I-Chemical sublimation yinqubo engokoqobo lapho into eqinile ishintsha khona ngokuqondile ibe yigesi, idlule isimo soketshezi esimaphakathi. Lesi simo senzeka ngenxa yengcindezi ethile kanye nezimo zokushisa lapho into ingaphansi kwayo. Kulesi sihloko, sizokwethula izibonelo ze-20 ze-chemical sublimation kanye nezici zabo, ezibonisa ukuthi le nqubo ivame kangakanani futhi ibaluleke kangakanani ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zamakhemikhali.
Qonda inqubo ye-sublimation futhi ubone ukuthi iqhwa lishintsha kanjani libe umhwamuko.
I-Sublimation inqubo yamakhemikhali lapho into ishintsha khona ngokuqondile ukusuka kokuqinile ukuya esimweni segesi, idlule isimo soketshezi esimaphakathi. Lesi simo senzeka lapho umfutho womhwamuko wento eqinile uba mkhulu kunomfutho womkhathi. Isibonelo esivamile se-sublimation ukuguqulwa kweqhwa libe umhwamuko wamanzi.
Uma iqhwa lichayeka emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kukaziro degrees Celsius, liqala ukuncipha, noma liguquke lisuke esimweni esiqinile liye esimweni esinegesi. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba umfutho womhwamuko wamanzi oseqhweni uba mkhulu kunomfutho womkhathi, ovumela ama-molecule amanzi ukuba aphume phezu kweqhwa futhi aguquke abe umhwamuko.
Le nqubo ye-sublimation ithonywa izinga lokushisa elizungezile nokucindezela. Ukuphakama kwezinga lokushisa nokunciphisa ukucindezela, i-sublimation ishesha. Ngokuphambene, emazingeni okushisa aphansi kanye nezingcindezi eziphakeme, i-sublimation izohamba kancane.
Izibonelo ezingama-20 ze-Chemical Sublimation kanye Nezici
I-Sublimation iyinto evamile ezintweni ezihlukahlukene zamakhemikhali. Ngezansi kunezibonelo ezingama-20 zezinto ezidlula inqubo ye-sublimation kanye nezici zazo:
1. Naphthalene: INaphthalene iyisibonelo sakudala se-sublimation, esetshenziswa njengesixosha izinambuzane.
2. Iodine: Iodine i-sublimes kalula emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni, yakha amakristalu e-violet.
3. I-Carbon dioxide: Eyaziwa nangokuthi iqhwa elomile, i-carbon dioxide iyancipha emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka -78,5°C.
4. I-Camphor: I-Camphor into eyehlayo emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-175°C.
5. i-benzoic acid: I-Benzoic acid iyancipha emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-121°C.
6. I-Acetic anhydride: I-sublimates emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-139°C.
7. I-Oxalic acid: I-sublimates emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-365°C.
8. I-Paradichlorobenzene: I-sublimates emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-53°C.
9. I-Óxido nítrico: I-Sublimates emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka -163,6°C.
10. I-Formic acid: I-sublimates emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-100,8°C.
11. I-acetic acid: I-sublimates emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-117,9°C.
12. I-Sulfuric acid: I-sublimates emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-337°C.
13. I-sulphate yethusi: I-sublimates emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-200°C.
14. I-Citric acid: I-sublimates emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-153°C.
15. I-Trichloroacetic acid: I-sublimates emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-61,6°C.
16. I-Formic acid: I-sublimates emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-100,8°C.
17. I-acetic acid: I-sublimates emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-117,9°C.
18. I-Sulfuric acid: I-sublimates emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-337°C.
19. I-sulphate yethusi: I-sublimates emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-200°C.
20. I-Citric acid: I-sublimates emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-153°C.
Lezi izibonelo ezimbalwa zezinto ezidlula inqubo ye-sublimation. I-Sublimation yinto ethokozisayo nebalulekile kukhemistri, enezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi emikhakheni ehlukene.
Izici eziyinhloko ze-sublimation: qonda lesi simo esibonakalayo kanye nezakhiwo zayo eziyingqayizivele.
I-Sublimation isenzakalo esibonakalayo esenzeka lapho into ishintsha ngokuqondile ukusuka kokuqinile ukuya esimweni segesi, idlula isimo soketshezi. Le nqubo yenzeka ngenxa yezimpawu eziyingqayizivele zama-athomu ento kanye nezimo zemvelo, njengokucindezela kanye nezinga lokushisa.
Esinye sezici eziyinhloko ze-sublimation yi -endothermy , okungukuthi, ukumuncwa kokushisa ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa kusuka kokuqinile kuya kugesi. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi into ipholise indawo ezungezile, futhi ingase iqandise nezinye izinto eziseduze.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-sublimation inqubo eguqukayo , okusho ukuthi into ingashintsha kusuka esimweni segesi iye esimweni esiqinile ngaphandle kokudlula esimweni soketshezi. Lesi yisenzakalo esibalulekile ezindaweni eziningana, njengezimboni zemithi nezokudla.
Esinye isici esithakazelisayo se-sublimation ukwakheka kwamakristalu ngesikhathi sokupholisa igesi. Lawa makristalu angaba nezimo nobukhulu obuhlukile, kuye ngokuthi into kanye nezimo ze-sublimation ziyini.
Ukuze siqonde kangcono i-sublimation, sizokwethula izibonelo ezingu-20 zezinto ezibhekana nale nqubo yamakhemikhali kanye nezici zazo ezithile.
Qonda inqubo ye-chemical sublimation nokuthi isebenza kanjani ngendlela elula nesebenzayo.
I-Chemical sublimation iyinqubo lapho into ishintsha khona ngokuqondile ukusuka kokuqinile ukuya esimweni segesi, ngaphandle kokudlula esimweni soketshezi. Lesi simo senzeka lapho umfutho womhwamuko wento eqinile umkhulu kunomfutho womkhathi, okwenza ama-molecule aqinile ahwamuke ngaphandle kokuncibilika.
Ukuze uqonde kangcono, cabanga nge-ice cube efrijini. Uma sishiya iqhwa isikhathi eside, izoba yi-sublimate-okungukuthi, ihambe ngokuqondile kusukela ekuqineni kuya esimweni segesi, ngaphandle kokuncibilika. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi umfutho womhwamuko wamanzi oseqhweni mkhulu kunomfutho womoya ongaphakathi efrijini.
Ku-chemical sublimation, ama-molecule ezinto eziqinile azuza amandla anele ukuze aphule amandla e-intermolecular awabambe ndawonye esimweni esiqinile. La ma- molecule ahlakazeka emoyeni, akhe igesi. Lapho igesi ifika endaweni epholile, amangqamuzana ayajiya futhi, akhe okuqinile ngokuqondile kumhwamuko.
Izibonelo ezingama-20 ze-Chemical Sublimation kanye Nezici
1. I-Naphthalene: I-Naphthalene iyisibonelo sakudala sento eyenza inqubo ye-sublimation. Isetshenziswa njengesixosha inundu futhi, lapho ivezwe emoyeni, i-sublimates ngqo endaweni enegesi.
2. Iodine: Iodine ingenye into eyehlisa kalula. Lapho evezwe emoyeni, amakristalu e-iodine ashintsha ngokuqondile abe yigesi ngaphandle kokuncibilika.
3. I-Benzoic acid: I-Benzoic acid iqinile emhlophe eyehla emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu. Isetshenziswa njengesilondolozi ekudleni nasezintweni eziphansi uma kushisa.
4. I-anthracene: I-anthracene iyi-hydrocarbon enephunga elimnandi eyehlayo emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni odayi neziqhumane.
5. I-Citric acid: I-Citric acid iyi-crystalline solid and sublimes at high temperatures. Itholakala ezithelweni ezisawolintshi futhi isetshenziswa njenge-acidifier ekudleni.
6. I-Menthol: I-Menthol yinto ekwazi ukuncibilika kalula ekushiseni kwegumbi. Itholakala ezitshalweni ezifana ne-mint futhi isetshenziselwa imithi kanye nezimonyo.
7. I-Salicylic acid: I-Salicylic acid iyikristale eqinile eyehla emazingeni okushisa aphakathi nendawo. Isetshenziselwa ukwelapha izinduna nezinye izimo zesikhumba.
8. I-Benzoin: I-Benzoin iyinhlaka e-sublimates emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Isetshenziswa ekwenzeni amakha nempepho.
9. I-NaCl: I-sodium chloride, noma usawoti wetafula, uyancibilika emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Isetshenziswa ekuphekeni nasembonini yamakhemikhali.
10. I-Oxalic acid: I-Oxalic acid iqinile emhlophe eyehla emazingeni okushisa aphakathi nendawo. Isetshenziswa embonini yendwangu kanye nokuhlanza izinsimbi.
11. I-Phenol: I-Phenol iwuketshezi oluncibilika emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Isetshenziselwa ukwenza amapulasitiki nama-resin.
12. I-Ascorbic acid: I-Ascorbic acid, noma i-vitamin C, iqinile futhi i-sublime emazingeni aphezulu okushisa. Itholakala ezithelweni ezisawolintshi futhi isetshenziswa njengesengezo sevithamini.
13. I-Naphthol: I-Naphthol iqinile emhlophe eyehla emazingeni okushisa aphakathi nendawo. Isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni odayi nasembonini yamakhemikhali.
14. I-Camphor: I-Camphor iqinile futhi i-sublimate kalula ekamelweni lokushisa. Isetshenziswa emithini nasemikhiqizo yobuhle.
15. I-Terephthalic acid: I-Terephthalic acid iqinile emhlophe eyehlayo emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Isetshenziselwa ukwenza amapulasitiki nama-polymers.
16. I-Sucrose: I-Sucrose, noma ushukela ovamile, i-sublimates emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Isetshenziselwa ukupheka nokwenza uswidi.
17. I-Benzoic acid: I-Benzoic acid iyisiqinile esimhlophe esincipha emazingeni okushisa aphakathi. Isetshenziswa njengesivimbeli ekudleni nasezimonyoni.
Zitholele izimo eziyi-10 ezahlukahlukene zedaba ezikhona emvelweni nezici zazo ezihlukile.
Kunezimo ezihlukene eziyi-10 zezinto ezikhona emvelweni, ngasinye sinezici ezihlukile ezizihlukanisayo. Izimo zendaba ziqinile, uketshezi, igesi, i-plasma, i-Bose-Einstein condensate, i-fermionic condensate, i-Rydberg condensate, i-photon condensate, i-quark-gluon matter, ne-degenerate matter.
Isimo esiqinile sibonakala ngezinhlayiya ezisondelene futhi ezinomumo ochaziwe kanye nevolumu. Isimo soketshezi sinezinhlayiya ezixegayo, ezinomumo ochaziwe kodwa umthamo oguquguqukayo. Esimeni segesi, izinhlayiya zihlukaniswa kakhulu futhi azinawo umumo noma umthamo. I-Plasma yisimo esishisa kakhulu lapho ama-athomu elahlekelwa ama-electron awo. I-Bose-Einstein condensate yenzeka emazingeni okushisa aseduze noziro ngokuphelele, lapho izinhlayiya ziziphatha njengamagagasi. I-Fermionic condensate yenziwa ama-fermions emazingeni okushisa aphansi.
I-Rydberg condensate iyisimo esingavamile esakhiwe ama-athomu ajabulile. I-Photonic condensate iyisimo sokukhanya okucebile nge-photon. I-Quark-gluon matter yisimo sokucatshangelwa lapho ama-quark nama-gluon engaboshiwe. Ekugcineni, i-degenerate matter itholakala ezinkanyezini ze-neutron futhi iminyene kakhulu futhi ihlangene.
Izibonelo ezingama-20 ze-Chemical Sublimation kanye Nezici
I-Chemical sublimation inqubo lapho into ishintsha khona ngokuqondile ukusuka kokuqinile ukuya esimweni segesi, idlule isimo se-liquid. Lesi simo senzeka ezimweni ezihlukahlukene, njengama-mothballs, i-iodine, i-carbon dioxide, i-citric acid, i-benzoic acid, nezinye. I-Sublimation iyinqubo ye-endothermic, emunca ukushisa okuvela endaweni ukuze kwenzeke.
Ezinye izibonelo ze-chemical sublimation zihlanganisa ukwakheka kwamakristalu eqhwa elomile, ukomisa izingubo ocingweni lwezingubo ngezinsuku ezibandayo, ukulondoloza ukudla okufriziwe, nokuhlanza izindawo ngesoda yokubhaka, phakathi kokunye. I-Sublimation iyinqubo ebalulekile ezindaweni eziningana, njengemboni yamakhemikhali, ukukhiqizwa kwemithi, nokugcinwa kokudla.
Izibonelo ezingama-20 ze-Chemical Sublimation kanye Nezici
Ezinye izibonelo ze- sublimation yamakhemikhali yizinqubo lapho amanzi, i-carbon dioxide, i-iodine, i-arsenic, noma i-sulfur zithola i-sublimation.
I-Sublimation inqubo yokuguqulwa okuqondile kusuka esimweni esiqinile kuya esimweni segesi, ngaphandle kokudlula esigabeni se-liquid. Kuyinguquko yesigaba se-endothermic eyenzeka kumazinga okushisa nezingcindezi ezingaphansi kwephoyinti elithathu lento, izinga lokushisa kanye nokucindezela lapho izigaba ezintathu zihlangana khona (I-Sublimation (chemistry), 2008).
Ezingeni lokushisa elinikeziwe, izinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali eziningi kanye nezakhi zingaba khona kwesinye sezimo ezintathu ezihlukene zendaba ngokucindezela okuhlukile. Kulezi zimo, ukuguquka kusuka kokuqinile kuya esimweni segesi kudinga isimo se-liquid esimaphakathi.
Emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kwamaphuzu amathathu, ukwehla kwengcindezi kuzoholela ekushintsheni kwesigaba ngqo kusuka kokuqinile kuya kugesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezingcindezini ezingaphansi kwengcindezi yamaphuzu amathathu , ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa kuzoholela ekutheni okuqinile kube yigesi ngaphandle kokudlula esifundeni soketshezi (Boundless, SF).
Kwezinye izinto, ezifana ne-carbon ne-arsenic, i-sublimation ilula kakhulu kunokuhwamuka. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ingcindezi yephuzu labo eliphindwe kathathu iphezulu kakhulu, okwenza kube nzima ukuzithola njengoketshezi.
Inqubo ye-sublimation idinga amandla engeziwe; kuwushintsho lwe-endothermic. I-enthalpy ye-sublimation (ukushisa kwe-sublimation) ingabalwa njengesamba se-enthalpy ye-fusion kanye ne-enthalpy ye-vaporization.
Inqubo ephambene, lapho igesi ishintsha khona isigaba esimweni esiqinile, ibizwa ngokuthi i-deposition noma i-desublimation (Anne Marie Helmenstine, 2016).
Izibonelo ezingama-20 ze-sublimation
1 - I-carbon dioxide
Iqhwa elomile liyi-carbon dioxide eqinile. Emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni nasekucindezelweni, ingena ngaphansi kwe-carbon dioxide vapor (Umfanekiso 2).
Ingasetshenziselwa ukwakha umphumela okhethekile wokubhema noma owesabekayo. Ngenxa yokuphepha kwawo okulinganiselwe, iqhwa elomile liwukuqina okuthandwayo emibonisweni yasekilasini.
2- Amanzi
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhethekile, amanzi ayiqhwa (iqhwa) angagxuma asuke esigabeni esiwuketshezi futhi adlulele emoyeni. Kunzima ukubona i-ice sublimating, kodwa ungabona imiphumela.
Indawo eseningizimu ye-Mount Everest inezimo eziphelele zokunciphisa iqhwa: amazinga okushisa aphansi, ukukhanya kwelanga okunamandla, umswakama ophansi, nomoya owomile (VanBuren, SF).
3- Iodine
I-iodine ku-100°C yehlisa okuqinile kube igesi enobuthi ebubende. Lokhu kusetshenziselwa isayensi ye-forensic ukuze kuthathwe izigxivizo zeminwe.
4 - i-arsenic
Ezingeni lokushisa lika-615 ° C, i-arsenic sublimes. Lokhu kubangela ingozi uma kubhekwa ubuthi be-elementi.
5- Isibabule
Le nhlanganisela yehlisa umoya phakathi kuka-25 no-50 °C, ibangele amagesi anobuthi futhi aminyanisayo (Tucker, 1929).
6- Oyinki bokuphrinta
Amaphrinta we-sublimation owomile asebenzisa inqubo ye-sublimation ukuze aphrinte izithombe zekhwalithi yesithombe.
Inqubo iqala lapho kunamafilimu akhethekile aqukethe i-pigment eqinile okuthi, lapho kushisa, i-sublimate bese iphinda iphinde ibambe.
Izithombe zingaphrintwa kumahembe e-polyester, amavazi noma i-aluminium noma amashidi e-chrome (METAL DYE SUBLIMATION ON ALUMINIUM, SF).
7- Ama-flavour
Ama-air fresheners aqinile nawo aphansi. Lezi zinhlanganisela ngokuvamile ziyi-ester, kuhlanganise nalezo ezitholakala endishini yangasese. Yile ndlela amakhemikhali akhishwa ngayo ngqo emoyeni, okwenza kube nephunga elisha.
8- Naphthalene
Ama-mothballs enziwa ngale nhlanganisela okuthi, ngokusebenzisa i-sublimation, isuse amabhu.
9 - Zinc
Le nhlanganisela ijwayele ukuncibilika ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephansi.
10- Aluminium
Le nsimbi i-sublimated emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-1000 °C ngezinqubo ezithile zezimboni.
11- Insimbi
Ama-alloys athile ahlanzwa ngezindlela ze-sublimation. Lokhu kuhlukanisa ama-compounds akha i-alloy, okuholela emikhiqizweni ehlanziwe.
12- I-Cadmium
Enye inhlanganisela engaphansi kwengcindezi ephansi. Lokhu kuyinkinga ikakhulukazi ezimeni lapho usebenza ngaphansi kwe-vacuum ephezulu.
13- I-graphite
Le nto yenziwa i-sublimated ngokudlula amandla kagesi we-amperage ephezulu nge-vacuum ephezulu. Le nqubo isetshenziswa ekudluliselweni kwe-electron microscopy ukukhiqiza amasampula okuqhuba futhi kuzuzwe ukulungiswa okuphezulu.
14- Igolide
I-sublimation yegolide isetshenziselwa ukwenza izindondo ezingabizi kakhulu nobucwebe begolide. Ibuye isetshenziselwe ukwelapha ukuskena amasampula e-electron microscopy.
15 - I-Camphor
Ezingeni elithile lokushisa, i-camphor sublimes, esetshenziselwa ukuhlanzwa noma imiphumela yokwelapha.
16 - menthol
I-Menthol sublimates kalula kakhulu. Uma ubheka ibhodlela le-menthol ehlanzekile, ungabona izinaliti ezincane ze-menthol. Lezi zikhula ngokubeka. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-menthol eqinile i-sublimates.
17 - I-anthracene
Kuqinile okumhlophe okuzehlisa kalula. Le ndlela ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ukuhlanza.
18 - benzoic acid
Kuyisithasiselo sokudla esifakwa kalula ukuze sihlanzwe (Crampton, 2017).
19-salicylic acid
Isetshenziswa njenge-ointment ekudambiseni umkhuhlane, njengoba i-sublimates kalula. Le ndlela iphinde isetshenziselwe ukuhlanzwa (Ukuhlanzwa Kwezinhlanganisela Eziphilayo, SF).
20- I-cosmic sublimation
Ukwenzeka kwe-sublimation akubonwa nje nsuku zonke noma elabhorethri. Izazi zezinkanyezi nezazi zezinkanyezi zivame ukuhlangana nakho lapho zibheka izinkanyezi.
Izibonelo ukuncishiswa kwamanzi asuka ku-nuclei yenkanyezi enomsila, indlela yenkanyezi enomsila eya eLangeni, kanye nokuncishiswa kwamaqhwa eqhwa ku-Mars phakathi nehlobo lase-Martian (Swinburne University of Technology, SF).
Izinkomba
- U-Anne Marie Helmenstine, P. (2016, Juni 20). Incazelo ye-Sublimation (I-Phase Transition in Chemistry) . Kubuyiswe ku- thoughtco.com.
- (SF). Inguquko yesigaba esiqinile ukuya kugesi . Kubuyiswe ku-boundless.com.
- Crampton, L. (2017, May 5). Imiphumela yezempilo ye-benzoic acid, i-sodium benzoate, ne-benzene . Kubuyiswe ku-caloriebee.com.
- UKUTHUNYISWA KO-INK WE-METALI KU-ALUMINIUM . (SF). Kubuyiswe ku-blazing.com.
- Ukuhlanzwa kwezinhlanganisela eziphilayo . (SF). Kutholwe ku-askitians.com.
- I-Sublimation (chemistry) . (Ephreli 2, 2008). Kubuyiswe ku-newworldencyclopedia.org.
- I-Swinburne University of Technology (SF). I-Sublimation . Kubuyiswe ku-astronomy.swin.edu.au.
- Tucker, R.P. (1929). Amanothi mayelana ne-sublimation yesibabule phakathi kuka-25° no-50°C. I-Chem. IsiNgisi, 21 (1) , I-44-47.
- VanBuren, J. (SF). Izibonelo ze-sublimation empilweni yangempela . Kubuyiswe ku- education.seattlepi.com.