I-Ceiba pentandra, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-kapok, isihlahla esihle esingafinyelela ukuphakama okungafika kumamitha angama-60. Itholakala emahlathini ashisayo aseNingizimu Melika, e-Afrika nase-Asia, futhi itholakala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinomswakama eduze nemifula.
Lesi sihlahla sinezici eziyingqayizivele, njengesiqu esiqondile, esiyi-cylindrical, esingafinyelela ububanzi obufika kumamitha amathathu, kanye nezimpande ze-tabular ezinwebeka phezu komhlabathi. Amaqabunga awo ahlangene, futhi izimbali zawo, ezibonakala ngenkathi yemvula, zinkulu futhi zimhlophe noma zibomvana.
I-Ceiba pentandra izala ngembewu, ehlakazwa umoya. Kuyisihlahla esibalulekile ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, esihlinzeka ngokudla kanye nendawo yokuhlala ezilwaneni eziningana.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-kapok isetshenziswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene imiphakathi yendawo. Ukhuni lwawo oluqinile lusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezindlu nezikebhe, kanti imicu yawo isetshenziswa ekwenzeni izintambo nezindwangu. Imbewu yayo nayo iyadliwa futhi inezinto zokwelapha.
Isiphi isihlahla esikhulu kunazo zonke eBrazil: i-Sumaúma enkulu ehlaba wonke umuntu umxhwele.
A I-kapok enkulu, obeye aziwe njengo ceiba pentandra, ubhekwa njengesihlahla esikhulu kunazo zonke eBrazil. Ihlaba umxhwele bonke abanethuba lokuyibona eduze.
A ceiba pentandra Isihlahla esikhulu, esifinyelela kumamitha angama-70 ukuphakama. Izimpande zawo zibanzi kakhulu, okusiza ukusekela isiqu sawo esikhulu. Amaqabunga awo makhulu futhi aluhlaza okumnyama, futhi izimbali zawo zimhlophe futhi zinephunga elimnandi.
Lesi sihlahla sitholakala endaweni yase-Amazon, lapho sitholakala khona ezindaweni ezigcwele izikhukhula naseduze nemifula. Iyakwazi ukumelana nezimo futhi ivumelana kalula nezimo zenhlabathi nezimo zezulu ezahlukene.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe ceiba pentandra kwenzeka ngembewu ehlakazwa umoya. Kungathatha iminyaka eminingana ukuze ifinyelele ekuvuthweni futhi iqale ukukhiqiza izimbali nezithelo.
Ngaphezu kobuhle nobukhulu bayo, i- ceiba pentandra Iphinde ibe nokusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene. Imicu yalo isetshenziselwa ukwenza izintambo nezindwangu, futhi ukhuni lwalo lusetshenziselwa ukwakha ifenisha nezikebhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminye imiphakathi yendabuko isebenzisa amahlamvu namagxolo alo emasikweni nasemithini yesintu.
Ngamafuphi, i- I-kapok enkulu Isihlahla esimangalisayo esifanele ukulondolozwa nokuthakaselwa. Ukubaluleka kwayo kudlulela ngalé kobuhle bayo, okunomthelela ohlelweni lwezemvelo namasiko ezifundeni lapho ikhula khona.
Izinzuzo nokusetshenziswa kwe-kapok: thola imisebenzi eminingi yalesi sihlahla esikhulu.
Isihlahla se-kapok, esaziwa nangokuthi i-Ceiba pentandra, isihlahla esikhulu esingafinyelela ukuphakama okumangazayo. Iyaziwa ngosayizi wayo omangalisayo kanye nezinzuzo ezihlukahlukene kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo okunikezwayo.
Njengoba sidabuka emahlathini ashisayo aseNingizimu Melika, isihlahla se-kapok siwuhlobo oluvumelana nezimo kakhulu, olutholakala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ezindaweni ezigcwele izikhukhula kuya ezindaweni ezomile. Izala ngembewu ehlakazwa umoya.
Esinye sezici eziyinhloko ze-kapok isiqu sayo esikhulu, esingafinyelela ngaphezu kwamamitha amathathu ububanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpande zayo zasemoyeni zakha izinqaba zemvelo zangempela, ezinikeza indawo yokukhosela ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane.
Isihlahla se-kapok sinezinto eziningi ezisetshenziswayo, kusukela ekwakheni izikebhe nefenisha kuya ekusebenziseni umcu wayo ukwenza izindwangu nezintambo eziqinile. Imbewu yawo iwumthombo wokudla wezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane.
Ngamafuphi, i-kapok isihlahla esibaluleke kakhulu ku-ecosystem, enikeza izinzuzo kokubili ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nasemiphakathini yabantu ehlala ezifundeni lapho itholakala khona.
Ingakanani iminyaka yokuphila kwesihlahla se-kapok endle?
Ubude besikhathi sempilo yesihlahla se-kapok endle bungafinyelela kuye Iminyaka engu-500. I-Ceiba pentandra, edume ngokuthi i-sumaúma, isihlahla esihle esingafinyelela ezindaweni eziphakeme, sifinyelele ngaphezu kwalokho. Amamitha angu-50.
Lolu hlobo lutholakala emahlathini ashisayo aseNingizimu Melika, lapho luthola khona indawo yalo ekahle. I-kapok isihlahla esikhula ngokushesha esinesiqu esibanzi namagatsha anwebeka kuwo wonke umbhede waso, akhe umqhele ominyene, onamaqabunga.
Ngokuphathelene nokuzala, isihlahla se-kapok sikhiqiza izimbali ezinkulu, ezibukwayo eziheha izinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane, njengezinyosi nezinyoni. Izithelo zawo zingama-capsules agcwele imbewu ehlakazwa umoya noma izilwane, okunomthelela ekusakazweni kwezinhlobo.
Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwayo kwezemvelo, i-Ceiba pentandra nayo inezinhlobonhlobo zokusetshenziswa. Ukhuni lwayo lusetshenziswa ekwakheni nasekukhiqizeni ifenisha, kuyilapho imicu yalo isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izintambo nendwangu. Imbewu ye-kapok nayo isetshenziselwa ukupheka kanye nemithi yendabuko.
Ngamafuphi, i-kapok isihlahla esithakazelisayo esingahlala amakhulu eminyaka endle, sinikeze izinzuzo eziningi esimisweni semvelo nakubantu abathembele kuso.
Ukwazi i-samaúma: funda kabanzi ngalesi sihlahla esihle sama-Amazonian.
A samauma (Ceiba pentandra) isihlahla esihle esingafinyelela ezindaweni eziphakeme endaweni yase-Amazon. Obeye aziwe njengo isihlahla sikasilika-ukotini, lesi sihlahla singesinye sezihlahla ezinkulu kunazo zonke emahlathini ashisayo, sifinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha angaphezu kuka-60.
Enye ye izici Isici esiphawuleka kakhulu se-samaúma isiqu sayo esibanzi, esiqondile, esingafinyelela ngaphezu kwamamitha amathathu ububanzi. Amaqabunga awo ahlanganiswe, futhi izimbali zawo zimhlophe noma zibomvana, ziheha izinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane.
Lolu hlobo ludabuka eMelika Ephakathi naseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika, olutholakala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezigcwele izikhukhula naseduze nemifula. Isamaúma isihlahla ukuthi iyazala ngembewu, ehlakazwa umoya namanzi.
A samauma Inemisebenzi ehlukahlukene esetshenziswa imiphakathi yendawo, esebenzisa ukhuni lwalo oluqinile, olungasindi ukuze kwakhiwe izindlu, izikebhe kanye nefenisha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imicu yayo isetshenziselwa ukwenza izintambo nezindwangu, futhi imbewu yayo iyadliwa futhi inothile ngamafutha.
Ngakho-ke, ukwazi okwengeziwe mayelana samauma Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwalesi sihlahla ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zase-Amazon nasemiphakathini ethembele emithonjeni yemvelo yendawo.
I-Ceiba pentandra: izici, indawo yokuhlala, ukukhiqiza kabusha, ukusetshenziswa
UCeiba pentandra luhlobo lwesihlahla somndeni wakwaMalavaceae womndeni omncane we-Bombacoideae. Ibonakala ngokuba yisihlahla eside (amamitha angama-40-70) esikhula emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo eziswakeme nezinomswakama wamazwekazi aseMelika nase-Afrika.
Isuka enyakatho yeMexico iye enyakatho-maphakathi neNingizimu Melika. Kuyisihlahla esivame ukuhlanganisa izindawo ezivulekile ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwezimo zemvelo ezimbi.
C. pentandra Iqala ukuqhakaza ngenkathi eyomile, futhi impova isizwa amalulwane nezinyoni. Ikhiqiza izithelo ezimise okwe-elliptical eziqukethe imbewu eminingi esongwe ngemicu ye-hydrophobic. Lo mcu usetshenziselwa ukwenza imicamelo namajakhethi okuphila, futhi ukhuni lwawo lusetshenziselwa ukwakha izindlu nezikebhe.
C. pentandra Kuwo wonke umlando ibilokhu ihileleka ezindabeni eziningana kanye nezinganekwane ezihlobene namasiko aseMelika, kubhekwa kwezinye njengesihlahla esingcwele.
Izici
Ukuphakama kwe- Izindawo zokuhlala e- Ceiba isilinganiso esiphakathi kwamamitha angu-40 no-70, nobubanzi obuphakathi kuka-100 no-300 cm. Inesiqu esiyisilinda, esiqinile, esibanzi futhi esiqondile, esigobile kancane.
Iziqu zinezinqe ezinkulu ezikhule kahle futhi zimbozwe imigogodla eqinile neyaziwayo. Iziqu zinamagatsha ambalwa awugqinsi, aqinile, futhi agobile, ahlelwe ngokuvundlile njengamanyathela.
I-canopy, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingaba yindilinga noma isicaba, futhi ibe banzi kakhulu (kufika kumamitha angama-50). Amaqabunga wona ahlelwa ngokushintshana futhi ahlangane emaphethelweni amagatsha. Amaqabunga akhiwe ngolwelwesi, cishe ngo-11 kuya ku-40 cm ubude. Amaqabunga wona akhiwa amapheshana ayisikhombisa kuya kwayisishiyagalombili anomumo oyi-elliptical.
Amagxolo, nokho, abushelelezi acishe abe ngokomfanekiso, ampunga namasongo awugqinsi, ahleleke ngokuvundlile. Amagxolo anama-lenticel ayi-voluminous, suberized, anemigogodla ye-conical ehlakazeke ngendlela engavamile ekugcineni kwamagatsha.
UCeiba pentandra Inezimbali eziningi ezithandekayo kuma-axils amaqabunga aphuzi. Izimbali zilinganiselwa ku-8 cm ubude; ziyi-actinomorphic (i-radial symmetry) futhi zinephunga elimnandi. I-calyx iluhlaza ngokuphaphathekile, iwugqinsi futhi iyinyama. Amacembe ajwayele ukuba mhlophe ukuya kobomvana, aphuzi, noma asagolide.
Izithelo zingama-capsules e-ellipsoidal, anobude obuphakathi kuka-10 kuya ku-20 cm kanye nobubanzi obuphakathi kuka-3 kuya ku-6 cm. Izithelo ziwohlokile futhi zinezimbobo ezinhlanu futhi ziqukethe imbewu ensundu emnyama evalwe ngoboya obumhlophe, obuyi-hydrophobic.
Indawo yokuhlala nokusabalalisa
Nakuba uhlobo Ceiba kubhekwa njengendabuko yaseMelika, C. pentandra Imila ngokwemvelo ezindaweni ezishisayo nezinomswakama ophansi emazweni aseMelika nase-Afrika. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi idabuka e-Asia, kodwa ngokofuzo kuye kwafakazelwa ukuthi yethulwa e-Afrika.
Njengamanje, yaziwa ukuthi idabuka eMelika Ephakathi futhi isuka eningizimu yeMexico iye eVenezuela, eBrazil nase-Ecuador. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezindaweni ezishisayo zasendulo, yayitholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo zaseNtshonalanga Afrika nase-Asia. Iphinde yethulwa eziqhingini zaseBermuda naseBahamas.
Njengamanje, inesimo sokulinywa, soMdabu, kanye nesendle, ikhula kakhulu osebeni lwemifula. Ingabonakala kaningi emazweni avulekile nashiywe dengwane nangaphandle komzila.
Inhlabathi okuyo C. pentandra se ithuthukisa ikhombisa ukuguquguquka ngokwemibandela yenhlabathi. Ngokunjalo, inhlabathi ingasukela esihlabathini esingena amanzi kakhulu kuye ngisho nobumba oludonsa amanzi kancane.
Futhi, UCeiba pentandra Isungulwa ezindaweni ezinokuguguleka emadwaleni avuthayo. Ngokujwayelekile idinga inhlabathi ene-calcareous, neutral, kanye nezikhukhula.
Ngokwemvelo, iwuhlobo lwesibili/oluyinhloko, njengoba lukwazi ukwenza inhlabathi ibe yikoloni ezigabeni ezihlukene zokulandelana. Iwuhlobo olunolaka oluvame ukumila endaweni egawuliwe, okulwenza lusetshenziswe kabanzi ekubuyiseleni amahlathi.
Ukuzala
Ukuqhakaza kuvame ukuqala lapho izihlahla zineminyaka emi-5 kuya kweyisi-6 ubudala. Izihlahla zikhiqiza izimbali eziningi ezimibalabala ze-hermaphrodite, ngokuvamile phakathi nenkathi yokukhipha umoya (i-afoliar).
Isikhathi sokuqhakaza kwezimbali siyahlukahluka ngokwendawo. E-Mexico, ukuqhakaza kwenzeka kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya ku-March, futhi e-Java (Indonesia), kwenzeka ngoMeyi. EPuerto Rico naseDominican Republic, izimbali zivela phakathi kuka-December no-February, kanti eNtshonalanga Afrika, ukuqhakaza kwenzeka kusukela ngoDisemba kuya ku-January. Izimbali zithuthwa impova yizinyoni namalulwane. Izithelo zivuthwa izinyanga ezimbili kuya kwezingu-2.
Imbewu ilinganiselwa ku-6 mm ubude futhi ingaba nembewu engu-7.000 kuya ku-45.000 ngekhilogremu yesithelo. Umuthi owodwa ungaveza imbewu efinyelela ku-1 kg. Ngenxa yobuncane bazo kanye nosilika onamathele kuzo, imbewu ihlakazwa kabanzi ngumoya.
Ngokwe-Physiologically, imbewu ayidingi ukuhlukaniswa futhi ingase ilahlekelwe ukusebenza kahle ngemva konyaka owodwa. Ukuhluma kuyi-epigeal (ama-cotyledons ngaphezu komhlabathi) futhi kwenzeka ezinsukwini eziyi-12 ngemuva kokuhlwanyela.
Amazinga okuhluma angasukela ku-50 kuya ku-85%. Uma sezimile, izithombo zikhula ngokushesha kakhulu, njengezinye izinhlobo zamavulandlela. Izithombo zingafinyelela ubude obungama-intshi angu-23 (8 cm) ngemva kwamasonto angu-XNUMX.
Vegetatively, izihlahla ze C. pentandra ingasakazwa ngokusikwa okuvela emagatsheni asikiwe. Nokho, ukuhluma kabusha kukhiqiza isitshalo esincane futhi esinamandla kunezitshalo ezikhiqizwa imbewu.
Ukudla
Amaqabunga e-Ceiba adliwa izinkomo, izimbuzi, nezimvu ngokulangazela, okubonisa ukuthi izilwane eziklabayo akufanele zivunyelwe emasimini kuze kube yilapho izihlahla sezivuthiwe ukuze kuvinjelwe lokhu kuqothulwa okungenzeka.
Njengazo zonke izitshalo zasemhlabeni, C. pentandra Iyakwazi ukukhiqiza ukudla kwayo ngenxa yenqubo ye-photosynthetic eyenzeka emaqabunga ayo. Iwuhlobo lwamavulandlela anezidingo zokukhanya okuphezulu emahlathini ashisayo. Iyaziwa ngokukhula kwayo ngokushesha, kodwa kuncane okwaziwayo mayelana nokusebenza kwayo komzimba.
Ucwaningo oluncane luye lwabonisa ukuthi izinguquko ekugxilweni kwe-CO 2 ku-ceiba canopy ziyahlukahluka kusukela kokuphezulu ekuseni kuye kokuncipha ntambama.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushintshashintsha kokuhlushwa kwe-CO 2 zigqame kakhulu ngenkathi yezimvula. Enkathini eyomile, ngosuku lwemvula, izinga lokulinganisa kwe-CO 2 iphakeme kunesilinganiso. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, bamba i-CO 2 kanye nokufakwa kwayo njengezinto eziphilayo akuhlukani nobudala beqabunga.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwamanzi isikhathi eside ku C. pentandra iphansi uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zezihlahla ezipholile. Kodwa-ke, inzuzo yekhabhoni ngeqabunga ngalinye itholwe inkulu kunezinye izinhlobo zezihlahla eziphayona.
Sebenzisa
Ukhuni lwe-Ceiba luhluka ngombala kusukela komhlophe kuya kokunsundu ngokukhanyayo, kodwa umbala walo ungasithwa isikhunta esingcolisa ubisi. Ukhuni lulula kakhulu, lunamandla adonsela phansi angu-0,25 g/cm3.
Ukusetshenziswa okubikiwe kokhuni lwe-ceiba kufaka phakathi i-triplex, impahla yokupakisha, izendlalelo zangaphakathi zamalayini, ukwakhiwa kokukhanya, imikhiqizo ye-pulp nephepha, izikebhe nezihlenga, izinto zezolimo, ifenisha, umentshisi, nezinkuni.
Uvolo, ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-Kapok, utholakala emithanjeni yesithelo futhi ungumkhiqizo obaluleke kakhulu otholakala kulesi sihlahla. Imicu imelela u-21,1% wesisindo esomile sesithelo futhi isetshenziswa emicamelweni, kumatilasi, kumabhuya, nasezindwangu.
Igxolo le-Ceiba likhiqiza umcu obomvu osetshenziselwa intambo nephepha eNdiya, kanti amagxolo abuye asetshenziswe njengomuthi wezilonda nezifo.
Amaqabunga anezakhiwo ezi-emollient, futhi izimbali, njenge-infusion, zisetshenziselwa ukuqunjelwa. Umpe, kanye nezimbali, kusebenza njengomthombo woju. Amafutha atholakala embewini asetshenziswa njengento yokuthambisa, ukwenza izibani, ekuphekeni, nasezimbonini zensipho nopende.
I-Ceiba isetshenziswa njengokudla kwezinkomo, izimbuzi nezimvu, kanti izimbali zayo zidliwa imfuyo. Amaqabunga awo aqukethe ama-protein angama-24% uma esencane kanye no-14% lapho esevuthiwe. E-Indonesia, kubhekwa njengohlobo oluthembisayo lapho ifolishi iyindlala.
Izindaba kanye nezinganekwane
I-C. pentandra ingenye yezihlahla ezimele kakhulu emasikweni aseMelika. Ubukhulu bayo obubabazekayo nokuhlukahluka kokusetshenziswa kuye kwawunikeza ngisho nesikhundla esingcwele emazweni amaningi. Ukusetshenziswa kwendabuko kusuka kwezingodo zokwakha izindlu nezikebhe kuye kwezokwelapha zesintu.
Ngokwesiko lamaMeya, i-ceiba isihlahla esingcwele esihlanganisa izulu nomhlaba. Inganekwane ye-X'tabay yelukwe kulesi sitshalo. Lesi sifanekiso esingcwele nesiyinganekwane, esidlule nesamanje, sakhiwe eduze kwe-ceiba.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulesi sihlahla esimangalisayo kunenganekwane yangaphambi kweSpanishi etshela ukuthi uHernán Cortés wamisa imikhumbi yakhe futhi wanqoba uMbuso Wama-Aztec, esihlahleni esikumasipala waseLa Antigua, esifundeni esisempumalanga yeMexico iVeracruz nasemaphethelweni oMfula iHuitzilapan.
Izinkomba
- UCeiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. (1791) uDe Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum. 2: 244. 1791.
- Zostz, G., Winter, K., 1994. I-photosynthesis yesihlahla se-canopy esishisayo, UCeiba pentandra , ehlathini elisezansi ePanama. I-Tree Physiology 14, 1291-1301
- U-Aguilera M., 2001. UCeiba pentandra (L.) Gaerth. I-SIRE ubuchwepheshe amaphakheji
- Peraza, L., 2009. La ceiba ( UCeiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.) Isihlahla esihle kakhulu. Kusukela ku-herbarium CICY 1: 1-2
- Orwa, C., Mutua, A., Kindt, R., Jamnadass, R., Simons, A., 2009. Agrofores Tree Database: A Tree Selection and Reference Guide Version 4.0 (worldagroforestry.org)
- I-Chinaa-Rivera, Jesús Danilo., 1990 . Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. I-Ceiba, i-kapok, ukotini kasilika. I-SO-ITF-SM-29. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station.