I-Neuroethics iwumkhakha ohlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukene ehlanganisa i-neuroscience kanye nezimiso zokuziphatha ukuze uhlole izindaba zokuziphatha ezihlobene nobuchopho nengqondo. I-Neuroethics iphenya ngezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana nesibopho sokuziphatha ezimeni zokulimala kobuchopho, ubumfihlo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso ze-neurotechnology, ukuxhashazwa kobuchopho, nokuthuthukiswa kwengqondo, phakathi kokunye.
I-Neuroscience, i-neuroethics kanye ne-bioethics: ukuhlangana kanye nokuhlangana emkhakheni wezimiso zokuziphatha nesayensi.
I-Neuroscience, neuroethics, kanye ne-bioethics yizinkambu ezixhumene ezinikezelwe ocwaningweni lobuchopho, ukuziphatha komuntu, nezindaba zokuziphatha ezihlobene nocwaningo lwesayensi nokwenza. I-Neuroscience isayensi efunda isimiso sezinzwa, okuhlanganisa nobuchopho, kuyilapho i-neuroethics izikhathaza ngemithelela yesimilo yezinto ezitholwe kanye nentuthuko kulo mkhakha. I-Bioethics, yona, ihlanganisa nezindaba zesimilo ezibanzi ezihlobene nokuphila nempilo, okuhlanganisa izimiso zokuziphatha zocwaningo ngezihloko zabantu nezilwane.
I-Neuroethics ivela njengenkambu yocwaningo enemikhakha eminingi efuna ukuphenya izindaba zokuziphatha ezivela kumongo wesayensi yezinzwa. Ezinye zezihloko okukhulunywa ngazo i-neuroethics zifaka ubumfihlo nokugcinwa kuyimfihlo kwedatha yobuchopho, imikhawulo yokungenelela kobuchopho, isibopho sokuziphatha mayelana nokuziphatha okunqunywa ubuchopho, kanye nemithelela yesimilo ye-neurotechnology. Ngamanye amazwi, i-neuroethics ifuna ukukhombisa ukuthi intuthuko yesayensi kusayensi yezinzwa ithinta kanjani ukuqonda kwethu ukuziphatha kanye nesibopho somuntu ngamunye.
Enye yezinhloso eziyinhloko ze-neuroethics ukukhuthaza ukucabangisisa okujulile emithelela yokuziphatha kokutholwa kwe-neuroscientific nobuchwepheshe, kanye nokuhlinzeka ngesiqondiso somkhuba wokuziphatha ocwaningweni nasekusetshenzisweni komtholampilo. Eminye yemibuzo eyinhloko ephenywa yi-neuroethics ihlanganisa: Ingabe sinesibopho esingakanani ngezenzo zethu uma zinqunywa izinqubo zobuchopho? Yimiphi imikhawulo yezimiso zokuziphatha zokuxhaphaza ubuchopho ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwengqondo noma kwemizwelo? Singakuqinisekisa kanjani ukuvikeleka kwamalungelo kanye nezintshisakalo zezihloko zocwaningo ezifundweni zobuchopho? Le mibuzo kanye neminye inselele abacwaningi nabasebenza kulo mkhakha ukuthi bacabange ngomthelela wesimilo wezenzo zabo kanye nabakutholile.
Ngokuhlola ukuphambana phakathi kwezimiso zokuziphatha nesayensi, i-neuroethics isimema ukuthi sicabange ngencazelo yenkululeko, umthwalo wemfanelo, kanye nokuziphatha emhlabeni ogcwele kakhulu ukuqonda ukuthi ubuchopho bomuntu busebenza kanjani.
Iyini i-Neuroethics (futhi yimiphi imibuzo oyiphenyayo)?
I-Neuroethics iyingxenye ye-bioethics enesibopho sokutadisha umthelela wezimiso zokuziphatha, wezomthetho kanye nowenhlalo wolwazi nocwaningo ngobuchopho kanye nokusebenza okungokoqobo abanakho kwezokwelapha futhi, ekugcineni, nasezimpilweni zabantu.
Kulesi sihloko, sizobheka kabanzi mayelana yini i-neuroethics equkethe , kuphenywa kanjani kulesiyalo, yimiphi imibuzo emikhulu ebuzwayo nezimpendulo zayo, kanye nezinkinga nezinselelo ikusasa elisiphathele zona.
Iyini i-neuroethics?
Igama elithi "neuroethics" libhekisela ku- ukufunda ngezindaba zokuziphatha, ezomthetho, nezenhlalo kanye nemithelela evela ekutholweni kwesayensi okubandakanya ukukhohliswa kobuchopho ngezinjongo zokwelapha.
UWilliam Safire, intatheli eyazuza uMklomelo wePullitzer ngo-1978, wachaza lesi simiso “njengokuhlola okulungile nokungalungile, okuhle nokubi, ekwelashweni nasekuhlinzweni nasekusetshenzisweni kobuchopho bomuntu.”
Intuthuko ocwaningweni lwe-neuroscience ihlanganisa ukuqonda okukhulayo kwesisekelo se-neurobiological semibuzo ehlobene nokuqaphela komuntu, isimilo, ukwenza izinqumo, nomqondo wokuzicabangela wena nobuntu. Ngalo mqondo, i-neuroethics izodlala indima ebalulekile eminyakeni ezayo.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zocwaningo lwe-neuroimaging, isibonelo , sesivele sivumele ukuqapha ukusebenza kobuchopho ngokoqobo ngesikhathi sangempela, ukuze sikwazi “ukwazi” lokho umuntu akucabangayo noma akuzwayo futhi size silawule le micabango noma imizwa ngokusebenzisa amasu anjengokushukumisa kazibuthe we-transcranial.
Intuthuko kweminye imikhakha, efana ne-psychopharmacology noma i-biochemistry, isivele ikhombisa ukuthi ithuba lokukhohlisa umuntu, imizwa yakhe noma amakhono abo okuqonda kanye namakhono sekuvele kuyiqiniso elingaqinisekiswa.
Futhi ukunqanda (noma cha) i-dystopia yesikhathi esizayo lapho sigcina singonodoli abalawulwa kude noma i-neuroidiotized, i-neuroethics ivela njenge isiyalo esiwusizo sokuxoxa ngemithetho, izinkambiso kanye nemithelela yezenhlalo okuvela ekusebenziseni okuhle noma okubi kwe-neurotechnologies ne-neuroscience.
- Ungase ube nentshisekelo: "I-Cognitive Neuroscience: Umlando kanye Nezindlela Zokufunda"
Ucwaningo lwesayensi ku-neuroethics
Ucwaningo lwesayensi ku-neuroscience of ethics, noma i-neuroethics, lugxile ezicini ezimbili: i-empirical kanye nethiyori. I-Epirical neuroethics izosekelwe kudatha ye-neuroscientific ehlobene nezindaba zokuziphatha nemiqondo, idatha esekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho, kanye nendlela yesayensi, njengoba icatshangwa kusayensi yemvelo.
I-Neuroethics yethiyori, yona, izogxila izici ze-methodological nezomqondo ezisebenza ukuxhumanisa amaqiniso e-neuroscientific emiqondweni yezimiso zokuziphatha, kokubili okuchazayo nokujwayelekile.
Abacwaningi bahlangabezana nenkinga yokushoda kwezindlela ezihlobanayo ezibavumela ukuba bahlole imiqondo ethile ngombono we-empirical, njengoba kunjalo ngemibandela efana nomusa, ubulungisa, noma ukulingana. Yiziphi izixhumanisi zabo ze-methodological? Noma... kungaba yini idizayini efaneleke ngokobuchwepheshe yokuphenya le miqondo ku-neuroethics?
Inkinga yesibili isengxenyeni yethiyori ye-neuroethics . Zonke izimiso zokuziphatha noma ukuziphatha kungaba nemisebenzi eminingana: ukucacisa lokho okuqondwa "ngokuziphatha," ukuzama ukuthola izisekelo zakho, nokunquma ukuthi izimiso zalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuziphatha kungaba yini, ukuzisebenzisa emphakathini nokuphila kwansuku zonke. . Kodwa-ke, akunakwenzeka ukuqala ngedatha ye-neuroscientific kuphela ukucacisa lokhu kungabaza, ngoba lokho okubhekwa njengokuziphatha akubhekiseli kuphela kwisayensi, kodwa futhi nefilosofi.
Imibuzo enjengokuthi, isho ukuthini ifilosofi yokuziphatha? noma hlobo luni lokulawula okungadingeka ukuze kuphenywe ku-neuroscience?, bangabanye balabo abanesithakazelo abacwaningi abaningi, abaye bazama ukuzixazulula ngokusebenzisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuphikisana.
Izimpendulo zokuthi ungaphenya kanjani ku-neuroethics
Izimpendulo zombuzo: Yiziphi izinhlobo zamaphrojekthi afanele ngokobuchwepheshe okufanele zenziwe ukuze kwenziwe ucwaningo lwe-neuroethics? Bagqamisa izifundo ze-neuroimaging ezisebenzayo kanye nezindlela zabo eziyinhloko: i-quantitative electroencephalography, i-positron emission tomography, i-imaging magnetic resonance esebenzayo, i-tractography, ne-magnetoencephalography.
Lezi zindlela ze-neuroimaging zithwebula ubuchopho busebenza futhi abacwaningi bazihumusha ngokuhlobanisa umsebenzi (imoto, ukubona noma ukuqonda) nesithombe sobuchopho esikhiqiziwe, ukuze isithombe sibonise inethiwekhi ye-neural lapho lo msebenzi usuka khona; okungukuthi, ukuhlobana kungathathwa njengesizathu (neurodeterminism).
Nakuba lezi zinhlobo zamasu zinhle kakhulu ekuhloleni isimiso sezinzwa, Kuyingozi kancane ukucabanga ukuthi singathemba kuphela imiphumela nedatha yezibalo evela kulokhu kuhlolwa. ukwenza iziphetho ezihlangene mayelana nemiqondo nezindaba eziyimpikiswano njengokuziphatha noma inkululeko yokuzikhethela, isibonelo.
Ngokuphathelene nombuzo wokuthi ifilosofi yokuziphatha iqondwa kanjani, abanye ababhali, njengesazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uMichael Gazzaniga, bahlongoza ukuba khona kwesimiso sokuziphatha somhlaba wonke, esingaba nesisekelo esiqinile se-neurobiological kunesisekelo sefilosofi. Isazi sezinzwa uFrancisco Mora, ngakolunye uhlangothi, uthatha ukuthi umqondo wezimiso zokuziphatha uhlale usho ubuhlobo bethu nabanye futhi ukholelwa ukuthi ukuhlukana phakathi kwezimiso zokuziphatha nokuziphatha akufanelekile, njengoba la magama amabili asetshenziswa ngokushintshana.
Ekugcineni, kunikezwe indlela yalokho okungaba yisimiso esidingekayo sokuphenya i-neuroethics, impendulo eyanikezwa abacwaningi yayiwukunxusa izimiso zokuziphatha ze-neuroscience; leyo, sebenzisa yona kanye izimiso zokuziphatha zomsebenzi owenziwa ososayensi bezinzwa : umbono wamandla, ukuveza ngokukhululekile nangokuthanda kwemvume enolwazi, inhlonipho yesithunzi nobuqotho bezihloko zocwaningo, njll.
Izinkinga nezinselele zesikhathi esizayo
Izinkinga zamanje ku-neuroethics zingafakwa ezigabeni ezimbili ezibanzi: lezo ezihlobene nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ku-neuroscience, okungukuthi, imiphumela yokuthuthukiswa kwamasu we-neuroimaging, i-psychopharmacology, ukufakelwa kobuchopho, noma isixhumi esibonakalayo somshini wobuchopho; kanye nalezo ezihlobene nefilosofi nokuqonda izisekelo ze-neurobiological of consciousness, ubuntu, noma ukuziphatha komuntu.
Eminyakeni yamuva, i- ucwaningo lwe-psychopharmacological lutshale imali enkulu emithini ekwelapheni ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, ikakhulukazi, ukunaka kanye nokuphazamiseka kwenkumbulo. Imithi efana ne-methylphenidate kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo ekuphazamisekeni kokunaka; noma i-ampakine, ekhuthaza izindlela zokuqina zesikhathi eside, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza ekuhlolweni kwenkumbulo kubantu abanempilo, yizibonelo ezimbalwa nje.
Lokhu ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa , ikakhulukazi kubantu abanempilo, kuhilela izinkinga eziningana zokuziphatha, njengalezi ezishiwo ngezansi:
Izinkinga zempilo: Imiphumela emibi ephakathi nendawo neyesikhathi eside kubantu abanempilo akwaziwa.
Imiphumela yomphakathi: imibuzo ehlobene nokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zidakamizwa kungathinta kanjani ubudlelwano bomphakathi noma isimo sabantu abangayisebenzisi uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abayisebenzisayo, ngokwezigaba noma ukungalingani. Futhi kubonakala kusobala ukuthi, ezimweni ezinokuncintisana kakhulu nezicindezelayo, inkululeko yokungazidli izoba nesilinganiso .
Imithelela yefilosofi: Ukusetshenziswa kwale mithi imibuzo futhi kushintsha ukuqonda kwethu imiqondo efana nomzamo womuntu siqu, ukuzimela, kanye nekhono lokunqoba. Ingabe kuwukuziphatha ukuthuthukisa ngokushesha nangokuzenzisa amakhono okuqonda?
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, intuthuko ekuqondeni izisekelo ze-neurobiological zokuziphatha komphakathi, ukuziphatha noma ukwenza izinqumo zinomthelela oqondile endleleni esicabanga ngayo ngempilo yethu , njengomthwalo wemfanelo womuntu siqu noma ukungafezeki komuntu, izici ezibalulekile ze-neuroethics.
Ngokuzayo, lesi sinqumo sizoqhubeka sidingida imibuzo efanele, njengokuthi: singahlulela yini ingane efanayo ngobugebengu obenziwe uma sazi ukuthi eminyakeni yayo isisekelo se-neurobiological sokucabanga ngokuziphatha asikakasungulwa? Uma inkululeko yokuzikhethela imane iyinkohliso engokwengqondo futhi ingekho kanjalo, ingabe kunengqondo ukuba abantu baphendule? Ingabe kufanele sibeke izithiyo ocwaningweni lobuchopho kanye nokukhohlisa? Lena imibuzo engakayitholi impendulo ecacile.
Izinkomba ze-Bibliographic:
- I-Bonnet E. I-Neuroethics Esebenzayo. IBilbao: Descée de Brouwer; 2010
- Cortina, A. (2010): “I-Neuroethics: the cerebral bases of a universal ethics with political prolevable?”, In Isegoría, nº 42, 129-148.
- Farah M J. Neuroethics: the practical and the philosophical. Amathrendi Cogn Sci 2005; 9 (1): 34-40.