I-Parnassianism kwakuyinhlangano yezincwadi eyavela eFrance ngekhulu le-19, ngokumelene ne-Romanticism. Njengoba iphawulwa ukuphishekela ukuphelela okusemthethweni, ukucabangela, kanye nokucwengwa kobuhle, izimbongi zaseParnassian zazizazisa ubuciko ngenxa yazo, ngaphandle kokuyekethisa ezindabeni zezombusazwe noma zomphakathi. Phakathi kwabameleli bayo abakhulu kukhona uThéophile Gautier, Leconte de Lisle, noCharles Baudelaire. EBrazil, i-Parnassianism yaba nomthelela omkhulu ezinkondlweni zasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, ezinezibalo ezinjengo-Olavo Bilac, u-Alberto de Oliveira, noRaimundo Correia.
I-Art for art's sake: umnyakazo wokubhala owazisa ubuhle nobuqambi ekubhaleni.
I-Parnassianism kwakuyinhlangano yezincwadi eyavela eFrance ngekhulu le-19 futhi yayibonakala ngokuyinhloko ngokugcizelela kwayo uhlobo lwenkondlo nolimi. Ngokungafani ne-Romanticism, eyayigcizelela ukuvezwa kwemizwa nemizwelo, ama-Parnassia ayefuna ukuphelela kobuchwepheshe kanye nenjongo ekubhaleni.
Izinkondlo zaseParnassian zaziphawulwa ukukhathazeka ngobuhle, imitha, kanye nokuceba kwamagama. Ababhali baseParnassian babekholelwa ebucikweni ngenxa yobuciko , okungukuthi, ekwaziseni ubuhle kanye nobuciko ngokwabo, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokudlulisa imiyalezo yokuziphatha noma yezepolitiki.
Phakathi kwabameleli abaphambili beParnassianism, izimbongi ezifana noThéophile Gautier , uLeconte de Lisle , no -Alberto de Oliveira ziyagqama . Imisebenzi yabo yayiphawulwa ulimi olucwengekile, ukunemba ekwakhiweni kwemisho, kanye nokuphishekela ukuphelela okusemthethweni.
I-Parnassianism yaba nomthelela omkhulu ezinkondlweni zaseBrazil, ikakhulukazi phakathi nekhulu le-19, yaba nesandla ekuvuselelweni kobuhle kanye nokwazisa ikhono lobunkondlo. Nakuba yayigxekwa abanye ngokucabangela kwayo ukubanda nokuhlukana nezindaba zomphakathi, inhlangano yamaParnassian yashiya ifa elibalulekile emlandweni wezincwadi.
Izici zembongi evelele: uzwela, ubuciko kanye nogqozi ekubhaleni izinkondlo.
I-Parnassianism kwakuyinhlangano yezincwadi eyavela eFrance ngekhulu le-19 futhi yaba nomthelela omkhulu ezinkondlweni zaseBrazil. Njengoba iphawuleka ngolimi oluklanywe ngokucophelela, i-Parnassianism yazisa isimo senkondlo, ukucabangela, kanye nokuphishekela ukuphelela kobuhle. Ngaphakathi kwalo mongo, izimpawu zembongi evelele kwakuwuzwela, ubuciko, kanye nogqozi ekubhaleni izinkondlo.
Ukuzwela kwakubalulekile ukuze imbongi idlulisele imizwa nemizwa yayo ejulile emavesini ayo, ngaleyo ndlela yakhe ukuxhumana ngokomzwelo nomfundi. Ukudala, nakho, kwavumela imbongi ukuba ihlole izinhlobo ezintsha zokukhuluma, ihlukane nevamile futhi imangaze izethameli ngemvelaphi yayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ugqozi yilona uphethiloli owaqhubela imbongi ukuthi yenze imisebenzi yobunkondlo engasoze yalibaleka, ekwazi ukuthinta izinhliziyo nezingqondo zabafundi.
KuParnassianism, izimbongi zazifuna ukuphelela ezinkondlweni zazo, zisebenzisa ulimi olunembayo olucebile ngemininingwane nemifanekiso yezinzwa. Imitha nemvumelwano kwaklanywa ngokucophelela, kwaba nesandla ekwakhiweni kwezinkondlo ezivumelanayo nezihlelwe kahle. Umgomo wawuwuphawu lomnyakazo, izimbongi zigwema ukuzithoba kanye nokuzwela ngokweqile emisebenzini yazo.
Abanye babameleli ababaluleke kakhulu beParnassianism kwakungu-Olavo Bilac, u-Alberto de Oliveira, noRaimundo Correia. Lezi zimbongi zagqama ngobuchule bokubhala kwazo izinkondlo, uzwela ezisondela ngalo izindikimba zazo, nobuciko evesini lazo. Imisebenzi yabo isaqhubeka itadishwa futhi yaziswa kuze kube namuhla, igcina isiko lamaParnassian liphila ezincwadini zaseBrazil.
Imisebenzi esemqoka yenhlangano eyagqama futhi yaphawula umlando wobuciko.
Phakathi kwemisebenzi emikhulu yenhlangano ye-Parnassian eyagqama futhi yaphawula umlando wobuciko kukhona "I-Fanfares" ka-Olavo Bilac, "Sarças de Fogo" ka-Alberto de Oliveira, kanye ne-"Sinfonias" kaRaimundo Correia. Laba babhali babengabameleli ababalulekile beParnassianism, bebambe iqhaza ekuhlanganiseni nasekusabalaliseni izici zalo mnyakazo wokubhala.
Izimpawu zophawu: izincazelo ezijulile kanye nokumelwa okungokomfanekiso emisebenzini yemibhalo.
I-Symbolism kwakuyinhlangano yemibhalo eyavela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 njengokusabela ku-Parnassianism kanye ne-Realityism. Abalingiswa bezimpawu babefuna ukuveza izincazelo ezijulile ngokusebenzisa imifanekiso engokomfanekiso ezincwadini zabo, bedlulela ngale kwencazelo nje yezinto ezingokoqobo.
Esinye sezici eziyinhloko ze-Symbolism kwakuwukwazisa kwayo ukuzithoba kanye nemizwa, ukuhlola izindikimba ezinjengothando, ukufa, imfihlakalo, nokuquleka. I-Symbolists yayikholelwa ukuthi ubuciko kufanele bube yindlela yokubonisa umphefumulo, ekwazi ukudlulisa imizwa nemizwa ngendlela ejulile neyinkimbinkimbi.
Ezinkondlweni zeSymbolist, izimbongi zisebenzisa ulimi olucebile ngezingathekiso, izimpawu, nemifanekiso evusa amadlingozi, zakha izimo ezingaqondakali nezingaqondakali. Amagama ayengakhethwa nje ngenxa yencazelo yawo yezwi nezwi kodwa nencazelo yawo engokomfanekiso nezwakalayo.
Abanye babameleli abavelele beSymbolism kwakunguCharles Baudelaire, uStéphane Mallarmé, no-Arthur Rimbaud. Imisebenzi yabo yayihlola ubuhle bolimi nokujula kwemizwa yomuntu, ithonya izizukulwane zakamuva zababhali nezimbongi.
Ngamafuphi, i-Symbolism kwakuyinhlangano yemibhalo eyagqama ekufuneni kwayo izincazelo ezijulile nezimpawu ezingokomfanekiso emisebenzini yemibhalo, ihlola ukuzithoba kanye nemizwelo ngendlela ejulile neyisiqalo.
I-Parnassianism: Umsuka, Izimpawu kanye Nabamele
UbuParnassianism , noma ubuParnassianism , kwakuyisitayela sokubhala sesiFulentshi esaqala maphakathi nekhulu le-19 futhi safinyelela esicongweni saso phakathi kuka-1866 no-1876. Savela esicongweni se-positivism njengesandulela se-post-Romantic sophawu. Sathonywa ngumbhali waseFrance uThéophile Gautier kanye nefilosofi ka-Arthur Schopenhauer.
Ithonya lalo mkhuba wokubhala lasakazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ikakhulukazi, ngaphakathi kwenhlangano yesimanje ePortugal naseSpain. Lavezwa futhi yinhlangano ye-Young Belgium ( Jeune Belgique ). Ngemva kwalokho, abameleli abaningi be-Parnassianism bajoyina inhlangano yezimpawu zasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19.
Inhlangano ye-Parnassian yavula umugqa wokuhlola ngezinhlobo zamamitha namavesi futhi yaphumela ekuvuselelweni kwe-sonnet. Lo mnyakazo wenzeka kanye nokuthambekela kwemibhalo ebheke ekubeni namaqiniso emdlalweni kanye nenoveli, eyavela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19.
Itimu yamaParnassians ekuqaleni yavela emphakathini wangaleso sikhathi. Base bephendukela ezinganekwaneni, bahlola ama-epics nama-sagas avela empucukweni yasendulo nasemazweni angavamile, ikakhulukazi i-India neGreece yasendulo. Abameleli babo ababili abavelele kakhulu nabahlala njalo kwakunguLeconte de Lisle noJosé María de Heredia.
Umsuka
Igama lenhlangano yamaParnassian livela encwadini yezinkondlo ethi El Parnaso Contemporáneo (1866). Yaqanjwa ngeNtaba iParnassus, okuyikhaya lama-muses ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki. Lo msebenzi wahlelwa nguCatulle Mendès noLouis-Xavier de Ricard futhi wanyatheliswa ngu-Alphonse Lemerre.
Kodwa-ke, imigomo yayo yetiyetha yabhalwa ngaphambilini kweminye imisebenzi:
Ngo-1835, esanduleleni sika-Théophile Gautier ku-Mademoiselle de Maupin, lapho kwachazwa khona inkolelo-mbono yobuciko ngenxa yobuciko.
– Ngo-1852, esandulelani sikaCharles Leconte de Lisle sezinkondlo zakhe zangaphambilini kanye nakumagazini i-Fantasy (1860), eyasungulwa nguMendès.
Omunye umsebenzi ophawulekayo owathonya ukunyakaza kwamaParnassian kwakuyi- Gautier's Enamels and Cameos (1852). Iqukethe iqoqo lezinkondlo eziklanywe ngokucophelela futhi eziphelele ngokwezibalo, eziqondiswe emqondweni omusha wezinkondlo.
Imfundiso equkethwe kulo msebenzi yaba nethonya elikhulu emsebenzini wabameleli abakhulu benhlangano: u-Albert-Alexandre Glatigny, uFrançois Coppée, uJosé Maria de Heredia, uLéon Dierx noThéodore de Banville.
Ngempela, i-Cuban-French Heredia-owaba ngummeleli omkhulu waleli qembu-wafuna imininingwane eqondile ezinkondlweni zakhe: imilolozelo ephindwe kabili, amagama angavamile, namagama anomsindo. Waqikelela ukwenza umugqa weshumi nane wamasonnethi ophoqelela kakhulu futhi ovelele.
Izici
- Umsebenzi wokubhala wamaParnassians (ikakhulukazi amaFulentshi, eholwa nguCharles-Marie-René Leconte de Lisle) wahlukaniswa ngombono wawo nokulinganisela. Kanye nokuphelela kobuchwepheshe kanye nencazelo enembile yemisebenzi yabo, kube nokusabela ngokumelene nokungalungi kwamazwi kanye nomuzwa wezimbongi zothando.
- Le nhlangano yayikholelwa ukuthi ukuphelela okusemthethweni komsebenzi kuqinisekisa ukuqina kwawo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kwakuwuhlobo lobucwebe bobuciko obakhiwe umkhandi wegolide (umbhali).
- Igama lalibhekwa njengento yobuhle futhi, ngenxa yalokho, umsebenzi wobuciko ohlale efuna ukuphelela.
- Ama-Parnassia anqabile ukuzwela ngokweqile kanye nobushoshovu obungafanele bezombangazwe nezenhlalo obukhona emisebenzini yezothando.
- Itimu yeParnassian idale kabusha izithombe zomlando eziqukethwe ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki namaRoma noma kuzilungiselelo zangaphandle nezicolisisiwe. Bagwema ukumela noma ukukhuluma ngamaqiniso angaleso sikhathi.
- Wayelangazelela ubukhulu bamasiko asendulo (amaGreki, amaGibhithe, amaHindu) kanye nokuwa kwamaphupho nemibono yabo, exutshwe nefilosofi engenathemba eyisici sakhe.
Umsebenzi weParnassian unembile futhi awunasici. Ikhuluma ngezindikimba ezikhethiwe ezingavamile neze-neoclassical, ezingenazo izici zemizwa futhi ziphathwa ngokuqina okusemthethweni. Lesi sici sitholakala ethonyeni lemisebenzi yefilosofi kaSchopenhauer.
- Imisebenzi yeParnassian ibonisa ukuphelelwa ithemba komphefumulo wanamuhla futhi ibiza ukufa okukhululayo.
- Ngenganekwane kanye nenganekwane, ukuphunyuka okumangalisayo kokungokoqobo kuyacasulwa ngesikhathi nasemkhathini.
- Yenqaba ukutholakala nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ngaphandle kwase-Antiquity; ngokwesibonelo, iNkathi Ephakathi eyabangela I-Romanticism.
- Inhlangano yamaParnassian yayinesimo esiphikisayo futhi ngezinye izikhathi yayibulahla ngokuphelele ubuKristu.
Ezinye izici
- Naphezu kwemvelaphi yayo yesiFulentshi, ukunyakaza kwakungagcini ezimbongini zaseFrance. Abameleli bayo bahlanganisa nezimbongi zeSpanishi, isiPutukezi, isiBrazil, isiPolish, isiRomania nesiNgisi.
- Ngokuphishekela kwayo njalo umgomo, ukungabi ngumuntu, ibanga, nokungabi namdlandla, i-Parnassianism isabela ngokumelene nokuzithoba kwenkondlo. Ngempela, igwema ukusetshenziswa kwesabizwana esithi "Mina" emisebenzini yayo; "kuwubuciko ngenxa yobuciko," njengoba uGautier noLeconte de Lisle bekubeka.
- Kukhona ukunganakwa okucacile kwezingoma kanye nokuvezwa kwemizwa yobunkondlo. Kunalokho, imisebenzi inokuqukethwe okuchazayo (i-descriptivism), efuna ukuveza isithombe sobuciko esicacile nesicacile.
– Kufunwa ubuhle nokuphelela esakhiweni sephrozi. Imitha inakekelwa ngokuqinile, kuze kube yilapho imvume yobunkondlo ingekho ngokuphelele.
- Kuyindlela yobuciko elawulwa ngokuphelele futhi eqinile, yingakho amaParnassia ayethanda izingoma zasendulo zezinkondlo njenge-sonnet.
- Ukuzibophezela kombhali weParnassian ebuhleni; ngakho-ke, umsebenzi wakhe unomlingiswa wobuhle kuphela. Alinazo izibopho zezombangazwe, zezenhlalo, noma zokuziphatha. Bakholelwa ukuthi ubuciko akufanele bufundise noma bube usizo, kodwa kufanele bube ukubonakaliswa kobuhle.
abameleli
UCharles Leconte de Lisle (1818-1894)
Imbongi yaseFrance ibhekwa njengomsunguli ohamba phambili wenhlangano yamaParnassian. Ungumbhali wemisebenzi eminingana, phakathi kwayo okuvelele Izinkondlo Zasendulo , Izinkondlo Nezinkondlo , Indlela Yesiphambano kanye Nezinkondlo Eziphelele.
Théophile Gautier (1811-1872)
Imbongi yesiFulentshi, umbhali wamanoveli, umbhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi, intatheli, nomhlaziyi wemibhalo, abanye ababhekwa njengabasunguli benhlangano yamaParnassian. Ubuye athathwe njengomanduleli we-Symbolism kanye nezincwadi zesimanjemanje.
UJosé Maria de Heredia (1842-1905)
Imbongi yesiFulentshi nomhumushi owazalelwa eCuba futhi omunye wabameleli abakhulu beParnassianism.
Théodore de Banville (1823-1891)
Imbongi yesiFulentshi, umbhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi, kanye nomhlaziyi weshashalazi. Phakathi kwezandulela eziyinhloko zenhlangano yeParnassian.
U-Sully Prudhomme (1839 - 1907)
Imbongi yesiFulentshi nombhali wendatshana okwathi ngo-1901 wawina uMklomelo KaNobel wokuqala wezincwadi.
U-Stéphane Mallarmé (1842-1898)
Imbongi ebalulekile yesiFulentshi kanye nomgxeki obemele umvuthwandaba kanye nokunqotshwa kwenhlangano ye-French Symbolist.
ULéon Dierx (1838-1912)
Imbongi yaseFrance eyahlanganyela kuzo zonke izincwadi ezintathu zikaParnassus wanamuhla.
Izinkomba
- I-Parnassianism. Ibuyiselwe ngoMeyi 7, 2018, kusukela ku-artandpopularculture.com
- Izindatshana Ezibalulekile Zokunyakaza kweParnassian. Kubuyiswe ku-enotes.com
- I-Parnassianism. Kubuyiswe ku-ipfs.io
- IsiParnassian (izincwadi zesiFulentshi). Kufinyelelwe ku-britannica.com
- Izimbongi zaseParnassian. Kufinyelelwe ku-self.gutenberg.org
- I-Parnassianism Kuboniswane nayo ku-es.wikipedia.org