Umkhomo, owaziwa nangokuthi i-humpback whale, ungenye yezinhlobo ze-whale ezaziwa kakhulu ngenxa yokuziphatha kwawo kwe-acrobatic nengoma emnandi. Abonakala kalula ngamapheshana awo amade, agobile kanye nama-protuberances akhona emakhanda azo. Imikhomo okuthiwa i-humpback itholakala kuzo zonke izilwandle zomhlaba, ifuduka amabanga amade phakathi kwezindawo zayo zokudla ezindaweni ezishisayo nezindawo ezizalela kuzo ezindaweni ezishisayo.
Mayelana nokuzala, imikhomo yama-humpback inesikhathi sokumitha esingaba yizinyanga eziyi-11 futhi izala ithole elilodwa njalo eminyakeni emibili kuya kwemithathu. Baphila isikhathi eside, baphila iminyaka engama-50. Ngokuziphatha, ama-humpback whales aziwa ngemisebenzi yawo ye-acrobatic, njengokugxuma kanye nama-flukes, okwenziwa ngokuyinhloko ngesikhathi sokukhwelana kanye nokuncintisana kwabalingani. Ukwengeza, le mikhomo yaziwa ngezingoma zayo eziyinkimbinkimbi nezimnandi, ezidlala indima ebalulekile ekukhulumisaneni nasekuzaleni.
I-humpback whale ihlala kuphi endle?
Umkhomo okuthiwa i-humpback, ngokwesayensi owaziwa ngokuthi i-Megaptera novaeangliae, uwuhlobo lomkhomo otholakala kuzo zonke izilwandle zomhlaba. Ziyaziwa ngokufuduka kwazo minyaka yonke, okuzithatha amabanga amade ziyofuna ukudla nokuzala. Imikhomo ye-humpback ingabonakala ezindaweni ezishisayo nezipholile, emanzini asogwini kanye nolwandle oluvulekile.
Nokho, ehlobo, imikhomo ye-humpback zifudukela emanzini abandayo, lapho zidla khona i-krill nezinhlanzi ezincane. Ebusika, zifudukela emanzini afudumele ukuze zizale futhi zizale amazinyane azo. Imikhomo ye-humpback zaziwa ngezingoma zazo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezisetshenziswa kakhulu phakathi nenkathi yokukhwelana.
Ngokufigqiwe, umkhomo we-humpback ihlala kuzo zonke izilwandle zomhlaba, ifuduka phakathi kwamanzi afudumele nabandayo unyaka wonke. Zingabonwa ezindaweni ezisogwini naselwandle oluvulekile, lapho zidla khona, zizalana, futhi zizihlanganise namanye amalungu ezinhlobo zazo.
Qonda inqubo yokuzala komkhomo nezici zawo eziyingqayizivele.
Umkhomo okuthiwa i-humpback, owaziwa nangokuthi i-Megaptera novaeangliae, uwuhlobo lomkhomo otholakala olwandle oluhlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele. Zaziwa ngezici zazo ezihlukile, njengamaphiko azo amakhulukazi e-pectoral kanye nengoma emnandi, emnandi eziyisebenzisela ukuxhumana nokukhiqiza kabusha.
Uma kuziwa ekuzaleni, imikhomo eyi-humpback iyizilwane ezithakazelisayo. Ngokuvamile zizalela emanzini ashisayo ngesikhathi sasebusika futhi zifudukela emanzini apholile ukuze ziyondle ehlobo. Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, abesilisa bancintisana ukuze bawine insikazi, bebonisa ubukhulu namandla abo empini.
Ezisikazi zizala ithole elilodwa njalo eminyakeni emibili kuya kwemithathu, ngemva kwesikhathi sokumitha esingaba yizinyanga eziyi-11. Amankonyane asuke esemakhulu impela ngesikhathi ezalwa, anobude obungamamitha ama-4 kuya ku-5. Zinceliswa ngunina isikhathi esingangonyaka, kuze kube yilapho sezilungele ukuzondla.
Isici esiyingqayizivele semikhomo yama-humpback yikhono layo lokugxuma okumangalisayo emanzini, ukuziphatha okubizwa ngokuthi "ukwephula." Lokhu kungaba indlela yokuxhumana, indlela yokuziqeda ama-parasites, noma ukuzijabulisa nje. Baphinde babonise ukuziphatha kokuzingela ngokubambisana, lapho besebenzisana khona ukuze babambe inyamazane ezikoleni.
Ngamafuphi, i-humpback whale iyisilwane esimangalisayo, kokubili ngokomzimba nangokokuziphatha. Ukukhiqiza kuyisikhathi esibalulekile empilweni yayo, siqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kwezinhlobo zezilwane futhi sibonise ubunkimbinkimbi nobuhle bemvelo.
Ihlala kuphi imikhomo futhi iyini indawo yayo yemvelo?
Imikhomo ye-humpback yaziwa ngokuyinhloko ukuthi ihlala emanzini olwandle nasogwini emhlabeni wonke. Indawo yazo yemvelo ihlanganisa izindawo ezishisayo, ezishisayo nezipholile, lapho zingatholakala khona olwandle, olwandle, ngisho nasezindaweni zemifula.
Lezi zilwane ezinhle zivame ukubonakala ezindaweni zokudlela ezicebile ngezinhlanzi nama-krill, njengamanzi abandayo ase-Alaska nase-Antarctica. Ngesikhathi sokuzalanisa, imikhomo yama-humpback ifuduka iye emanzini afudumele, njengalawo asogwini lwaseNingizimu Melika nase-Afrika, lapho ikhwelana khona futhi izale amathole ayo.
Ngemizimba yawo emikhulu nenhle, imikhomo engama-humpback ingabagibeli bangempela basolwandle, abahamba amabanga amade befuna ukudla nabangane. Indawo yazo ehlukahlukene futhi ewudedangendlale ibonisa ukuguquguquka kwalezi zilwane zasolwandle, ezikwazi ukuphila ezimweni ezihlukahlukene zezulu nezemvelo.
Izici zokuziphatha komkhomo: okudingeka ukwazi ngalezi ziqhwaga zasolwandle.
Imikhomo ye-humpback ingenye yezinhlobo ezithakazelisa kakhulu embusweni wezilwane. Ngemizimba yazo emikhulu kanye namakhono e-acrobatic, lezi ziqhwaga zasolwandle zihlala zivusa ilukuluku nokuthakasela. Kodwa yini okudingeka ukwazi ngokuziphatha kwalezi zilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle?
Imikhomo yama-humpback iyaziwa ngokufuduka kwayo okude kwaminyaka yonke, okungafinyelela ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-25.000. Phakathi nalolu hambo, zidla emanzini abandayo futhi zizalela emanzini afudumele. Indawo yazo ihlanganisa izilwandle ezipholile nezishisayo, lapho zingabonakala khona zenza ukwephula okumangalisayo futhi zibhukuda ngamaqembu emindeni.
Ngokuphathelene nokuzala, imikhomo yama-humpback inomjikelezo wokuzalanisa oyingqayizivele. Ezisikazi zizala ithole elilodwa njalo eminyakeni emibili kuya kwemithathu, ngemva kwesikhathi sokumitha esithatha cishe izinyanga eziyi-11. Amankonyane andliwa onina futhi ahlale eceleni kwawo isikhathi esingangonyaka, efunda amakhono adingekayo ukuze aphile olwandle.
Ngokokuziphatha, imikhomo eyi-humpback iyizilwane ezihlala nabantu futhi ezikhulumayo. Zikhipha imisindo eyinkimbinkimbi, eyaziwa ngokuthi izingoma, ezisetshenziselwa ukuxhumana nokuhlala endaweni ehlala emanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zilwane ezincelisayo zaziwa ngemidlalo yazo ehlaba umxhwele, njengokugxuma, ukuchaphaza, namaphephu.
Ngamafuphi, imikhomo iyizilwane ezimangalisayo ezisifundisa okuningi ngezilwane zasolwandle. Uma unethuba lokuzibona endaweni yazo yemvelo, ungaphuthelwa ithuba lokubona ubuhle nobuhle balezi zilwane zasolwandle.
I-humpback whale: izici, indawo yokuhlala, ukuzala, ukuziphatha
A i-humpback whale ( I-Megaptera novaeangliae ) iyisilwane esincelisayo sasolwandle somndeni wakwa-Balaenopteridae. Le cetacean ihlukaniswa ngamaphiko ayo amade e-pectoral, angaba amamitha angu-4,6. Iphinde ibe nama-dermal tubercles emhlathini nasekhanda. Lezi yizinzwa zezinwele zezinwele, ezijwayelekile zalolu hlobo.
Inomzimba oqinile, onomkhaba omnyama namabala amnyama namhlophe ngaphansi. Umsila wayo uyisicaba futhi, lapho ucwiliswa ekujuleni, ukhuphuka ngaphezu kolwandle.
A I-Megaptera novaeangliae Ine-ventral folds, egijima ukusuka emhlathini kuya phakathi nesisu. Lokhu kuvumela ukuthi umphimbo ukhule ngesikhathi sokuncelisa.
Umkhomo we-humpback utholakala kuzo zonke izilwandle, kusukela ezigxotsheni kuya ezindaweni ezishisayo. Ihlala emanzini ajulile, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi ingasondela ogwini. Ukudla kwayo kuqukethe i-krill nezinhlanzi ezincane. Kusetshenziswa amasu ahlukene ukuwathwebula, okuhlanganisa amafu ebhamuza kanye nokutshuza okuqondile.
Amaduna abonakala ngamaculo anezwi eliphindaphindwa njalo ezindaweni zokuzalanisa, ukuze ahlotshaniswe nokuqomisana nokukhwelana.
Izici
UCorpo
Umkhomo we-humpback unomzimba oyindilinga, oqinile, futhi omfushane. Inama-ventral folds aphakathi kuka-12 no-36, atholakala kusukela esilevini kuya enkabeni. Isikhala phakathi kwesibaya ngasinye sikhulu kunamanye ama-whalenopterans.
Esithweni sangasese, insikazi ine-hemispherical lobe elinganiselwa kumasentimitha ayi-15. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi insikazi ihlukaniseke kowesilisa. Ipipi livamise ukufihlwa phakathi komkeko wesitho sangasese.
Amaphiko
Ngokungafani neminye imikhomo enentshebe, i I-Megaptera novaeangliae Inezimpiko ezinde kakhulu, eziwumngcingo, ezinobude obungamamitha angu-4,6. Lesi sici sinikeza ukulawuleka okukhulu ngenkathi ubhukuda futhi sandise indawo yomzimba, ngaleyo ndlela sibe nesandla ekulawuleni izinga lokushisa kwangaphakathi.
I-dorsal fin ingaba amasentimitha angama-31 ubude. Umsila umise onqenqemeni olungemuva futhi ucishe ube ngamamitha angu-5,5 ububanzi. Imhlophe ohlangothini olungenhla, kanti ngaphansi imnyama.
Ama-tubercles esikhumba
Ama-tubercles esikhumba atholakala emhlathini, esilevini, nasesidlekeni. Ngamunye wabo uqukethe izinwele zezinzwa, eziphakathi kuka-1 no-3 amasentimitha ubude. Ngokufanayo, lezi zakhiwo zitholakala onqenqemeni oluphambili lwe-pectoral fin ngayinye futhi zingase zibandakanyeke ekutholeni inyamazane.
Ikhanda
Zilinganisa ukusuka kumasentimitha angu-46 (amayintshi angu-91) ebunzini kuya kumasentimitha angu-XNUMX (amayintshi angu-XNUMX) ngemuva. Lezi zakhiwo ezihambisanayo zenziwe nge-keratin, okuthi ekugcineni kwentshebe ibe izinsephe ezilenga emhlathini.
UPele
Ngokwesilinganiso, i-epidermis yomkhomo iwugqinsi izikhathi eziyishumi kuya kwezingu-10 kunezilwane zasemhlabeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ayinazo izindlala zomjuluko.
Lolu hlobo lunongqimba lwe-blubber olungadlula amasentimitha angama-50 kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba. Lolu ungqimba lusebenza njenge-insulation ngokumelene namazinga okushisa aphansi amanzi. Iphinde isebenze njengendawo yokugcina amandla futhi inomthelela ekunyakazeni kwesilwane.
Usayizi
Imikhomo eyi-humpback ibonisa i-dimorphism yocansi, kanti abesifazane bakhulu kunabesilisa. Lo mehluko ekubunjweni komzimba kungase kube umkhiqizo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ngenxa yezidingo ezinkulu zamandla kwabesifazane ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa nokuncelisa.
Ngakho-ke, ingafinyelela ubude obuyi-15 kuya ku-16 amamitha, kanti owesilisa ulinganisa phakathi kwamamitha angu-13 no-14. Isisindo somzimba siphakathi kwamathani angama-25 kuye kwangama-30. Nokho, izinhlobo ezinesisindo esingamathani angama-40 zirekhodiwe.
Njengoba kunjalo ngobuningi bemikhomo yase-Antarctic, imikhomo ehlala eNyakatho Nenkabazwe ivame ukuba mincane kunaleyo eseNingizimu Nenkabazwe.
Ekupheleni kwale vidiyo, ungabona ukuthi mkhulu kangakanani umkhomo we-humpback:
Ukufaka imibala
Indawo yomgogodla womzimba imnyama, kanti indawo engezansi ibonakala imnyama nokumhlophe. Amaphiko angaba mhlophe kuye kwabamnyama. Iphethini yombala we-dorsal fins ingeyodwa, ngakho-ke ingasetshenziswa njengenkomba yokuhlukanisa uhlobo olulodwa kulo lonke iqembu.
Umbala ungahluka kuye ngendawo ohlala kuyo. Ngakho, lezo eziseningizimu, ngaphandle kweNingizimu Afrika neNingizimu Georgia, ngokuvamile zimhlophe kunalezo ezisenyakatho.
Izinzwa
Ngenxa yokuthi ukukhanya nomsindo kuhamba ngendlela ehlukile emanzini uma kuqhathaniswa nomoya, umkhomo i-humpback uye wahlakulela ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kwezinye zezinzwa zawo.
Ukwakheka kweso lomkhomo we-humpback kukwenza ukuthi lizwele ekukhanyeni, okuyinzuzo enkulu uma kucatshangelwa izimo ezimnyama endaweni yawo yemvelo. Ngokufanayo, ukuntuleka kwama-cones kungase kubonise ukuthi lolu hlobo aluboni umbala.
A I-Megaptera novaeangliae Ayinazo izindlebe zangaphandle, nokho, inohlelo lwangaphakathi lwamathambo kanye nezono zomoya ezibhekele ukudlulisa amaza omsindo.
I-Taxonomy
Umbuso wezilwane.
I-Subkingdom Bilateria.
UFilum Cordate.
I-subphylum yezilwane ezinomgogodla.
I-Superclass Tetrapoda.
Ikilasi lezilwane ezincelisayo.
I-subclass ye-Theria.
I-Eutheria infraclase.
Oda i-Cetacea.
I-Suborder Mysticeti.
Umndeni we-Balaenopteridae.
Uhlobo lweMegaptera
I-Megaptera novaeangliae ye izinhlobo .
Indawo yokuhlala nokusabalalisa
Ochwepheshe babonisa ukuthi le philopathy isabela emaphethini okudla, lapho abantu abadala bebuyela ezindaweni zokudla ababezisebenzisa nomama wabo.
INyakatho nenkabazwe
ENyakatho Nenkabazwe, itholakala eNyakatho ye-Atlantic, eNewfoundland, eGulf of Maine, naseSan Lorenzo, futhi ihlala entshonalanga yeGreenland, enyakatho yeNorway, nase-Iceland. Izindawo zayo zokuzalanisa eziyinhloko yi-West Indies kanye ne-Caribbean, kusukela eCuba kuya eVenezuela, neqembu elincane e-Cape Verde Islands.
I-North Atlantic
Ehlobo, lolu hlobo lusukela eGulf of Maine kuya eNorway naseBritish Isles. Ngasenyakatho, ihlala oLwandle iGreenland, oLwandle iBarents, naseDavis Strait.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunzima ukubona eningizimu nenkaba yeNorth Sea kanye noLwandle iBaltic. Ngaphambili, lo mkhomo wawungavamile oLwandle iMedithera, kodwa lokho kuyashintsha. Kusukela ngo-1990, inani labantu kule ndawo liye landa, kodwa namanje ayikathathwa njengezinzile.
Ochwepheshe babuyekeze ukuba khona kokuhwebelana kwe I-Megaptera novaeangliae phakathi kwezindawo ezisentshonalanga nasempumalanga ye-Atlantic, ukuze ebusika bahlale emanzini asenyakatho nabandayo.
ENyakatho Pacific
Kulolu lwandle, uhla lwasehlobo lusuka eGulf of Alaska luye eningizimu yeCalifornia, enyakatho-mpumalanga yeJapane, oLwandle iBering, eKamchatka, nase-Aleutian Ranges.
Izindawo zasebusika zihlanganisa: i-Bonin Island (e-Asia), i-Ryukyu Islands (i-Okinawa), inyakatho ye-Philippines, i-Mariana Islands, i-Hawaii, i-Gulf of California, i-Colombia, i-Panama, ne-Costa Rica. Ukunyakaza phakathi kwalezi zindawo kuyivelakancane, ngakho-ke abantu bahlala behlukene ngokofuzo.
Izindawo zasebusika zaseMelika Ephakathi zingaphezu kwenani lalabo abahlala eningizimu. Nokho, lokhu kungokwesikhashana, njengoba imikhomo yase-southern humpback ihlala ezindaweni zasebusika eziseningizimu.
I-Hemisfério sul
Imikhomo ye-humpback yale ngxenye yezwe iye yahlukaniswa yaba imiphakathi eminingi, emihlanu noma eyisithupha ngenani. Ngayinye ihambisana neqembu elifudukela emanzini asogwini oluseningizimu. Ehlobo, lolu hlobo luningi e-Antarctica, ngaphandle kokungena endaweni yeqhwa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ebusika, zitholakala eduze nogu lwase-Atlantic, ePacific, naseNdiya. Ngokuqondene nezindawo zasebusika, zingatholakala eduze kweqembu leziqhingi. Angaphinde ahlakazeke, njengoba kwenzeka ngasogwini olusentshonalanga yeNingizimu Afrika kanye nogu oluseningizimu yeNtshonalanga Afrika.
E-Australia nase-Oceania
I-Megaptera novaeangliae ithuthela ezindaweni ezisogwini empumalanga ye-Australia. Ngokufanayo, ngokuvamile lihlala ebusika ku-Great Barrier Reef noma izixhobo zoLwandle i-Coral. E-Oceania, ingatholakala eFiji, eNew Caledonia, eTonga, eziQhingini zaseCook naseFrench Polynesia.
INorth Ocean Coast
Kunabantu abahlala e-Arabian Sea, lapho ehlala khona unyaka wonke. Lolu hlu luhlanganisa i-Iran, Yemen, Pakistan, Oman, Sri Lanka, ne-India. Njengamanje, lolu hlobo luhlala lutholakala ePersian Gulf, lapho ngaphambili lwalubhekwa njengezakhamuzi ezingavamile.
Ukufuduka
Ama-humpback whales afuduka phakathi kwe-latitudes eseningizimu nasenyakatho ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka. Lokhu kunyakaza kuhlotshaniswa nokuzalanisa nokudla.
Ngakho, iwashiya njalo amanzi abandayo, lapho idla khona ekwindla, ehlobo nasentwasahlobo, futhi ilibangise emanzini ashisayo ukuze izalane.
Umzila othathwa yilolu hlobo ngesikhathi sokufuduka ungahlanganisa amabanga amade. Ngakho, a I-Megaptera novaeangliae eyaqoshwa ngo-2002 eNhlonhlweni ye-Antarctic yahlonzwa esikhathini esithile kamuva e-American Samoa, okusho ukuthi ibanga elilinganiselwa ku-9.426 km.
Lolu hambo lwenziwa ngesivinini esimaphakathi esingu-1,61 km/h, ngamakhefu ezikhathi ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, labo abahamba ngasogwini olusempumalanga ye-Australia, beya endaweni yokudla e-Antarctic, bayama emanzini afudumele aseHervey Bay, eQueensland.
Lolu hlobo lokunyakaza kwe-transoceanic luye lwabonwa naseNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Ochwepheshe bathole inhlanganisela ye-genotype phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala e-Colombia nalezo ezise-French Polynesia. Lokhu kubonisa ukufuduka kwemikhomo phakathi kwala mazwekazi amabili.
Ikhethelo
Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, abacwaningi bachaza ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba zokuzala kanye neminyaka. Ngakho, phakathi nokufuduka eNingizimu Nenkabazwe, ezinsikazi ezincelisayo namankonyane azo ziyiqembu lokuqala elishiya izindawo zokudla e-Antarctic.
Cishe ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-12, ama-whale amancane ayahamba, futhi phakathi kwezinsuku ezingu-20 kuya kwezingu-23 kamuva, izinsikazi nezinduna ezivuthiwe. Ekugcineni, abesifazane abakhulelwe bayafuduka, cishe ezinsukwini ezingama-31 ngemva kokuqala komnyakazo.
Ohambweni olubuyayo, ezinsikazi ezikhulelwe, kanye namaphuphu azo, zishiya kuqala amanzi asezindaweni ezishisayo. Cishe ezinsukwini eziyishumi kamuva, abesilisa bayahamba, futhi ezinsukwini ezingu-10, inzalo nonina bayo.
Ngaphambilini, ukufuduka kwakuhlotshaniswa kuphela ne-photoperiod kanye nokunyakaza kwamadamu. Nokho, ucwaningo lwamuva lubonisa ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yenhlanganisela yezinto.
Lezi zici zihlanganisa isimo se-hormonal sowesifazane, isimo somzimba, izinga lokushisa kwamanzi olwandle, ukutholakala kokudla, kanye ne-photoperiod.
Ingozi yokushabalala
Inani labantu I-Megaptera novaeangliae iye yahluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1988, lolu hlobo lwezilwane lwalubhekwa njengengozi enkulu. Nokho, ngo-1996, kwaba nokululama okuphawulekayo, futhi i-IUCN yakubeka ohlwini njengokungavikelekile.
Ngo-2008, inhlangano yabavikeli okukhulunywe ngayo ngenhla yashintsha isimo sayo saba ukukhathazeka okuncane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi iningi labantu seliluleme, nakuba ezinye izizwe e-United States zisengozini yokushabalala.
Izinsongo
Eminyakeni edlule, ukuzingelwa kwalezi zilwane ngenjongo yokudayisa kwaqeda abantu bakhona. Nokho, lesi simo sishintshile ngenxa yokuvikelwa kwezomthetho. Ngenxa yalokho, kunokwanda okukhulu eNyakatho Pacific, eNingizimu Nenkabazwe, naseNyakatho ye-Atlantic.
Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu ezibhekene nemikhomo yama-humpback wukubanjwa kwayo ngephutha, okungaholela ekulimaleni okubi kakhulu noma ukuminza.
Ezinye izinsongo zihlanganisa ukushayisana kwemikhumbi kanye nokungcoliswa komsindo, okudala inani elikhulu lokufa.
Lolu hlobo, njengamanye ama-cetaceans, lisebenzisa umuzwa walo wokuzwa ukuze liziqondise. Uma bechayeka emazingeni aphezulu omsindo, bangalimala izindlebe, okuholela ekuphazamisekeni kwengqondo kanye nokushayisana okungenzeka nemikhumbi.
Eminye yemisebenzi yokungcolisa ihlanganisa ukuhlola uwoyela negesi, ukuhlola iziqhumane, ne-sonar esebenzayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsindo ovela ezinjinini zezikebhe ungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu kulesi silwane.
Izenzo Zokonga
Kusukela ngo-1955, ama-humpback whales aye avikelwa ekubanjweni kwezentengiselwano emhlabeni wonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazwe amaningana aye avikela izindawo zemvelo, njengezindawo ezingcwele.
Futhi, I-Megaptera novaeangliae Ifakwe ku-Appendix I ye-CITES, ngakho ukuthwebula kwayo ngenjongo yokuthengisa akuvunyelwe, ngaphandle kwezinye izinjongo, njengocwaningo lwesayensi.
I-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration isungule imingcele yesivinini semikhumbi ukuvimbela ukushayisana nemikhomo. Ngokufanayo, isebenza kanzima ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokuvimbela ukubanjwa kwemikhomo emanetheni okudoba.
Ukuzala
Abesifazane bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili lapho beneminyaka engu-5 ubudala, balinganisa phakathi kwamamitha angu-11 no-13 ubude. Abesilisa bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili lapho beneminyaka engu-7 ubudala, ngaleso sikhathi bafinyelela cishe kumamitha ayi-10 kuya kwangu-12 ubude.
Nakuba indoda isivuthiwe ngokobulili, ochwepheshe babonisa ukuthi mancane kakhulu amathuba okuba ikwazi ukuzala ngokuphumelelayo kuze kube yilapho isivuthiwe ngokomzimba. Lokhu kungenzeka phakathi kweminyaka eyi-10 neyi-17.
Abesilisa abavuthiwe ngokocansi baba nokukhuphuka kwesisindo samasende kanye nezinga le-spermatogenesis. Ngokuphambene, kwabesifazane, isisindo se-ovarian sihlala singashintshi. I-ovulation ngokuvamile ivela kanye kuphela ngenkathi yokukhwelana.
Ukukhwelana
Imikhomo yama-humpback inesimiso sokukhwelana kwesithembu, lapho abesilisa beqhudelana khona ukuze bafinyelele ezinsikazi lapho kushisa. Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, eyeduna nensikazi ibhukuda emgqeni bese ihlanganyela ekujikiseni umsila nokunyakazisa umsila.
Ngemva kwalokhu, umbhangqwana uyatshuza futhi uvele ubheke phezulu uxhumene eduze. Aphinde awele emanzini.
Ukukhwelana kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwasebusika, kufunwa amanzi afudumele. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha cishe izinyanga eziyi-11,5, futhi ukuzalwa kwenzeka emanzini ashisayo nashisayo enkabazwe ngayinye.
Ukuzala
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Ingane esanda kuzalwa iphakathi kwamamitha angu-4 kuya kwangu-5 ubude futhi inesisindo esingama-907 kg. Inceliswa unina, onikeza ubisi olunamaprotheni amaningi, amafutha, amanzi, ne-lactose. Lokhu kuyenza ibe ukudla okunomsoco, okunomthelela ekukhuleni kwayo ngokushesha.
Isikhathi sokulunyulwa kanye nokuzimela singahluka. Kodwa-ke, amankonyane amancane ngokuvamile aqala ukuyeka ukuncelisa cishe izinyanga ezingu-5 noma ezingu-6, futhi ezinyangeni eziyishumi, asevele edla ngokuzimela futhi ehlukene nonina.
Cishe kunenkathi yoshintsho phakathi kokuncelisa ibele nokudla okuqinile. Ngalesi sikhathi, izintshebe zikhula ngosayizi.
Lapho umntwana esenonyaka owodwa ubudala, asuke esephindeke kabili ngobukhulu. Ngemuva kwalesi sikhathi, izinga lokukhula kwabo lihamba kancane, kodwa indawo yekhanda labo iyanda, kucatshangelwa wonke umzimba wabo.
Ukudla
– Isisekelo sokudla
Umkhomo we-humpback ungodlayo ojwayelekile futhi ongosomathuba. Isisekelo sokudla kwayo sakhiwe ama-euphorids (krill) nezinhlanzi ezincane, ezihlanganisa i-eel yaseJapane ( Ama-Ammodytes spp .), Umfundisi ( I-Mallotus villosus ), i-herring ( Clupea spp ) kanye ne-mackerel ( I-scomber scombers ).
Labo abahlala endaweni eseningizimu badla izinhlobo eziningana ze-krill ( Efausia superba ). Ochwepheshe balinganisela ukuthi lesi silwane esincelisayo sidla phakathi kwethani elingu-1 no-1,5 lale crustacean ngosuku.
E-Pacific Ocean, inyamazane edliwa kakhulu yi-Pacific saury ne-mackerel. ihhashi ( Atka makerel ). Ngokufanayo, i- I-Megaptera novaeangliae yoLwandle iBering kanye neNyakatho yePacific ngokuvamile idla i-krill, i-herring, i-capelin, i-mackerel kanye qalisa American ( Ammodytes americanus ).
– indlela yokudla
Umkhomo we-humpback uthatha inyamazane eningi namanzi emlonyeni wawo, bese uyawuvala, ukhiphe amanzi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukudla kubanjwa emapuletini ayo e-baleen futhi kugwinywe.
Kule nqubo, ulimi ludlala indima ebalulekile, njengoba lufaka isandla kokubili ukuxoshwa kwamanzi nokugwinya kokudla.
Ochwepheshe bezihloko bahlonze izindlela ezinhlanu zokudla. Lezi izi:
Indandatho yegwebu
A I-Megaptera novaeangliae akhuphuke aye phezulu abhukude enze imibuthano. Njengoba yenza kanjalo, ishaya amanzi ngezimpiko zayo, yenze igwebu elizungeze amadamu.
Khona-ke, batshuza ngaphansi kweringi, bavule umlomo, baphinde bavuke phakathi. Lokhu kuzivumela ukuba zibambe inyamazane ngaphakathi kwendandatho. Zibe sezitshuza ngaphansi kweringi futhi ziphinde zivuke phakathi nendawo zivule imilomo, zivumele ukuba zibambe inyamazane ngaphakathi kweringi.
Ukubhukuda okuqondile
Enye indlela yokubamba ukudla ukubhukuda uqonde phezulu phakathi kwama-plankton noma izinhlanzi. Kwesinye isikhathi, ungakushintsha lokhu ngokuhlanganisa i-clump eceleni.
Ifu lebhamuza
Lapho lo mkhomo uphefumula ngaphansi kwamanzi, udala amafu amagwebu, akha izixuku ezinkulu ezixhumene. Lamafu athwala inqwaba yezisulu. Umkhomo we-humpback ubhukuda kancane uye phezulu ngengxenye engaphakathi yefu.
Ngemva kokutshuza emanzini angashoni futhi eshaya amanzi izikhathi eziningana, umkhomo uphinda indlela efanayo. Lelisu liyivumela ukuthi idide noma ingakwazi ukuhamba izinhlanzi, okwenza kube lula ukubamba.
Ikholomu yebhamuza
Lokhu kwakhiwa lapho i- I-Megaptera novaeangliae ubhukuda ngaphansi kwamanzi eyisiyingi, kuyilapho ekhipha umoya. Ikholomu ingakhiqiza imigqa, imibuthano, noma i-semicircles, egxilisa amadamu.
Umsila wempisi
Kule nqubo, i-humpback whale ishaya phezu kolwandle ngomsila wayo izikhathi ezine. Lokhu kudala inethiwekhi yamabhamuza abamba izinhlanzi. Izinhlanzi zibe sezingeniswa phakathi nendawo yesiphithiphithi futhi ziphakelwe.
Kule vidiyo, ungabona ukuthi i-humpback whale idla kanjani:
Ukuziphatha
Lolu hlobo lwenza ama-acrobatic jumps, luphuma emanzini umzimba walo ubheke phansi. Khona-ke, igoba iqolo futhi ibuyela olwandle, yenza umsindo omkhulu njengoba iphinde ingena.
Omunye umnyakazo owuphawu lwe I-Megaptera novaeangliae yilapho itshuza ijule. Ukuze yenze lokhu, igoba iqolo bese igingqika iye phambili, ishiya umsila wayo obala ngaphezu kwamanzi.
Umkhomo oyi-humpback yiwo ocula kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlobo zohlobo lwawo. Le cetacean ayinazo izintambo zezwi, ngakho umsindo ukhiqizwa isakhiwo esifana kakhulu esitholakala emphinjeni.
Owesilisa kuphela ocula izingoma ezinde neziyinkimbinkimbi. Ingoma ngayinye iqukethe imisindo embalwa engabhalisiwe ehluka ngobuningi kanye nobukhulu. Zonke izinhlobo zezilwane zase-Atlantic zicula ingoma efanayo, kuyilapho lezo ezihlala eNyakatho Pacific zikhipha umculo ohlukile.
Inhloso yalezi zingoma kungaba ukuheha abesifazane. Kodwa-ke, abanye abesilisa bavame ukuya kulowo okhulumayo, ngakho-ke uma lesi simo sivela, kungagcina kungqubuzana. Ngokufanayo, abanye ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi isebenza umsebenzi we-echolocation.
Izinkomba
- I-Wikipedia (2019). I-Megaptera novaeangliae. Ithathwe ku-en.wikipedia.org.
- I-Marinebio (2019). I-Megaptera novaeangliae. Kutholwe ku-marinebio.org
- Kurlansky, M. (2000). I-Megaptera novaeangliae. Ukuhlukahluka Kwezilwane Kutholwe ku- animaldiversity.org.
- Reilly, S.B., Bannister, J.L., Best, P.B., Brown, M., Brownell Jr., R.L., Butterworth, D.S., Clapham, P.J., Cooke, J., Donovan, G.P., Urbán, J., Zerbini, A.N. (2008) Megaptera novaeangliae. Uhlu Olubomvu lwe-IUCN Lwezilwane Ezisengozini 2008. Kutholwe ku-iucnredlist.org.
- UDaniel Burns (2010). Izici zenani labantu kanye nokunyakaza okufudukayo kwemikhomo e-humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae) ekhonjwe ekufudukeni kwayo kwaseningizimu edlule e-Ballina, empumalanga ye-Australia. Kubuyiswe ku-pdfs.semanticscholar.org.
- Cooke, J.G. (2018). I-Megaptera novaeangliae. Uhlu Olubomvu lwe-IUCN Lwezilwane Ezisengozini 2018. Kutholwe ku-iucnredlist.org.
- Ngu-Alina Bradford (2017). Amaqiniso we-Humpback Whale. Kubuyiswe ku-livescience.com.
- Phillip J. Collapham (2018). Umkhomo we-humpback: Megaptera novaeangliae. Kubuyiswe ku-sciencedirect.com.
- I-FAO (2019). I-Megaptera novaeangliae. Inhlangano Yezokudla Nezolimo yeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene. Itholwe ku-fao.org.
- UFristrup KM, LT Hatch, Clark CW (2003). Ukuhluka kobude besikhathi sengoma ye-humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) ngokuhlobene nokudluliswa komsindo wemvamisa ephansi. Kubuyiswe ku-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.