I-Pneumophores izitho ezitholakala kwezinye izilwane zasolwandle ezidlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukuvuza. Lezi zakhiwo, ezaziwa nangokuthi ama-swim bladders, zinesibopho sokuvumela izilwane ukuba zigcine indawo eziyifunayo emanzini, zilawule ukujula nokuzinza kwazo. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-pneumophores, ezihluka ngokuya ngezinhlobo nezidingo zazo ezithile. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izici, izinhlobo, kanye nemisebenzi yama-pneumophores ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle.
I-Pneumatophores: iyini indima yabo ekuphefumuleni kwezitshalo zasemanzini?
Ama-pneumatophore ayizakhiwo ezivumelana nezimo ezitholakala ezitshalweni zasemanzini, njengezihlahla ze-mangrove kanye nezindawo ezimanzi. Adlala indima ebalulekile enkambisweni yokuphefumula yalezi zitshalo, ezivumela ukuthi zimunce umoya-mpilo odingekayo ukuze ziphile ezindaweni ezinamanzi amaningi.
Ama-pneumatophore empeleni ayizimpande zasemoyeni eziphuma ngaphezu kwamanzi noma inhlabathi egcwele amanzi. Anezicubu ezikhethekile ezenza kube lula ukushintshana kwegesi, okuvumela izitshalo ukuthi ziphefumule ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezibangelwa yi-anaerobic.
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zama -pneumatophore , njengalezo ezitholakala kuma-mangrove, anesakhiwo esinamagatsha amaningi ukwandisa indawo engaphezulu yokumunca umoya-mpilo. Kwezinye izitshalo zasemanzini, ama-pneumatophore angase abe lula, kodwa asebenze kahle ngokulinganayo.
Ngamafuphi, ama-pneumatophore ayisisekelo sezitshalo zasemanzini ukuze ziphefumule kahle, okuqinisekisa ukuthi zisinda ezindaweni ezigcwele amanzi. Lezi zakhiwo ezizivumelanisa nezimo ziyisibonelo sekhono elimangalisayo lezitshalo lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezahlukene zemvelo.
Izinhlobo zezimpande: funda ngezigaba ezahlukahlukene ezikhona emhlabeni wezitshalo.
Izimpande ziyizakhiwo ezibalulekile ezitshalweni, ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokumunca amanzi nezakhamzimba enhlabathini, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi isitshalo simile ku-substrate. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zezimpande ezivumelana nezimo ezihlukahlukene zemvelo, eziqinisekisa ukusinda kwezitshalo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zokuhlala.
Izimpande zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezahlukahlukene ngokuya ngezimpawu zazo ze-morphological kanye nemisebenzi. Ezinye zezinhlobo eziyinhloko zezimpande yilezi:
Impande ende : ibonakaliswa ngokuba nempande eyinhloko ethuthuke kakhulu efinyelela ekujuleni kwenhlabathi ifuna amanzi nezakhamzimba. Ivame kakhulu ezitshalweni ezifana nezaqathi nama-radishe.
Uhlelo lwezimpande olunemicu : lunezimpande eziningana ezincane, ezinamagatsha ezikhula esiqwini sesitshalo. Luvame utshani, njengommbila nokolweni.
Impande enama-tuberous : igcina izakhamzimba eziningi, njengesitashi noshukela, okusebenza njengenqolobane yesitshalo. Izibonelo zifaka amazambane nomdumbula.
Impande ephumayo : ivela kwezinye izingxenye zesitshalo, njengesiqu noma amaqabunga, futhi ingasiza ekuqiniseni isitshalo endaweni engaphansi komhlaba. Itholakala ezitshalweni ezifana ne-ivy kanye ne-ferns.
Impande yasemoyeni : ayikhuli enhlabathini, kodwa ihlala ivezwe emoyeni, imunca amanzi nezakhamzimba ngqo endaweni ezungezile. Ezinye izitshalo ze-epiphytic, njenge-bromeliads, zinalolu hlobo lwempande.
Uhlobo ngalunye lwempande lunezici ezithile ezithanda ukujwayela isitshalo endaweni yaso. Ukwehlukahlukana kwezimpande emhlabeni wezitshalo kukhombisa inhlobonhlobo yezindawo ezihlala izitshalo lapho izitshalo zingakhula khona, ziqinisekise ukuthi ziphila futhi ziqhubeka njalo.
Pneumophores: izici, izinhlobo kanye nomsebenzi
Ama-pneumatophore ayizimpande ezikhethekile ezine-geotropism engemihle ekhula ebusweni bamanzi. Lezi zimpande zinezakhiwo ezifana ne-pore noma i-lenticel, umsebenzi wazo ukuhlinzeka umoya ezimpandeni ezivamile ezindaweni ezinamaxhaphozi nezikhukhula.
Izinhlobo ze-hydrophytic ezifana ne-mangrove ( Avicennia germinans kanye ne-Laguncularia raecemosa ) zine-pneumatophores, kanye ne-bald cypress ( Taxodium distichum ) kanye ne-tupelo ( Nyssa aquatica ). Endabeni ye-red mangrove ( Rhizophora mangle ), ngaphezu kwezimpande, izimpande zivumela isitshalo ukuthi siphefumule.
Lolu hlobo lwempande lukhula kwezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo ezikhula emhlabathini ogcwele amanzi, ominyene kakhulu. Izimpande ze-Epigeal zinezimbotshana eziningi nezicubu eziyisipontshi, ezenza kube lula ukushintshana kwegesi nomkhathi ozungezile.
Izindawo ezikhukhulwe yizikhukhula noma udaka lomhlume yizindawo ezingenawo umoya; ngakho-ke, izitshalo kufanele zivumelane nalezi zimo ezimbi. Kulokhu, ama-pneumatophores anezikhala ezinkulu ze-intercellular ezenza kube lula ukusakazeka kwamagesi ezimpandeni ezingaphansi kwamanzi.
Izici ezijwayelekile
Ama-pneumatophores akhula njengezimpande eziqondile, akha isakhiwo esikhuphukayo noma ukunwetshwa kwesistimu yezimpande engaphansi komhlaba. Lezi zimpande zivezwa emini futhi zihlala phezu kwamanzi, okwenza kube lula ukumuncwa komoyampilo emvelweni.
Ama-Lenticel asendaweni engaphezulu abamba umoya-mpilo ngezicubu eziyi-spongy, ezisakazwa kuso sonke isitshalo. Izinhlobo ezifana nemihlume zenza ama-pneumatophores ngoba inhlabathi enosawoti omningi ne-anaerobic ivimbela izimpande ukuthi zingashintshisani ngegesi.
Ezinhlotsheni ze-mangrove i-Avicennia germinans kanye ne-Sonneratia alba, ama-pneumatophore akhula njengezandiso eziqondile neziqondile zezimpande ezinde ezikhula ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ngokufanayo, izimpande ezivundlile zanda kakhulu, zigcwalisa umsebenzi wokubambelela.
Ama-pneumatophore e-mangrove anobukhulu obuhlukene kanye nezici zokwakheka kwawo. Kuma -mangrove e-Avicennia germinans, ama-pneumatophore anomumo weminwe noma ipensela, kanti lawo ezinhlobo ze -Sonneratia alba anomumo wekhoni.
Ngokuvamile, ama-pneumatophores angaphansi kwama-30 cm ku- Avicennia sp. kanye nama-20 cm ku- Laguncularia sp . Kodwa-ke, ku- Sonneratia sp. , akhula kancane aze abe yizinkuni futhi afinyelele ukuphakama okuphakathi kwama-30 cm nama-3 m.
Ukuba khona kwamagatsha ku-pneumatophores akuvamile. Kodwa-ke, ama-bifurcations noma ama-epigeal extensions kwenzeka lapho izicubu zilimele noma zisikiwe.
Ubuningi bama-pneumatophore, noma inani lezimpande zasemoyeni, liphezulu kakhulu. Ihlathi le-mangrove elikhule ngokugcwele lohlobo lwe- Avicennia germinans , elinokuphakama okungamamitha angu-2-3, ngokuvamile linama-pneumatophore angaphezu kuka-10.000.
Esizukulwaneni sama-mangrove i-Avicennia ne -Sonneratia , ama-pneumatophores aqukethe i-chlorophyll ezingqimbeni ezingaphansi komhlaba. Eqinisweni, lezi zakhiwo zinekhono lokwenza i-photosynthesis ezingqimbeni ze-chlorophyll ngaphansi kwe-cuticle.
Izinhlobo ze-pneumatophores
Ngokusekelwe esimweni sobuso bawo, ama-pneumatophores ahlukaniswe abe izinhlobo ezimbili: abushelelezi futhi aqinile. Ama-pneumatophore abushelelezi ayingxenye yezicubu ezincane, ezisangaphansi kwamanzi, ezinobuso obushelelezi kanye nama-lentil ambalwa.
Ama-pneumatophore angama-rough atholakala ikakhulukazi emanzini futhi yizakhiwo ezithuthuke kakhulu. Zimahhadlahhadla futhi zinama-lenticel amaningi kuwo wonke amathishu e-epidermal.
Ama-pneumophores ayizimpande zasemoyeni noma zokuphefumula, eziguqulelwe ukunikeza umoya ezingxenyeni ezingaphansi zesitshalo, ikakhulukazi izimpande ezingaphansi komhlaba.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ama-pneumatophores abonisa i-geotropism engemihle futhi ngenxa yalokho akhula aqonde phezulu aze afinyelele emthonjeni komoyampilo.
Umsebenzi
Ama-pneumatophores asebenzayo anoqweqwe oluphuzi ngokumpunga noma oluluhlaza olunamalensi amaningi ngaphezulu. Futhi zimbozwe izicubu ze-epidermal ezingangeni manzi kakhulu.
Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi oyinhloko we-pneumatophores uhlobene nokushintshaniswa kwegesi phakathi kwezicubu zangaphakathi nomoya, inqubo eyenziwa ngama-lentils asusa umoya futhi awudlulise nge-osmotically ngokusebenzisa izicubu ze-spongy kuya kwesinye isitshalo.
Ngokudlulisela umoya-mpilo ezimpandeni ngaphansi komhlaba, ama-pneumatophores asebenza njengendlela ekhethekile yokukhipha umoya. Ngempela, lo mshini uvumela umoya ukuba ujikeleze kuso sonke isitshalo, okwenza sikwazi ukusinda endaweni ye-anaerobic.
Ngaphezulu kwama-pneumatophores ahlala ngaphansi kwamanzi, sakha iqembu lezimpande ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-feeders. Lezi zimpande eziphakelayo, ezijwayele izimo ezinosawoti omningi, zimunca imisoco endaweni ehlala emanzini.
Ukujwayela imvelo
Ama-pneumatophores ayizakhiwo ezikhethekile zezimpande ezivumela izinhlobo eziningana, njengemihlume, ukuba ziphile endaweni engaphansi kwe-anaerobic.
Eqinisweni, izihlahla zomhlume zijwayela ukuphila enhlabathini engenawo umoya-mpilo ngezimpande zasemoyeni.
Izitshalo zidinga umoya-mpilo wokuphefumula kuzo zonke izicubu eziphilayo, kuhlanganise nezimpande ezingaphansi komhlaba. Ngakho-ke, enhlabathini evulekile ngaphandle kokugcwala kwamanzi, ukuhlukaniswa komoya phakathi kwezimbotshana zomhlabathi kuvumela isidingo se-oxygen ukuba sihlangabezane.
Kodwa-ke, enhlabathini egcwele izikhukhula, izikhala zigcwala amanzi anezinga eliphansi le-oxygen kunomoya. Ngenxa yalokho, imihlume iye yakha isimiso esibanzi sezimpande zasemoyeni ngokulahlekelwa izimpande ezingaphansi komhlaba.
Ngalo mqondo, lezi zimpande zasemoyeni, ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-pneumatophores, zivumela ukushintshaniswa kwamagesi ezimpandeni ezingaphansi komhlaba. Ama-pneumatophores akhula esuka ezimpandeni ezingaphansi komhlaba aye phezu kwenhlabathi noma emanzini.
Ezindaweni ezisogwini lapho imihlume ikhula khona, phakathi namagagasi aphansi, ama-pneumatophores adonsa umoya kuma-lentils. Lo moya ube usuhamba ngezicubu eziyisiponji uye kuso sonke isitshalo, ikakhulukazi izimpande ezingaphansi komhlaba.
Emihlumeni ebomvu, kunezimpande ze-prop ezisuka esiqwini kanye nezimpande ezivela emagatsheni. Ngokuphambene, emihlumeni emnyama, izimpande ze-prop azikho, kodwa izimpande ezincane zasemoyeni zinabela emhlabathini ozungeze isiqu.
Izinkomba
- Everett Thomas H., Weber Lillian M. et al. (2018) Ama-pneumatophores: Ukwakheka Kwesihlahla kanye nokukhula. Ithathwe ku: britannica.com
- Lim Kelvin K., Murphy Dennis H., Morgany T., Sivasothi N., N. Peter K., Soong BC, Tan Hugh T., Tan KS and Tan TK (2001) “A Guide to Mangroves of Singapore”. Umqulu 1: I-ecosystem kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezitshalo. Kubuyiswe ku-mangrove.nus.edu.sg
- U-Pallardy Stephen G. (2008) Ama-Enzymes, Amandla kanye Nokuphefumula. I-Physiology of Woody Plants (Uhlelo Lwesithathu), Amakhasi 169-197.
- I-Pneumatophore (2016) Isichazamazwi sebhayoloji. Ithathwe ku: encyclopedia.com
- Purnobasuki, H., Purnama, P.R. & Kobayashi, K. (2017). I-Morphology yezinhlobo ezine zezimpande kanye ne-anatomy yokuhlangana kwezimpande kumzila wegesi wokuhlobana kwezimpande ze-Avicennia Marina (Forsk) Vierh. I-Vegetos-An International Journal of Plant Research, 30 (2), 100-104.