwazi ukuhlukanisa izigidi zeminyaka edlule .
3. Ukukhula kancane kancane
NgokukaDarwin, izinguquko ezenzeka ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane zabonakala kancane kancane futhi kancane kancane, kangangokuthi uguquko oluthile ekuthuthukisweni kophawu oluthile lwalungabonakali. Nokho, namuhla siyazi ukuthi izici azihlali zivela ngale ndlela.
4. Incazelo
Uhlobo olulodwa lungashiya ezinye , ukuze kuvele amagatsha ahlukene okuziphendukela kwemvelo kwelinye eliwabangelayo.
5. Ukukhetha kwemvelo
Izinguquko ezivela emigqeni yezinhlobo zokuphila ziqhutshwa ukukhetha kwemvelo, inqubo eyenziwa ngayo izici cishe zizodluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ezizayo , kuye ngezimo zemvelo okudingeka ukuzivumelanisa nazo.
Ukubaluleka kofuzo
Yiqiniso, uDarwin washiya imibuzo eminingi ingaphendulwanga, hhayi okungenani ngenxa yokuthi ekhulwini le-19, ukulinganiselwa ekuphenyeni izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi kanjalo kwakuyisithiyo esikhulu. Omunye waleyo mibuzo wawuwukuthi, ngokwesibonelo: zivela kanjani izici ezizosakazeka phakathi kwabantu noma cha, kuye ngokuthi zinikeza izinzuzo zokuzivumelanisa nemvelo? Lolu hlobo lombuzo lwaphendulwa izifundo zofuzo ezakhuthazwa uGregor Mendel. Ngesisekelo sokwakhiwa kwezidalwa eziphilayo, kukhona i-genotype , eyakhiwa izakhi zofuzo, ezizochaza ukwakheka okulinganiselwe kwesidalwa ngasinye esiphilayo.
Imiphumela yethonya likaDarwin kungqondongqondo
Kusukela kulokho esikubonile kuze kube manje, sekungenzeka kakade ukuthi imibono kaDarwin inemiphumela yengqondo. Ngempela, iqiniso lokuthi, ngemuva kwayo yonke into ephilayo, kunomlando wokusebenzelana phakathi kwezimpawu zayo nendawo ezibonakala kuyo, idala isitayela sayo sokuziphatha, nayo ingaqondwa njengesici, ngisho noma kungeyona into engokoqobo, kodwa ngokwengqondo , ingahlaziywa ngenye indlela.
Ngalo mqondo, izihloko ezimbalwa okuxoxwe ngazo ku-psychology ezihlangana nemibono kaDarwin zimi kanje.
1. Ukukhathazeka ngokwehlukana kobulili
Emiphakathini yaseNtshonalanga, nangaphambi kokuba uDarwin abhale ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo, umehluko okhona phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane wawuyinto evame ukuhunyushwa ngombono obalulekile: ubudoda buvezwa ngamadoda futhi ubufazi benziwa ngabantu besifazane, ngoba “ngeke kube ngenye indlela.”
Nokho, uDarwin ubonisa ngokucacile ukuthi i- essentialism ayisizi ngalutho ekuqondeni lo mehluko phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane Imibono yabo yaveza umbono omusha: bobabili ubulili buhlukile ngoba ngamunye wabo unezindlela ezihlukene zokuba nezingane (futhi, ngenxa yalokho, zokwenza abanye bazuze njengefa izici zethu nezakhi zofuzo). Okubalulekile lapha ukuthi, njengomthetho ojwayelekile, abesifazane kufanele bakhokhe izindleko zokuzala eziphakeme kunabesilisa ngokuba nezingane, njengoba yibona abazalayo.
Kodwa ... kuthiwani ngezici ezingokwengqondo? Ingabe umehluko ongokwengqondo phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane nawo uwumphumela wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinto eziphilayo, noma ingabe zikhona ezinye izincazelo? Njengamanje, lena inkambu yocwaningo esebenza kakhulu futhi evame ukukhiqiza intshisekelo enkulu. Akumangalisi: ukwamukela impendulo eyodwa noma enye kungaholela emigomeni yomphakathi ehluke kakhulu.
2. Inganekwane yomqondo oqonda konke
Kwakukhona isikhathi lapho ukucabanga okunengqondo kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kuwumgogodla womsebenzi womqondo womuntu. Ngomzamo, ukubekezela, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamathuluzi afanele, singaqonda kahle cishe yonke into esizungezile, ngenxa yokusebenzisa ingqondo .
Iminikelo kaCharles Darwin kwezesayensi, nokho, ibiza le mibono imibuzo: uma yonke into esiyiyo ikhona ngenxa yokuthi yasiza okhokho bethu ukuba baphile, kungani ikhono lokucabanga elinengqondo lingahluka?
Ngakho, isizathu asikho ngoba simiselwe kusengaphambili ukuqeda ukungazi, kodwa ngoba kusivumela ukuthi sazi umhlaba kahle ngokwanele ukusigcina siphila futhi ngethemba ukukhiqiza kabusha. Umuthi wokuphila awunayo indawo ephakeme kakhulu okufanele kuhlale kuyo izinhlobo ezinengqondo kakhulu; singelinye nje igatsha.
3. Okubalulekile ukuzivumelanisa nezimo
Umqondo wokuzijwayeza uyisisekelo ku-psychology. Eqinisweni, ezilungiselelweni zomtholampilo, kuvame ukushiwo ukuthi enye yezindlela eziyinhloko zokunquma ukuthi into ethile iwukuphazamiseka kwengqondo noma cha ukuthi ukuziphatha okubonisayo kuyaguquguquka noma cha. Okusho ukuthi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi, esimweni lapho umuntu ehlala khona, le ndlela yokuziphatha idala ukungakhululeki.
Mayelana nokuvezwa kokuziphatha, kudingeka kube nomuntu owenza izenzo kanye nendlela lezi zenzo ezamukelwa ngayo, isihluthulelo sokuqonda ukuziphatha bheka ubudlelwano phakathi kwalezi zingxenye ezimbili, hhayi nje umuntu ngamunye .
Njengoba nje uDarwin abonisa ukuthi azikho izici ezinhle noma ezimbi, njengoba umuntu engaba usizo endaweni ethile futhi eyingozi kwenye, into efanayo ingenzeka ngokuziphatha: ukucabangela imisebenzi ephindaphindwayo kungabangela izinkinga emsebenzini obhekene nomphakathi, kodwa hhayi emsebenzini ogxile ekwakhiweni.
4. Intelligence iphula ama-paradigms
Omunye umthelela wokusebenza kwengqondo umsebenzi kaDarwin wawuhlobene nawo gqamisa uhlamvu oluyingqayizivele lwale sethi yamakhono engqondo esiyibiza ngokuthi ubuhlakani Lesi sazi semvelo sabonisa ukuthi, nakuba izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane emhlabeni zikwazi ukuziphatha ngendlela emangalisayo ukuze ziphile, ezimweni eziningi lezi zenzo ziwumphumela wokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi zitholwa njengefa kusukela kwesinye isizukulwane kuya kwesinye ngaphandle kokufunda. Isibonelo, izintuthwane zingakwazi ukuzihlanganisa ngezindlela ezimangalisayo zokufeza umgomo, kodwa lokhu kwenzeka ngoba "zihlelwe" ukwenza kanjalo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunezinhlobo zezilwane eziningana ezingekho ngaphansi kwezingqinamba eziningi zebhayoloji uma kuziwa ekuziphatheni, futhi singenye yazo. Ubuhlakani buwuhlelo lokukhetha izimpendulo ezifanele ngaphakathi kohlaka lwenqubo yokukhetha izinsiza ezifanele. Izakhi zofuzo zisiqondisa ngezindlela ezithile (ngokwesibonelo, abantu abaningi baba nezifiso zobulili), kodwa ngaphandle kwalokho, sinenkululeko elinganiselwe yokwenza esikufunayo. Lokhu, nokho, akuphikisani nenkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo: ukuba ohlakaniphile kuyasiza ezimweni ezithile futhi, esimweni sethu, kwavumela uhlobo olungcolile ngokuqhathaniswa lwe-hominid ukuthi lusabalale emhlabeni wonke. Kuyinsiza leyo kusivumela ukuthi singadingi ukwenza umsebenzi othile endaweni eyodwa ukuthatha ingozi yokushabalala uma leyo ndawo inyamalala noma ishintsha kakhulu.
5. Ukujabula akufani nokuphikelela
Okokugcina, enye indlela uDarwin aba nomthelela ngayo ekusebenzeni kwengqondo ukuthi isisiza ukuthi sibeke ukubaluleka okulinganiselwe empumelelweni yethu yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ukuba yingxenye yohlobo olunezingane eziningi ezikwazi ukuphila zize zibe abantu abadala akusho ukunqoba; kumane kuwumphumela wenqubo yemvelo lapho senza khona esikwenzayo, asinalo izwi lokugcina, futhi lapho, ngaphezu kwalokho, injabulo yethu ingabalulekile. Phela, iqiniso lokuthi kunabantu abaningi bezinhlobo ezifanayo, ubuzwe, noma umndeni ... kusho ukuthi ngasizathu simbe, amadodana namadodakazi angase ashiye inzalo , mhlawumbe ngobuningi. Kungani kwenziwa ukuzidela ukuze kufike kuleli qophelo? Kukhona into ebalulekile.