Ukuthuthwa kwezilwane emoyeni kuwumkhuba ovamile ezimweni ezihlukahlukene, njengokuhlenga izimo eziphuthumayo, ukudluliselwa kwezilwane eziqiwini, ezindaweni zokukhosela, noma emibukisweni nemincintiswano. Kulo mongo, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuphila kahle nokuphepha kwezilwane ngesikhathi sokuthutha. Kunezici ezimbalwa okufanele zicatshangelwe lapho uthutha izilwane ngomoya, njengohlobo lwesilwane, izimo zemvelo, nesikhathi sokundiza. Ezinye izibonelo zezilwane ezivame ukuthuthwa ngomoya zihlanganisa izinyoni zangaphandle, izilwane ezifuywayo, izilwane zasendle ezihlengiwe, ngisho nezilwane zasemapulazini.
Izimpawu ezabiwe yizo zonke izilwane.
Izilwane ziyizidalwa eziphilayo ezihlanganyela izici eziningana. Esinye sezici eziyinhloko ezabiwe yizo zonke izilwane ukuba khona kwamangqamuzana e-eukaryotic, okungukuthi, amangqamuzana ane-nucleus echaziwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilwane zine-heterotrophic, okusho ukuthi zidinga ukudla kwezinye izinto eziphilayo ukuze zibe namandla.
Esinye isici esiyisisekelo sezilwane amandla azo okunyakaza. Izilwane eziningi zinesimiso esithile sesitimela esizivumela ukuba zisuke endaweni ethile ziye kwenye ziyofuna ukudla, indawo yokuhlala, noma umngane womshado. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilwane zinamandla okusabela ekushukunyisweni kwemvelo, okuzivumela ukuba zivumelane nezimo futhi ziphile ezimweni ezahlukene.
Izilwane nazo zinomjikelezo wokuphila ohlanganisa ukuzalwa, ukukhula, ukuzala, nokufa. Phakathi nokukhula kwazo, izilwane zidlula ezigabeni ezihlukene, njengeqanda, isibungu, isiphungumangathi, nesidala, kuye ngezinhlobo zezilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilwane zinekhono lokuzalana ngokobulili, zihlanganise izakhi zofuzo zabantu ababili ukuze ziveze inzalo ehlukene ngofuzo.
Kafushane, izici ezabiwe yizo zonke izilwane zihlanganisa ukuba khona kwamangqamuzana e-eukaryotic, ikhono lokunyakaza, ikhono lokusabela ekushukunyisweni kwemvelo, nomjikelezo wokuphila ohlanganisa ukuzalwa, ukukhula, ukuzala, nokufa.
Izilwane ezinokuphefumula kwe-gill: yiziphi?
Izilwane ezinokuphefumula kwegill zisebenzisa amagill ukushintshanisa amagesi, zimunca umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe emanzini. Lolu hlobo lokuphefumula luvamile ezilwaneni zasemanzini njengezinhlanzi, ama-crustaceans, nama-mollusk.
Amagill ayizakhiwo ezikhethekile ezinendawo enkulu engaphezulu, evumela ukumuncwa kahle komoyampilo emanzini. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlanzi zinezimbotshana ezisezinhlangothini zamakhanda azo, ezivikelwe isakhiwo esibizwa ngokuthi i-operculum.
Ama-crustaceans, afana nezimfanzi nezinkalankala, nawo anamagill, angatholakala ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomzimba, kuye ngezinhlobo zezilwane. Ama-mollusk, njengama-oyster nama-mussels, ane-gill ngesimo se-lamellae.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi akuzona zonke izilwane zasemanzini ezinokuphefumula kwe-gill. Ngokwesibonelo, izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle, njengemikhomo namahlengethwa, zinamaphaphu futhi ziphefumula amaphaphu, zikhuphukele phezulu ukuze ziphefumule umoya.
Ngamafuphi, izilwane eziphefumula i-gill zisebenzisa ama-gill ukuze zimunce umoya-mpilo emanzini. Lolu hlobo lokuphefumula luvamile ezinhlanzi, ama-crustaceans, nama-mollusk, anezakhiwo ezikhethekile zokwenza lokhu kushintshana kwegesi ngokuphumelelayo.
Iyiphi indlela yokuthutha amagesi phakathi kwe-alveoli nama-capillaries egazi?
Amagesi athuthwa phakathi kwe-alveoli nama-capillaries egazi ngokusakazwa. Le nqubo yenzeka ngenxa yomehluko ekugxilweni kwegesi, lapho umoya-mpilo udlula usuka ku-alveoli uye egazini kanye ne-carbon dioxide edlula egazini iye ku-alveoli.
Lapho umoya ufika emaphashini, umoya-mpilo udonswa amangqamuzana abomvu egazi kuma-capillaries e-pulmonary. Lo moya-mpilo ube usuthuthelwa ezicutshini zomzimba, lapho usetshenziswa emangqamuzaneni ukukhiqiza amandla. Kanti, isikhutha esikhiqizwa emangqamuzaneni sibuyiselwa emaphashini, lapho sikhishwa khona emzimbeni.
Le nqubo yokushintshanisa igesi ibalulekile ekuphefumuleni kwezilwane kanye nokugcinwa kwemisebenzi ebalulekile. Ngakho-ke, ukusabalalisa kwegesi okuphumelelayo phakathi kwe-alveoli nama-capillaries egazi kubalulekile ukuze kuphile izinto eziphilayo.
Yiziphi izinhlobo zezilwane ezikwazi ukundiza emoyeni?
Izinhlobo zezilwane eziningana zinamandla okundiza emoyeni. Phakathi kwazo kukhona izinambuzane, izinyoni namalulwane.
Izinambuzane mhlawumbe ziyizilwane esizihlanganisa kalula nokundiza. Zinezimpiko ezizivumela ukuba zihambe ngokushesha emoyeni, zenze imisebenzi emangalisayo nesheshayo. Izibonelo zezinambuzane ezindizayo zifaka phakathi izimvemvane, ojekamanzi, kanye nezimpukane.
Izinyoni ziyiqembu lezilwane elaziwa ngekhono lazo lokundiza. Zinamaphiko ajwayele ukundiza futhi ziyakwazi ukushelela, ukuzulazula, ngisho nokundiza ezindaweni eziphakeme. Izibonelo zezinyoni ezindizayo zifaka phakathi izinkozi, ama-falcons , kanye nama-hummingbird.
Amalulwane ayizilwane ezincelisayo ezikwazi ukundiza. Anamaphiko athambile avumela ukuthi andize ngokushesha nangokuthula, ikakhulukazi ebusuku. Amalulwane ayizilwane ezincelisayo kuphela ezikwazi ukundiza futhi abalulekile ohlelweni lwemvelo, esebenza njengabathuthi bempova kanye nabalawuli bezinambuzane.
Ngamafuphi, izinambuzane, izinyoni namalulwane yizibonelo zezilwane ezikwazi ukundiza emoyeni, ngayinye inezici zayo kanye namakhono azenza zibe ompetha bangempela bokundiza.
Izilwane ezihamba emoyeni: izici nezibonelo
Izilwane zasemoyeni yizo izidalwa eziphilayo ezingabelana ngendawo ngaphandle komhlaba nendawo yomoya ukuze zenze imisebenzi yazo ebalulekile. Iningi lazo lichitha ingxenye enkulu yesikhathi sazo emhlabeni, lapho zizala khona, zondle, futhi zidle izidleke. Kodwa-ke, ukuze zihambe, zingakwenza lokho ngokuhamba ngemilenze yazo, zindize, noma zishelele, lapho zisebenzisa khona amaphiko noma izakhiwo ezilungiselelwe le njongo.
Ngokuphambene nenkolelo evamile, ukundiza akupheleli ezilwaneni ezinamaphiko. Leli qembu lihlanganisa nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezivumela ukuthi zisuke endaweni eyodwa ziye kwenye, zintweza noma zenze amajuba amakhulu.
Ngakho, eqenjini lezilwane ezihamba emoyeni, kunenqwaba yezinyoni nezinambuzane ezindizayo, ngaphezu kwezinye izinhlobo zama-arachnid, ama-marsupial, izilwane ezihuquzelayo nezilwane ezincelisayo ezingahlela.
Kungani babelana ngezikhala zomoya nezomhlaba?
Ukundiza ngendiza kuhilela izindleko ezinkulu zamandla. Yingakho izinyoni zinesimiso semisipha nesokuphefumula esijwayele ukundiza.
Nakuba ingathatha indawo yokusetshenziswa kwamandla aphezulu ngokudla okunekhalori ephezulu, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthi isilwane siqhubeke sindiza njalo. Yingakho iphendukela ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni, lapho ingaphumula futhi idle, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izilwane zasemhlabeni ezinekhono lokuhlela ziyisebenzisela ukumboza ibanga elisheshayo noma ukubalekela inyamazane edla ezinye ngokushesha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bangamangaza inyamazane, okwenza kube lula ukuyibamba.
Lena yindlela ingwejeje endizayo yasenyakatho egibela ngayo esiqongweni sesihlahla bese itshuza, ngenxa yolwelwesi olubizwa ngokuthi i- patagium. Lokhu kuvumela ukunyakaza okusheshayo nokumangalisayo, okuyivumela ukuthi ibaleke ngokushesha usongo ebhekene nayo.
Izici
Uhlelo lwamathambo
Lesi simiso sebhayoloji sinikeza izilwane ukwesekwa, ukwesekwa nokuvikelwa kwemisipha nezicubu ezithambile ezinazo.
Ama-Vertebrates, ahlanganisa izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo, ane-endoskeleton, eyakhiwe ngamathambo. Lawa mathambo axhunywe amalunga.
Ngokuphambene, ama-arthropods ane-exoskeleton. Lo hlaka lwamathambo lwangaphandle luyaqhubeka, lufeza imisebenzi yesilwane yokuvikela, ukuphefumula, nemishini, lunikeza ukusekela isimiso semisipha.
I-Locomoção
Imilenze
Imilenze yesilwane iyizitho ezisekela umzimba, zisivumela ukuba sinyakaze. Zingama-appendages ahlanganisiwe kanye nenombolo elinganayo.
Phakathi kwezilwane ezinomgogodla, kunamaqembu amabili: ama-biped, njengezinyoni, anemilenze emibili, nama-quadruped, anemine. Ama-arthropods anemilenze eminingi kunezilwane ezinomgogodla. Isibonelo, ama-arachnids anesishiyagalombili.
Izibambo
Amaphiko yizitho ezitholakala kuphela kumalulwane, ezinyonini nasezinambuzaneni.
Ezinambuzaneni, amaphiko, anenombolo eyodwa noma amabili ngamapheya, ayizinguquko ku-exoskeleton. Zitholakala ku-thorax futhi, ngobuningi bezinhlobo, zisebenza kuphela esigabeni sabantu abadala.
Ezinyonini, izimpiko ziwumphumela wokuzivumelanisa nezimo emazingeni azo angaphambili. Lezi zakhiwo zimbozwe izimpaphe, zakha ingxenye yendawo ezivumela ukuthi zindize.
Ezilwaneni ezincelisayo ze-chiropteran, ezaziwa ngokuthi amalulwane, iminwe, ngaphandle kwesithupha namaphethelo angaphambili, yenza usekelo lokusekela ulwelwesi olwaziwa ngokuthi i-patagium. Lesi sakhiwo sivumela isilwane ukuthi sikwazi ukuziphilisa emoyeni futhi sihlanganyele ekundizeni okumatasa.
Patagio
I-Pataggio isandiso sesikhumba sesisu, sakha ulwelwesi oluqinile, olunwebekayo. Lokhu kudlulela ezinzwaneni zomlenze ngamunye, kuxhuma isitho ngasinye nomzimba.
Le membrane ye-epithelial ikhona kwamanye amagundane nezilwane ezincelisayo futhi isetshenziselwa ukuhlela, nomsebenzi ofana neparashute.
Ukuzala
Ezilwaneni ezihamba emoyeni, indlela ezizalana ngayo iyahlukahluka, ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo ezakha leli qembu.
AmaMamferfer
Ezilwaneni ezincelisayo, ubulili buhlukene futhi ukuzalana kuyi-viviparous, ngaphandle kwe-monotremes. Ukuvundisa kungaphakathi futhi kuwumkhiqizo wokuhlangana kwengqamuzana lobulili besilisa (isidoda) kanye nengqamuzana lobulili lowesifazane (iqanda).
Ubulili ngalunye bunezitho zobulili zangaphakathi nezingaphandle. Abesilisa banomthondo, amasende, ama-seminal vesicles, kanye nama-seminal ducts. Abesifazane banesimo sowesifazane sangasese, isibeletho, izindlala zebele, ama-ovari, namashubhu e-fallopian.
Izinyoni
Ezinyonini, ukuvundiswa kungaphakathi, futhi ubulili buhlukene. Nokho, abanazo izitho zokuzala zangaphandle. Ngakho-ke, ukuvundiswa kwenzeka lapho amaqanda owesilisa nowesifazane ehlangana.
Isici esithile saleli qembu ukuthi angama-amniote. I-embryo ngaphakathi kweqanda inezimvilophu ezine. Lokhu kuvumela ukukhula kweqanda ukuthi kwenzeke ezindaweni ezomile, njengenhlabathi.
Ama-Amphibians
Ezilwaneni ezihlala emanzini, ukuzala ku-oviparous. I-embryo ayinazo ulwelwesi oluyisivikelo, ngakho insikazi ilubeka emanzini noma ezindaweni ezinomswakama eziseduze.
Emaxoxo naseseleseleni, eyesifazane neyeduna idedela amangqamuzana obulili ayo emanzini, lapho ehlangana khona enze umbungu. Kubalulekile ukuthi lokhu kukhishwa kwenzeke ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Ukuze liqinisekise lokhu, ixoxo leduna liyibamba ngokuqinile eyensikazi, futhi lapho idedela amaqanda ayo, ibeka isidoda sayo. Lolu hlobo lokuhlanganisa lwaziwa ngokuthi yi-amplexus.
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo
Esinye sezici ezihlukanisayo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo ukuthi ziyizilwane ezinomgogodla futhi zizalana ngamaqanda. Zinolwelwesi oluvimbela umbungu ukuthi ungabuni, futhi insikazi iwubeka phansi.
Ezilwaneni ezihuquzelayo, ukuvundiswa kungaphakathi, okusho ukuthi azidingi indawo yasemanzini ukuze zizalane. Ezinyoka, iduna linama-hemipene amabili, nakuba isebenzisa eyodwa kuphela ngesikhathi sokukhwelana ngakunye.
Izibonelo zezilwane ezihamba emoyeni
Isikhova Esigwazayo
Lesi sikhova esincane sihlala phansi, isici salolu hlobo. Yakha umgodi wayo emhlabathini wezindawo zokulima, amathafa, noma amadlelo.
I-Pergrine Falcon
Le nyoni izingela inyamazane yayo emoyeni. Nokho, ihlala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, kusukela e-Arctic kuya ezingwadule zase-Australia. Yakha futhi izidleke zayo emaphethelweni amawa futhi manje ingatholakala phezulu kwezakhiwo noma amabhuloho.
Impukane yedrako
Lesi sinambuzane sibonakala ngamehlo amakhulu, anezinhlangothi eziningi. Futhi banamapheya amabili amaphiko asobala kanye nesisu esibude. Lolu hlobo luchitha isikhathi esiningi sempilo yalo njengenyoni, luvame ukuzingela emhlabeni.
Inyosi yomhlaba
Inyosi engaphansi, noma i-jicote, iyinambuzane eyingxenye yohlobo lwe-Meliponas, iqembu lezinyosi ezingenaludosi. Ivamise ukwakha isidleke sayo phansi, isisibekele ngokuphelele noma isishiye sidabuke kancane. Lokhu kungenziwa odongeni lwamatshe, odongeni lwezitini, noma phansi kwesihlahla.
Morcego
Lesi silwane ukuphela kwesilwane esincelisayo esikwazi ukundiza. Lokhu kungenxa yokujwayela kwezitho zayo ezingenhla, eziguquke zaba amaphiko. Iningi lalezi zinhlobo lihlala emihumeni, ezihlahleni, nasezimfantwini, ezihluka kuye ngomsebenzi wazo kanye nesikhathi sonyaka.
I-Arara
Le nyoni yaseNingizimu Melika inezimpaphe ezibomvu ezikhazimulayo. Ama-macaw akha izidleke zawo emigodini yezihlahla. Ngale njongo, zikhetha izidleke ezindaweni eziphakeme futhi zizungezwe amahlamvu amaningi ukuze zigweme izilwane ezidla ezinye.
UHen
Yinyoni eyi-omnivorous enemikhuba ye-diurnal. Ivamise ukuchitha isikhathi sayo esiningi iphansi, nakuba ikwazi ukwenza izindiza ezimfushane.
I-Philippine Flying Lemur
Inyoka yegolide endizayo
I -anthrike ehlotshisiwe (i-Chrysopelea ornata) ihlela ukubalekela usongo lwezilwane ezizingelayo futhi ihambe ibanga elide ngesikhathi esifushane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kucatshangwa ukuthi yenza lokhu ukuze imangaze inyamazane yayo.
Amber Piquicorto
Ihansi elinesisu esiphuzi lihansi elinesisu esinsundu namaphiko ampunga akhanyayo anemiphetho emhlophe. Ukudla kwalo kusekelwe otshanini, imifino, kanye nokusanhlamvu. Isidleke salo siyindawo yokukhasa enendwangu egobile ngaphansi.
Ingwejeje endizayo yasenyakatho
Ukuze iqale ukuntweza, ingwejeje yehliswa egatsheni lesihlahla esiphakeme. Kuleli qophelo, inweba izitho zayo ezine, yelula ulwelwesi olunwebekayo, oluqinile oluwaxhumayo.
I-substrate fly
Impukane empunga emnyama, enamaphiko elinganiselwa kumamilimitha angu-4. Insikazi izalela amaqanda ayo ku-substrate, ichanyuselwa ngosuku lwesithathu. Izibungu zidla futhi zihlala emhlabathini. Uma sezikhule ngokugcwele, ziyavela, ziphila ngezinto zezitshalo.
Isicabucabu esindizayo
Ngesikhathi sokwehla kwayo emoyeni, i- Selenops sp. ayisebenzisi imicu yesilika. Ikwenza lokhu isebenzisa izithako ezitholakala emakhwapheni ayo nasezibonelweni ezibonakalayo. Ngakho-ke, ihamba ngokushintsha indawo yomzimba wayo, ihambisana nokushintsha kwendlela imilenze yayo eqondisa ngayo.
I-Caraway
I-caraway inyoni engashoni. Esimeni esiyingozi, licasha endaweni enesihlabathi, engenalutho, noma enamatshe lapho lihlala khona. Ukuze izalele amaqanda ayo, imba umgodi esihlabathini.
Ixoxo Elindizayo likaWallace
Le amphibian ingashibilika ifike ku-160 amasentimitha. Ukuze yenze kanjalo, isuka egatsheni, yelule izinzwane nemilenze yayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amapheshana emsila wayo kanye nezinhlangothi zamalungu ayo anwetshiwe.
Izinkomba
- I-Wikipedia (2019). I-Skeleton Yatholakala ku-en.wikipedia.org.
- UJohn R. Hutchinson (1995). Indiza ye-Vertebrate: Ukundiza nokundiza. Kubuyiswe ku-ucmp.berkeley.edu
- (2019). I-Rhacophorus nigropalmatus. Kutholwe ku-amphibiaweb.org.
- Yanoviak SP, Munk Y, Dudley R. (2015). I-Arachnid esemoyeni: ukwehla okuqondisiwe kwasemoyeni kuzicabucabu ze-neotropical. I-INTERFACE Kutholwe ku-royalsocietypublishing.org.
- I-Ecology Asia (2019). Inyoka yesihlahla segolide. Kubuyiswe ku-ecologyasia.com.