Emhlabeni wanamuhla, sibhekene nochungechunge lwezinselele zokuziphatha ezithinta ngqo umphakathi wethu kanye nemvelo. Kusukela ezindabeni ezihlobene nokungalingani kwezenhlalo nezomnotho kuya ezinkingeni zokuziphatha ezihlanganisa intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe namalungelo abantu, kunenqwaba yezindaba zokuziphatha okudingeka kuxoxwe ngazo ngokushesha futhi kulungiswe. Kulesi simo, kubalulekile ukucabanga ngemiphumela yezenzo zethu futhi sifune izixazululo zezimiso zokuziphatha ezinseleleni esibhekene nazo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izindaba eziyi-10 zokuziphatha emhlabeni wanamuhla kanye nemithelela yazo engaba khona.
Izinkinga zesimanje zokuziphatha: yiziphi izinselele zokuziphatha eziyinhloko umphakathi obhekene nazo?
Namuhla, umphakathi ubhekene nochungechunge lwezinkinga zokuziphatha ezibekela inselele izindinganiso nezinkolelo zethu. Lezi zindaba zesimanje zokuziphatha zibonisa izinguquko zezenhlalo, zamasiko, nezobuchwepheshe ezenzeka emhlabeni wonke. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izinselele eziyishumi eziyinhloko zokuziphatha umphakathi wanamuhla obhekene nazo.
- Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu: Inkinga yesimo sezulu ingenye yezinselelo ezinkulu zokuziphatha ezibhekene nesintu. Indlela esiphatha ngayo imvelo kanye nemiphumela yezenzo zethu ayithinti kuphela izizukulwane zamanje kodwa nezizayo.
- Ukungalingani Komphakathi: Umehluko emalini engenayo kanye namathuba phakathi kwamaqembu omphakathi ahlukene kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuziphatha mayelana nobulungiswa nokulingana. Ukulwa nokungalingani kuyinselelo yokuziphatha ephuthumayo okufanele ixazululwe.
- Ukuhlakanipha okungekhona okwangempela: Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe iphakamisa imibuzo yokuziphatha mayelana nokusetshenziswa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa kanye ne-automation yomsebenzi. Kubalulekile ukucabangela ukuthi lezi zinto ezintsha zingawuthinta kanjani umphakathi uwonke.
- Ukuguqulwa Kofuzo: Amathuba wobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo aphakamisa imibuzo yokuziphatha mayelana nokudalwa kwabantu "abathuthukisiwe" kanye nokukhohliswa kwefa lofuzo. Inkulumo-mpikiswano mayelana nemikhawulo yokuziphatha ye-biotechnology iya ngokuya ibalulekile.
- Ubumfihlo Be-inthanethi: Ukuqoqwa kwedatha yomuntu siqu kanye nokubhekwa ku-inthanethi kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuziphatha mayelana nobumfihlo nokuphepha komuntu ngamunye. Ukuvikelwa kwedatha yomuntu siqu yinkinga ebalulekile yesimilo emhlabeni wedijithali.
- Inkohlakalo: Inkohlakalo kuyo yonke imikhakha yomphakathi iletha inselelo enkulu yokuziphatha. Ukuntula izinto obala nokuziphendulela kwehlisa ukwethenjwa ezikhungweni futhi kulimaza inhlalakahle yomphakathi.
- Udlame kanye Nezingxabano: Udlame nezingxabano kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuziphatha mayelana nobulungiswa, ukuthula, namalungelo abantu. Ukufuna izixazululo ezinokuthula nezinobulungisa kubalulekile ukuze kubhekwane nale nselele yokuziphatha.
- Ukushushumbiswa Kwabantu: Ukushushumbiswa kwabantu ngenjongo yokuxhashazwa ngokocansi, ukusetshenziswa kwezigqila, nezinye izinhlobo zokuxhashazwa kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuziphatha mayelana nesithunzi namalungelo abantu. Ukulwa nalo mkhuba ongenabuntu kuyinto esemqoka emhlabeni jikelele.
- Ukucwasa nokucwasa: Ukuphikelela kokucwasa ngokwebala nokucwasa ngazo zonke izindlela kubangela inselelo yokuziphatha emphakathini. Ukukhuthaza ukulingana nokwehlukahlukana kubalulekile ekwakheni umphakathi onobulungiswa nobandakanya wonke umuntu.
- Izimiso Zokuziphatha Kwesayensi Nocwaningo: Izimiso zokuziphatha kwezesayensi nocwaningo ziphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nobuqotho, isibopho, nomthelela wezenhlalo wokutholwa kwesayensi. Ukuhlonipha izimiso zokuziphatha kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe inqubekelaphambili yesayensi yokuziphatha kahle nethembekile.
Kafushane, izindaba zokuziphatha zamanje esibhekene nazo zibonisa izinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi nezixhumene zomphakathi wanamuhla. Kubalulekile ukuthi sicabangisise ngalezi zinkinga futhi sifune izixazululo zokuziphatha ezikhuthaza inhlalakahle kanye nobulungiswa kubo bonke.
Qonda umqondo wezinkinga zokuziphatha kanye nomthelela wazo emphakathini wamanje.
Izindaba zokuziphatha zibandakanya izinkinga zokuziphatha nezinqumo ezingathinta inhlalakahle yabantu ngabanye kanye nomphakathi uwonke. Emphakathini wanamuhla, lezi zindaba zokuziphatha ziya ngokuya ziba khona futhi zibe nomthelela, zidala izingxoxo ezishisayo nezinkulumo-mpikiswano. Ake sihlaziye izindaba zokuziphatha eziyi-10 emhlabeni wanamuhla.
1. Ukungalingani komphakathi: Umehluko wemali engenayo phakathi kwezigaba zomphakathi udala ukungabi nabulungisa futhi uvimbela ukufinyelela okulinganayo ezinsizeni eziyisisekelo njengezempilo nemfundo.
2. Inkohlakalo: Inkohlakalo iqeda ukwethenjwa ezikhungweni zikahulumeni nezizimele, ilimaza intuthuko yezomnotho nezenhlalakahle.
3. Ukucwasa: Ukucwasa okusekelwe kuhlanga, ubulili, ukukhetha ubulili, phakathi kwezinye izici, kuqhubekisela phambili ukungabandakanywa kanye nokubukelwa phansi kwamaqembu asengozini.
4. Ukuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi: Izimo zokusebenza ezintekenteke kanye nokuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi kuyimikhuba ephambene nokuziphatha ephula amalungelo abantu.
5. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu: Ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okubangelwa isenzo somuntu kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuziphatha mayelana nomthwalo wemfanelo wezizukulwane zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo.
6. Ukwelashwa kwezilwane: Unya lwezilwane ezenzweni ezifana nokuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri kanye nokuzalanisa ezimweni ezimbi kuphakamisa izinkulumo-mpikiswano mayelana nokuhlonipha impilo engeyona yomuntu.
7. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe: Ubumfihlo, ukukhohliswa kwedatha, nobuhlakani bokwenziwa kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuziphatha mayelana nokusetshenziswa okunesibopho nokuziphatha kobuchwepheshe.
8. Amalungelo okuzala: Ukufinyelela ekuvimbeleni ukukhulelwa, ukukhipha isisu kanye nokusiza ekuzaleni kuphakamisa izimpikiswano mayelana nokuzimela kwabantu kanye namalungelo okuzala.
9. Ukungabekezelelani ngokwenkolo: Ukungahloniphi nodlame olubangelwa ukungezwani kwezenkolo kudala izingxabano nokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu.
10. Izimiso zokuziphatha kwezombusazwe: Ukungabi bikho obala, inkohlakalo nokuxhashazwa kolwazi kuphakamisa imibuzo ngobuqotho nokuziphatha kwabaholi bezepolitiki.
Uma kubhekwa lezi zinkinga eziyi-10 zokuziphatha emhlabeni wanamuhla, kubalulekile ukucabanga ngemithelela yazo emphakathini wamanje futhi sifune izixazululo ezikhuthaza ukuphilisana okunobulungiswa nokuziphatha kwawo wonke umuntu.
Yiziphi izingqinamba zokuziphatha okwamanje umphakathi obhekene nazo ezindaweni ezehlukene?
Namuhla, umphakathi ubhekene nochungechunge lwezinkinga zokuziphatha emikhakheni eyahlukene, kusukela kwezobuchwepheshe kuya ekunakekelweni kwezempilo. Lezi zindaba ziphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile mayelana nezindinganiso, izimiso, nokuziphatha komuntu. Ngezansi kunezingqinamba eziyi-10 zokuziphatha ezibhekene nomhlaba namuhla:
- I-Manipulação de dados: Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, ukuqoqwa nokusetshenziswa kwedatha yomuntu siqu kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuziphatha mayelana nobumfihlo nokuvikeleka.
- Ukungalingani komphakathi: Umehluko phakathi kwabacebile nabampofu udala izinkulumo-mpikiswano mayelana nobulungiswa bezenhlalakahle kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezinsiza.
- Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu: Ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuziphatha mayelana nesibopho sezizukulwane zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo.
- Inkohlakalo: Ukuntuleka kobuqotho nokungafihli ezikhungweni zikahulumeni nezizimele kwenza kungabaza izimiso zokuziphatha zomphakathi.
- Ukuhlakanipha okungekhona okwangempela: Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obuzimele kuphakamisa izingqinamba zokuziphatha mayelana nokuziphatha kwemishini kanye nomthelela wayo emphakathini.
- Ukwenza i-Cloning: Ukuguqulwa kofuzo kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuziphatha mayelana nokuzala komuntu nokudalwa kwezidalwa zokwenziwa.
- Udlame nokuphepha: Ukwanda kodlame nobugebengu kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuziphatha mayelana nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye kanye neqoqo.
- Izimiso zezempilo: Intuthuko kwezokwelapha iphakamisa izingqinamba zezimiso zokuziphatha mayelana nokuzimela kwesiguli, ukubulawa kwesiguli, kanye nokuxhashazwa kofuzo.
- Ukuqashwa kwezingane: Ukuxhashazwa kwezingane emakethe yezemisebenzi kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuziphatha mayelana namalungelo ezingane kanye nokuvikelwa kwazo.
- Izimpi nezingxabano: Udlame nokuhlupheka okubangelwa izimpi kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuziphatha mayelana nobulungiswa, ukuthula nobumbano phakathi kwabantu.
Lezi ngezinye zezingqinamba eziphathelene nokuziphatha obhekene nazo umphakathi namuhla. Kubalulekile ukuzindla ngalezi zinkinga futhi ufune izixazululo ezithuthukisa ukuziphatha, ubulungisa, kanye nenhlalakahle yabo bonke abantu.
Izingqinamba eziyinhloko zokuziphatha ezikhathini zamanje: ukuhlaziywa kwezinselele zamanje zokuziphatha.
Emphakathini wamanje, sibhekene nochungechunge lwezinkinga zokuziphatha ezidinga ukucabangisisa nokwenza. Lezi zinselele zokuziphatha zibonisa ubunkimbinkimbi bezwe lanamuhla futhi zisiphoqa ukuthi sicabange kabusha izimiso nezimiso zethu. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izindaba ezingu-10 zokuziphatha emhlabeni wanamuhla ezinomthelela omkhulu ezimpilweni zethu.
Enye yezinkinga eziyinhloko zokuziphatha esibhekene nazo namuhla umbuzo wokuthi ukungalingani Okomphakathi. Umehluko wemali engenayo kanye nokufinyelela ezinsizeni eziyisisekelo ezifana nokunakekelwa kwezempilo kanye nemfundo inselele kumagugu ethu obulungisa nobumbano. Sibhekana kanjani naleli qiniso futhi sifune izindlela zokuthuthukisa umphakathi onobulungiswa futhi onokulingana?
Enye inkinga efanele yezimiso zokuziphatha yi- inkohlakaloUkuntuleka kobuqotho nokungafihli ezinqubweni zezombangazwe nezamabhizinisi kubukela phansi ukwethenjwa komphakathi futhi kubukela phansi intando yeningi. Singalwa kanjani nenkohlakalo futhi sikhuthaze isiko lokuziphatha kanye nokuzibophezela?
A udlame enye inkinga yokuziphatha ekhungethe imiphakathi eminingi emhlabeni jikelele. Ukuncishiswa kobudlova nokuntuleka kozwela kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nezindinganiso zethu zobuntu kanye nesidingo sokukhuthaza ukuthula nokuhloniphana.
Ngaphezu kwalokho ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo kuyinkinga ephuthumayo yokuziphatha engathinti kuphela zamanje kodwa nezizukulwane ezizayo. Ukuxhashazwa okudlangile kwemithombo yemvelo nokungcoliswa kwemvelo kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nomthwalo wethu wemfanelo ngeplanethi nezilwane ezihlala kuyo.
A ukucwasa futhi i ubandlululo Lezi futhi izinselele zesimilo okufanele kubhekwane nazo ngesibindi nokuzimisela. Ukungabekezelelani nenzondo esekelwe ekwehlukeni kobuhlanga, ubulili, ukukhetha ubulili, nenkolo kubonisa ukwephulwa okusobala kwamalungelo abantu nesithunzi sawo wonke umuntu.
Ekugcineni, i ukuziphatha kwezobuchwepheshe Kuyinkambu ehlala ivela ephakamisa imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi mayelana nobumfihlo, ukuphepha, kanye nesibopho. Singaqinisekisa kanjani ukuthi intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe isetshenziselwa ukuzuzisa isintu, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa izindinganiso zethu zokuziphatha eziyisisekelo?
Kafushane, izingqinamba zesimanje zokuziphatha zisibekela inselelo yokuthi sizindle ngezenzo zethu nezinqumo zethu, futhi senze izinto ngokuziphatha kahle nangokuzibophezela kuyo yonke imikhakha yempilo. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho singakwazi khona ukwakha umhlaba onobulungiswa, onozwelo, futhi osimeme wesizukulwane samanje nesazayo.
Izinkinga Eziyi-10 Zokuziphatha Emhlabeni Wanamuhla
Os izinkinga zokuziphatha zezwe lanamuhla bakwazi ngempumelelo ukunqoba imigoqo ehlukene futhi baba khona ngokwandayo ezindaweni zomphakathi, njengezikhungo zemindeni nezikole, baze bafinyelela emikhakheni emikhulu yezombangazwe kanye nomnotho womhlaba.
Ngokuvela kobuchwepheshe obusha, ukuthuthuka kwesayensi kanye nokuthambekela okuqhubekayo ekuthengeni nasekutholeni ingcebo yezinto ezibonakalayo, abantu baye balahlekelwa kancane kancane ukuziphatha kwabo siqu, ubuchwepheshe kanye, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuziphatha komphakathi.
Indlela abantu abaziphatha ngayo kubo nakulabo ababazungezile, kanye namalungelo abo nemithwalo yemfanelo namuhla, ibonisa ukuntula okukhulu konembeza wokuziphatha.
Ukuziphatha kuhlanganisa yonke isethi yezimiso, izimiso kanye nezinkolelo zemvelo yokuziphatha eziqukethwe yilowo nalowo muntu futhi anesibopho sokunquma inkambo yakhe yesenzo emikhakheni ehlukene yokuphila kwabo kwansuku zonke.
Izimiso zokuziphatha, izwi elincane elingazi lutho elikhomba okulungile nokungalungile futhi lichaza umuntu ngamunye ukuthi aphile kanjani impilo enhle.
Nokho, naphezu kokuba khona kwesimiso sokuziphatha, izinkinga eziningi zokuziphatha ezilethwa umphakathi womhlaba zingenakubalwa.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi emkhakheni womuntu siqu, wezemfundo, wezombangazwe, wezomnotho, wezempilo, wezobuchwepheshe, noma wezemvelo, izindaba zokuziphatha ziyaqhubeka nokuvela ngamandla amakhulu, futhi uhlu olunikezwe ngezansi lubonisa ngokucacile lokhu.
Izinkinga ezinkulu zokuziphatha emhlabeni jikelele
Ukuba khona kwezinhlelo ezahlukene zamasiko nezokuziphatha
Evame ukubizwa ngokuthi inkinga yokuhlobana kwamasiko, ikhuluma ngendlela izimiso zokuziphatha ezihluka ngayo kumasiko athile.
Enye yezinkinga eziyinhloko zezimiso zokuziphatha ukuthi ayikho incazelo eyodwa yalokho okuyizimiso zesiko ngalinye.
Njengoba nje eminye imiphakathi ithambekele ekukhulekeleni onkulunkulu abaningi, isithembu, futhi igweme ukudla izilwane ezithile ngoba zibhekwa njengezingcwele, izinkolelo zaseNtshonalanga, ngokwesibonelo, zinombono ohlukile endleleni eziwubheka ngayo umhlaba.
Ukuhwebelana komhlaba wonke ngobumpofu
Ukuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe obusha kanye nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kuxhume umhlaba ngendlela engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili; nokho, baye bandisa ukungalingani kwezenhlalo futhi bagxilisa ingcebo ezandleni zengxenye encane yabantu.
Ngakho, nakuba abanye benezinga eliphezulu lokuphila, abanye basahlushwa ukuntula okuyisisekelo njengokuntuleka kwamanzi ahlanzekile, indlala nemfundo.
Namuhla, ingxenye yenani labantu emhlabeni, cishe abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu, baphila ngemali engaphansi kuka-$3 ngosuku, kuyilapho cishe izingane ezingu-2,50 zifa nsuku zonke ngenxa yobumpofu obudlulele, ngokusho kwe-United Nations Children’s Fund.
Ukungalingani ekutholeni usizo lwezempilo
Njengoba i-World Health Organization isho, wonke umuntu kufanele abe nelungelo lokujabulela izinga eliphezulu lezempilo elifinyelelekayo kanye nendawo ebavumela ukuba bazinakekele ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo.
Ngakho-ke, ukungalingani ekutholeni usizo lwezokwelapha kubonakala njengenkinga enkulu yokuziphatha.
Ngokusho kwe-Legatum Prosperity Index, izinhlelo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo ezihamba phambili emhlabeni ziseCanada, Qatar, France, Norway, New Zealand, Belgium, Germany, Israel, Hong Kong, Sweden, Netherlands, Japan, Switzerland, Singapore naseLuxembourg.
Futhi bonke abanye? Akungabazeki ukuthi kukhona ukuntula ukulingana kanye nobulungiswa emphakathini.
Ukuntuleka kwenkululeko yezombangazwe
Nakuba intando yeningi ikwazile ukubusa njengohlelo lukahulumeni olungcono kakhulu emhlabeni, namuhla kunezakhamuzi eziningi ezingenayo inkululeko yokukhuluma nokuzihlanganisa, ukuphepha, kanye nokufinyelela ezikhungweni zikahulumeni ezisezingeni eliphezulu.
Ngendlela efanayo, ohulumeni abaningi bayaqhubeka behileleka ezenzweni zenkohlakalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lokhu kuhilela imiphi imiphumela engathi sína yokuziphatha nezomnotho ezakhamuzini zabo.
Icala lakamuva lenkohlakalo labonakala eBrazil, lapho ukugwazelwa, ukushushumbiswa kwemali, izinkulungwane zabantu abangasebenzi kanye nemibhikisho kuwubufakazi bokuntuleka okwandayo kwezimiso zokuziphatha kwezombangazwe.
Nokho, i-Transparency International Index ka-2016 ibonise ukuthi yiDenmark ne-United Kingdom kuphela, kanye ne-Uruguay neChile eLatin America abathole imiphumela emihle kakhulu.
Ukwanda kobuphekula nezimpi
Ukuzama ukubulala abanye abathethelela ukwenza kanjalo kusewumgomo oyinhloko wamaqembu amaphekula kanye nabanye osopolitiki, lapho abangaphambili besekela izenzo zabo ezimisweni zenkolo futhi lokhu okulandelayo ekufuneni ukulondeka komhlaba wonke.
Nokho, amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezakhamuzi asaqhubeka eyizisulu zemikhuba nokuhlaselwa okunjalo. Ukulahlekelwa njalo kwezimpilo zezakhamuzi sekuyinkinga engathi sína yokuziphatha namuhla.
Ukuhlala unomphela kwenhlekelele yemvelo
Njengoba u-Hutt (2016) ebonisa, ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa kukhuphuke ngamaphesenti angama-80 kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1970, futhi ukugxila kwala magesi emkhathini kuphezulu namuhla kunangaphambili emlandweni.
Le nkinga igqamisa ukuntuleka okukhulu kwezimiso zemvelo izakhamuzi ezinazo njengamanje, njengoba zonke izinkinga ezilethwa iplanethi namuhla, njengokungcola, ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke, imvula ene-asidi, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kanye nomthelela wokushisa komhlaba, zabangelwa indlela yokuphila yeningi.
Namuhla, inhlekelele yemvelo isifice kakhulu kunangaphambili futhi kudingeka unembeza onesimilo ofuna ukufaka isandla ngendlela enhle endaweni ezungezile.
Ukucwasa
Nakuba kuningi osekuzuziwe mayelana namalungelo abantu, ukucwasa ngokwebala, ukucwasa ngokobulili kanye nokucwaswa kwabokufika kusekhona emphakathini.
Ukwenqatshwa okusekelwe kuhlanga, ubuwena noma isiko, kanye nokubandlululwa okusekelwe ekuthandeni okuthile okuphathelene nobulili, noma inzondo yabantu bangaphandle, kuseyizindaba ezibalulekile zokuziphatha namuhla.
Inkinga yababaleki eYurophu iyisibonelo esihle salokhu, lapho isimiso sokusiza abantu sibekwe eceleni futhi izimiso zokuziphatha ziye zashiywa, zibeka phambili ukuphepha kwezwe kuphela.
Unya lwezilwane
Namuhla, naphezu kwendlela ende ehanjwa izinhlangano ezivikela amalungelo ezilwane, kusekuningi okumelwe kwenziwe.
Amakhulu ezilwane asetshenziswa minyaka yonke ekuhloleni isayensi, ezempi, nobulili, futhi izilwane eziningi ziyahlatshwa noma zilimele.
Nakuba imikhankaso yonya lwezilwane engapheli iye yenza intuthuko enkulu, izinkampani ezingenakubalwa ziyaqhubeka zisebenzisa izilwane ezingenakuzivikela ekuhloleni ngonya.
Izimiso zokuziphatha kanye nokuhlonipha izimpilo zabo bonke abantu kusewudaba lokuziphatha okungebona wonke umuntu olubona lubalulekile.
Ukuhlaselwa kwe-bioethics
Nakuba selivele selikhona lonke igatsha locwaningo elihlaziya imibono yokuziphatha neyokuziphatha kwezokwelapha kanye nesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, ukuvundiswa kwe-in vitro kanye nokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kubangela izinkinga ezinkulu zokuziphatha namuhla.
Ukufuna umuntu ophelele kanye nokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo zabo ngenjongo yokuthuthukisa uhlobo lwabantu, ukulungisa ifa lofuzo lomuntu ophilayo, kuye kwabonwa njengecala elimelene nesithunzi somuntu.
Ngokunjalo, izindaba ezinjengokukhipha isisu, ukulawula inzalo noma ilungelo lokubulala isiguli kuhlanganisa izinkinga ezinkulu zokuziphatha, njengoba isayensi ithuthuka, zibatshazwa ngokwandayo.
Ukukhula kokusetshenziswa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa
Ubuchwepheshe bukwazile ukuvula ama-horizons amasha, kanye nokuxhuma izinkulungwane zabantu, ukudiliza imingcele yendawo.
Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwamarobhothi kanye nokufakwa kwemishini ezimbonini nasezinkampanini kuya ngokuya kuqashelwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhiqiza, okuyiqiniso elidala ukulahleka kwemisebenzi kanye nenani labantu elibalulekile.
Ukukhula kokusetshenziswa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa kubonakala njengenkinga enkulu yesimilo, njengoba abantu behlehliswe emuva futhi izigidi zemisebenzi zizolahleka.
Izinkomba
- (2014). Izimiso zokuziphatha: isingeniso esijwayelekile. Ibuyiselwe ngoJulayi 6, 2017, isuka ku-bbc.co.uk
- (2016). Amazwe asethuthuke futhi abheda kakhulu ngokwenkohlakalo, ngokusho kweTransparency International. Ibuyiselwe ngoJulayi 6, 2017, isuka ku-bbc.com
- Bossmann, J. (2016). Izinkinga Eziphezulu Eziyi-9 Zokuziphatha Kubuhlakani Obungenziwa. Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-7 Julayi 2017, evela ku-World Economic Forum weforum.org
- UBrown, D. (2017). Izilinganiso zokuziphatha zezindaba zomhlaba jikelele zemvelo. I-American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Ibuyiselwe ngoJulayi 7, 2017, kusuka ku-amacad.org
- U-Hutt, R. (2016). Yiziphi izinselele eziyi-10 ezinkulu zomhlaba? Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-7 Julayi 2017, evela ku-World Economic Forum weforum.org
- Muñoz, A. (2017). Lezi yizinhlelo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo ezihamba phambili emhlabeni . Ibuyiselwe ngomhla kaJulayi 7, 2017 kusuka ku-ticbeat.com
- I-World Health Organization. (2015). Impilo kanye namalungelo abantu. Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-Julayi 7, 2017, kusuka ku-who.int
- U-Shah, A. (2013). Amaqiniso ngobumpofu kanye nezibalo. Ibuyiselwe ngoJulayi 7, 2017, kusuka globalissues.org
- Tepedino, N. (2017). Iyini izimiso zokuziphatha? Impendulo yekilasi. Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-Julayi 6, 2017 kwa-general.usb.ve
- I-Ethics Centre (2017). Iyini izimiso zokuziphatha? Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-Julayi 6, 2017, kwa-ethics.org.au
- Iphrojekthi yeMillennium (2009). Izinselelo zomhlaba wonke zesintu. Ibuyiselwe ngoJulayi 7, 2017, kusukela ku-millennium-project.org
- Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba (2017). Izimiso Zokuziphatha Kwezempilo I-Global ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-Julayi 7, 2017, kusukela ku-who.int.