Izicubu ze-adipose ezimhlophe wuhlobo lwezicubu ezixhumene ezikhethekile ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokugcina amandla ngendlela yamafutha. Yakhiwe ngamaseli e-adipose, aziwa nangokuthi ama-adipocyte, aneconsi elilodwa le-lipid elikhulu ku-cytoplasm yawo.
I-histology yezicubu ze-adipose emhlophe ibonakala ngamaseli amafutha amakhulu, ayindilinga ane-nucleus egudluzwa kumngcele weseli ngenxa yokunqwabelana kwe-lipid. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izicubu zinenethiwekhi yama-capillary egazi ahlinzeka ngezakhi kanye nomoya-mpilo emangqamuzaneni amafutha.
Imisebenzi yayo eyinhloko ihlanganisa ukugcina amandla ngendlela yama-triglycerides, ukulawula izinga lokushisa lomzimba ngokufaka i-thermal insulation, nokukhiqiza amahomoni anjenge-leptin, ahilelekile ekulawuleni ukudla kanye nokugayeka kokudla. Izicubu ze-adipose ezimhlophe ngokweqile zingaholela ekukhuluphaleni nasezifweni ezihlukahlukene ze-metabolic, ezifana nesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 nesifo senhliziyo.
Imisebenzi eyinhloko yezicubu ezimhlophe ze-adipose: ukugcinwa kwamandla kanye nokufakwa kwe-thermal.
Izicubu ze-adipose ezimhlophe wuhlobo lwezicubu ze-adipose ezitholakala emzimbeni womuntu. Yakhiwa amangqamuzana amafutha abizwa ngokuthi ama-adipocyte, asebenza ngokukhethekile ekugcineni amandla ngendlela yamafutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izicubu ze-adipose ezimhlophe nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kokushisa komzimba.
Imisebenzi eyinhloko yezicubu ezimhlophe ze-adipose ukugcina amandla kanye nokufakwa kwe-thermal. Ama-Adipocyte agcina amandla ngendlela yama-triglycerides, angaphulwa futhi akhululwe lapho umzimba udinga amandla. Lokhu kubalulekile ukuze sisinde, njengoba kunikeza amandla okugcina ngezikhathi zokuntuleka kokudla.
Ukushisa okushisayo kungomunye umsebenzi obalulekile wezicubu ezimhlophe ze-adipose. Ungqimba lwamafutha angaphansi kwesikhumba lusebenza njenge-insulation, okusiza ukugcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba elizinzile. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni ezibandayo, lapho umzimba udinga ukonga ukushisa ukuze ugcine izinga lokushisa langaphakathi elifanele.
Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izicubu ze-adipose ezimhlophe ngokweqile zingaholela ezinkingeni zezempilo njengokukhuluphala kanye nezifo ze-metabolic. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukugcina ibhalansi enempilo yezicubu ze-adipose emzimbeni.
Umehluko emisebenzini phakathi kwamafutha amhlophe nansundu: okudingeka ukwazi.
Izicubu ze-adipose ezimhlophe uhlobo lwezicubu ze-adipose ezigcina amandla ngendlela ye-triglycerides. Yakhiwa ngokuyinhloko ama-adipocyte amakhulu aqukethe i-droplet eyodwa yamafutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izicubu ze-adipose ezimhlophe zine-mitochondria embalwa futhi zinesibopho sokufakwa kwe-thermal nokugcinwa kwamandla.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izicubu ze-adipose ezinsundu wuhlobo lwezicubu ze-adipose ezikhethekile ekukhiqizeni ukushisa. Iqukethe ukuminyana okuphezulu kwe-mitochondria, enesibopho sokukhiqiza amandla ngendlela yokushisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izicubu ze-adipose ezinsundu zinombala omnyama ngenxa yokuba khona kwephrotheni ebizwa ngokuthi i-UCP1, ehilelekile ku-thermogenesis.
Umehluko omkhulu ekusebenzeni phakathi kwezicubu ze-adipose ezimhlophe nezinsundu zihlobene nokugcinwa kwamandla kanye nokulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa lomzimba. Nakuba izicubu ze-adipose ezimhlophe zigcina amandla ukuze zisetshenziswe kamuva, izicubu ze-adipose ezinsundu zinesibopho sokukhiqiza ukushisa ukuze kugcinwe izinga lokushisa lomzimba elinempilo.
Zombili izinhlobo zezicubu ze-adipose zibalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle komzimba futhi kufanele zigcinwe ngokulingana ukuze kuqinisekiswe impilo nokuphila kahle.
Umehluko phakathi kwezicubu ze-adipose ezinsundu nezimhlophe: izici ezihlukile nemisebenzi emzimbeni womuntu.
Izicubu ze-Adipose wuhlobo lwezicubu ezixhumene ezikhethekile ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokugcina amandla emzimbeni womuntu. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zezicubu ze-adipose: izicubu ze-adipose ezimhlophe kanye nezicubu ze-adipose ezinsundu. Ake sixoxe ngezici nemisebenzi ehlukile ngayinye.
Izicubu ze-adipose ezimhlophe uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwezicubu ze-adipose ezitholakala emzimbeni womuntu. Iqukethe amangqamuzana amafutha amakhulu, ngalinye lineconsi elilodwa elikhulu lamafutha ngaphakathi. Izicubu ze-adipose ezimhlophe zinesibopho sokugcina amandla ngendlela ye-triglycerides, engasetshenziswa kamuva ngumzimba lapho kudingeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izicubu ze-adipose ezimhlophe nazo zisebenza njengokufakwa kwe-thermal kanye nokuvikelwa kwemishini kwezitho.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izicubu ze-adipose ezinsundu zivame kakhulu ezinganeni ezisanda kuzalwa nasezilwaneni ezilala embhedeni. Iqukethe ukuminyana okuphezulu kwe-mitochondria, ikunika umbala onsundu. Izicubu ze-adipose ezinsundu zinesibopho se-thermogenesis, noma ukukhiqizwa kokushisa okuvela ekushiseni kwamafutha. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba khona kweprotheyini engu-1 (UCP1) ehlanganisayo ku-mitochondria, evumela amandla ukuba ahlakazwe njengokushisa.
Zombili izinhlobo zezicubu ze-adipose zidlala indima ebalulekile kumetabolism kanye nokulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa lomzimba.
Imisebenzi yezicubu ze-adipose ezimhlophe nezinsundu emzimbeni womuntu.
Izicubu ze-adipose ezimhlophe uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwezicubu ze-adipose ezitholakala emzimbeni womuntu. Yakhiwa amangqamuzana e-adipose e-unilocular, agcina amandla ngendlela ye-triglycerides. Lawa maseli makhulu futhi anenucleus etholakala ngokuzungeza. Izicubu ze-adipose ezimhlophe zitholakala ngokuyinhloko esicutshini esingaphansi kwesikhumba naseduze kwezitho ezibalulekile.
Imisebenzi yezicubu ezimhlophe zamafutha ihlanganisa ukugcinwa kwamandla, ukulawulwa kokushisa komzimba, ukuvikelwa kwezitho zomzimba, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamahomoni. Isebenza njengendawo yokugcina amandla, ikhipha ama-fatty acid lapho umzimba udinga amandla engeziwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izicubu ezimhlophe zamafutha zibalulekile ekulawuleni izinga lokushisa lomzimba, zisebenza njengokuvimbela ukushisa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izicubu ze-adipose ezinsundu zakhiwe ngamaseli e-adipose amaningi, anama-nuclei amaningi kanye nenani elikhulu le-mitochondria. Lolu hlobo lwezicubu ze-adipose luvame kakhulu ezinganeni ezisanda kuzalwa nasezilwaneni ezilala embhedeni. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko yi-thermogenesis, noma ukukhiqizwa kokushisa.
Zombili izinhlobo zezicubu zidlala indima ebalulekile emzimbeni womuntu, okunomthelela ekusebenzeni kahle kwawo.
Izicubu ze-adipose ezimhlophe: izici, i-histology, imisebenzi
Izicubu zamafutha ezimhlophe , noma amafutha amhlophe, uhlobo lwezicubu ezixhumene nezindlala ezakhiwe ngamaseli abizwa ngokuthi ama-adipocytes. Lawa maseli abonakala ngokuba neconsi elikhulu lamafutha ku-cytoplasm yawo, i-nucleus eyisicaba, kanye nama-organelle asuswa aye emngceleni weseli.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezicubu ze-adipose: ezinsundu nezimhlophe. Ngokuphathelene namangqamuzana awakhayo, okungenani izinhlobo ezine zama-adipocyte zaziwa (ezimhlophe, ezinsundu, ezi-beige, nezipinki). Abanye ababhali bafaka namaseli e-hepatic stellate noma ama-adipocyte aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Muva nje, ama-adipocyte aphuzi nawo achazwe.
Kulawa ma-adipocyte, okumhlophe kuphela ne-beige kwakha amafutha amhlophe, izicubu ezinsundu, kanti ezinye zakha ezinye izicubu ezinjengesifuba (amaseli apinki), isibindi (amangqamuzana aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka), nomnkantsha (amangqamuzana aphuzi).
Izicubu ze-adipose ezimhlophe zinemisebenzi eminingi emzimbeni, njengokugcina amandla, ukugcinwa kwezinga lokushisa lomzimba, nokukhiqizwa kwe-leptin, phakathi kokunye. Kube yisihloko sezifundo eziningi ngenxa yokuhlotshaniswa kwayo nokukhuluphala, isifo esingelapheki esivame kakhulu emazweni asethuthukile.
Izici
Amaseli
Izicubu ze-adipose ezimhlophe zibonakala ngokuba khona kwamaseli e-adipose. Lawa maseli e-adipose angaba nezimo ezihlukahlukene. Kodwa-ke, izimo eziyindilinga eziphakathi kwama-micrometer angu-25 no-200 (μm) yizo ezivame ukubonwa, ikakhulukazi uma zihlukaniswa. Bane-cytoplasm encane.
Ngaphakathi kwe-cytoplasm, lawa maseli anengqimba enkulu yamafutha engakwazi ukuthatha ngaphezu kwe-90% yesisindo samaseli. Lesi sendlalelo singakhuphula noma sinciphise ivolumu yayo ku-cytoplasm, kuye ngomsebenzi wokuphila weseli noma wokusebenza kwawo.
Ingqamuzana line-nucleus ehlangene, eyi-peripheral, inombolo encane ye-mitochondria, kanye ne-endoplasmic reticulum encane ebushelelezi futhi emangelengele. Lawa ma-organelles nawo atholakala endaweni yeseli ngenxa yamafutha ahlala enkabeni ye-cytoplasm yeseli.
Olunye uhlobo lwe-adipose cell olwakha amafutha amhlophe yi-beige adipocyte. Leli ngqamuzana linezici ezifana kakhulu nama-adipocyte ansundu, futhi abanye abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi lenza izicubu ezi-beige futhi lisibeke ngaphakathi kwezicubu ezimhlophe ze-adipose.
Amafutha amhlophe nawo akhiwe ngamaseli anhlobonhlobo, njengamaseli okhokho, amaseli e-endothelial, ama-macrophages, nama-fibroblasts. Ukuba khona kwamanye ala maseli kubonisa ukuthi lesi sicubu singakwazi ukukhiqiza amaprotheni anhlobonhlobo ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene zomzimba.
Lukiwe
Lesi sicubu sikhona kuzo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo, kanye nakwamanye amaqembu ezilwane. Yizicubu ze-adipose ezihamba phambili emzimbeni futhi zine-vascularized kakhulu, okusho ukuthi zinenani elikhulu lemithambo yegazi.
Inombala omhlophe, ophuzi, noma wezinyo lendlovu, nombala ohluka ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokudla komuntu ngamunye futhi, okwesibili, nendawo yezicubu emzimbeni. Izicubu zakhiwe uhlobo lwe-III collagen fibers.
I-Histology
Umsuka
Izicubu ze-adipose, ngokuvamile, ziyizicubu ezixhumene ne-atypical ngenxa yobukhona obuphansi be-matrix yangaphandle. Kucatshangwa ukuthi atholakala kumaseli e-embryonic stem cell (amaseli e-mesenchymal).
Umsuka wohlobo ngalunye lweseli ye-adipose ayikacaci. Nakuba zisuka kuzicubu ze-mesenchymal, abanye abacwaningi bayavuma ukuthi ukwakheka kwezicubu ze-adipose ezimhlophe nezinsundu kuvela ezinhlotsheni zamangqamuzana ezihlukene ekuqaleni kokukhula kombungu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokocwaningo lwakamuva, amangqamuzana e-adipose ansundu avela ku-paraxial mesoderm (amaseli e-Myf5+ mesenchymal), kuyilapho amaseli e-adipose amhlophe nawe-beige avela ku-lateral mesoderm (amaseli e-Myf5+ mesenchymal).
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, amangqamuzana e-beige fat anezimpawu zamangqamuzana anamafutha ansundu, kodwa enza izicubu ze-adipose ezishumekwe ezicutshini ezimhlophe.
Okuhlukile kulawa maseli ukuthi, ngokwezifundo zamangqamuzana kanye ne-histochemical, abelana ngomsuka ofanayo namaseli amhlophe e-adipose. Okunye ukuhlaziya kuze kuphakamise (nakuba kungamukelwa emhlabeni wonke) ukuthi kuphuma kuzo.
Isakhiwo kanye nekhemistri
Izicubu ze-adipose ezimhlophe zinamaseli ahlukaniswe enye nenye yizingqimba ezincane kakhulu zezicubu ezixhumene ezixegayo, ezakhiwe ngokuyinhloko imicu ye-reticular. Amaseli e-adipose azungezwe ingaphandle le-lamina, ungqimba oluncane lwempahla engaphandle kweseli eduze kwe-cytoplasmic membrane.
Ngokuya ngendawo yamafutha amhlophe, ama-adipocyte angase agxilise (akha ama-lobules noma ama-lobules) ngamaqembu ahlukaniswe izicubu ezixhumene. Ubukhulu noma ukuminyana kwalawa maqembu kuyahlukahluka kuye ngokumelana kwemishini lapho indawo lapho izicubu zivezwa khona.
Izicubu ze-adipose ezimhlophe zingumkhiqizi obalulekile wamahomoni afana ne-leptin futhi igcina ama-triglycerides aguqulwa abe ama-ester, ama-fatty acids, ne-glycerol nge-hydrolysis.
Indawo
Izicubu ze-adipose ezimhlophe yizicubu ze-adipose ezisatshalaliswa kakhulu emzimbeni. Idiphozithi yayo eyinhloko ingaphansi kwesikhumba, ngaphansi kwesikhumba. Izindawo eziyinhloko lapho lesi sicubu sinqwabelana khona yizitho ezingezansi nesisu, kulandelwa izifunda ze-thoracic, isisu, ne-pelvic.
Ngokuya ngesimo somuntu somsoco, amadiphozithi amabili amakhulu ezicubu ze-adipose ezimhlophe zingahlukaniswa: i-subcutaneous kanye ne-visceral. Idiphozi engaphansi kwesikhumba iyindawo egcwele kakhulu yalesi zicubu emzimbeni.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, idiphozi ye-visceral ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo ezimbili: i-mesenteric ne-omental. Idiphozi ye-mesenteric izungeza amathumbu, futhi idiphozi ye-omental, noma i-omentum enkulu, itholakala endaweni engemuva kwesisu, evala isisu.
Imisebenzi
Ama-adipocyte amhlophe aqukethe ama-receptors e-insulin, i-norepinephrine, i-corticosteroids, nama-hormone okukhula kulwelwesi lwe-plasma, phakathi kokunye. Lawa ma-receptors asiza ukukhululwa nokumuncwa kwama-fatty acids kanye ne-glycerol.
Imisebenzi eyaziwa kakhulu yalesi zicubu injenge-energy reservoir ngesimo se-triglycerides, njengezicubu ezibamba ukushaqeka kanye nanjenge-insulator eshisayo.
Izicubu ze-adipose ezimhlophe ziyisivikeli esisebenzayo sezinto, eziningi zazo eziye zanqunywa ukuthi zinemisebenzi ethile, njenge-leptin, esebenza njengesikhuthazi esinemiphumela ku-hypothalamus, ikakhulukazi lapho izicubu ze-adipose zanda ngokuqhubekayo emzimbeni ngale kwephuzu lokulinganisa.
Izinkomba
- Izicubu ze-adipose. Ithathwe ku: mmegias.webs.uvigo.es.
- JC Sánchez, CR Romero, LV Muñoz, RA Rivera (2016). Isitho se-adipose, uthingo lokulawulwa kwe-metabolic kanye ne-endocrine. I-Cuban Journal ye-Endocrinology.
- MM Ibrahim (2010). Izicubu ze-adipose ezingaphansi kwe-subcutaneous kanye ne-visceral: umehluko wesakhiwo nokusebenza. Izibuyekezo zokukhuluphala.
- U-Pavelka no-J. Roth (2010). I-White Adipose Tissue. Ku: Ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo. Springer, Vienna
- M. Reyes (2012). Izici zezinto eziphilayo zezicubu ze-adipose: i-adipocyte njengeseli ye-endocrine. Ijenali yezokwelapha yomtholampilo yaseLas Condes.
- CE Montalvo (2010). Izicubu ze-adipose. Kutholwe ku: facmed.unam.mx.
- I-MRB de las Heras (2015). Iqhaza lezicubu ze-adipose ezimhlophe, ezinsundu, kanye ne-perivascular ezinkingeni zemithambo ezihambisana nokukhuluphala. Ithathwe ku: analesranf.com.
- Ama-adipocyte ansundu: awekho umsipha noma amafutha. Ithathwe ku: savalnet.cl.