IMexico ibhekene nochungechunge lwezinkinga ezinkulu zemvelo ezingathinti izwe kuphela kodwa nomhlaba wonkana. Kusukela ekungcolisweni komoya namanzi kuye ekugawulweni kwamahlathi kanye nokulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zemvelo, izindaba zemvelo eMexico zidinga isinyathelo esiphuthumayo nesisebenzayo. Kulo mongo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela nokubhekana nalezi zinkinga ngokugcwele ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikusasa elisimeme lezizukulwane ezizayo.
Izinkinga zemvelo zaseMexico: ukuhlaziya izinselelo ezinkulu nemithelela ku-ecosystem.
Izinkinga zemvelo zaseMexico zimbi kakhulu futhi zinemithelela ephawulekayo ohlelweni lwemvelo lwezwe. Ukungcoliswa komoya, amanzi, nenhlabathi, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukuwohloka kwenhlabathi, nokuntuleka kwamanzi kungezinye zezinselele iMexico ebhekene nazo njengamanje.
Ukungcoliswa komoya kungenye yezinkinga ezicindezela kakhulu eMexico, ikakhulukazi emadolobheni amakhulu njengeMexico City. Amazinga aphezulu okungcoliswa komoya ahlobene nokushiswa kwezibaseli ezimbiwa phansi kanye nokuntuleka kokulawulwa kwemvelo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ezinkingeni zempilo kubantu, njengezifo zokuphefumula nenhliziyo.
Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi nakho kuyinkinga enkulu eMexico. Ukungcoliswa kwemifula, amachibi, nolwandle ngamakhemikhali, imfucumfucu yezimboni, kanye nendle kunethonya elibi empilweni yasemanzini nempilo yabantu abathembele kule mithombo yamanzi ukuze baphile.
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kungenye inkinga enkulu yemvelo eMexico. Ukwanda kwezolimo, ukufuywa kwemfuyo, nokugawulwa kwemithi kuye kwaholela ekulahlekelweni kwamahlathi nasekucekeleni phansi kwemvelo yemvelo. Lokhu kuholela ekulahlekeni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokwehla kwezinsiza ze-ecosystem ezibalulekile ukuze abantu baphile.
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nakho kuba nomthelela omkhulu eMexico, njengokukhuphuka kwamazinga okushisa, izimo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu, nokukhuphuka kwamazinga olwandle. Lokhu kuthinta ngqo ezolimo zezwe, ukutholakala kokudla, ezempilo yomphakathi kanye nengqalasizinda.
Ukuwohloka kwenhlabathi kuyinkinga ekhulayo eMexico, ngenxa yokwanda kwezolimo eziqinile, ukwanda kwamadolobha okungalawuleki, nezimayini. Lokhu kuphumela ekulahlekelweni kokuvunda kwenhlabathi, ukuguguleka, nogwadule, okwenza izwe lingakwazi ukukhiqiza ukudla nokulondoloza izilwane zasendle.
Okokugcina, ukushoda kwamanzi kuyinselele ekhulayo eMexico, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezomile nezinogwadule. Ukuphathwa kabi kwemithombo yamanzi, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kwandisa ukushoda kwamanzi futhi kubeka engcupheni ukuvikeleka kwamanzi kubantu baseMexico.
Ibhekene nalezi zinselele, kubalulekile ukuthi iMexico ithathe izinyathelo eziphuthumayo zokuvikela imvelo, ikhuthaze intuthuko esimeme, futhi iqinisekise izinga lempilo yezizukulwane zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo. Ukuqalisa ukusebenza kwezinqubomgomo ezisebenzayo zezemvelo, ukuqinisa ukubhekwa kwemvelo, kanye nokuxhumana nomphakathi kubalulekile ukuze kubhekwane ngokuphumelelayo nangendlela eqhubekayo nezinkinga zemvelo zezwe.
Izinselelo ezinkulu ezibhekene neMexico City: izinkinga zasemadolobheni, ezenhlalo nezemvelo.
Enye yezinselele ezinkulu eMexico City ebhekene nazo yizindaba zemvelo. Ukungcoliswa komoya kuyinkinga enkulu, ebangelwa ngokuyinhloko inani elikhulu lezimoto emigwaqweni kanye nokuntuleka kokulawula ukukhishwa kwezimboni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nokuwohloka kwenhlabathi nakho kuyizindaba ezikhathazayo, okunomthelela oqondile eqophelweni lempilo yabantu.
Enye inkinga enkulu ukushoda kwamanzi, ngenxa yokukhula okungalawuleki kwedolobha kanye nokuphathwa kabi kwemithombo yamanzi. Lokhu kuholela ezigidini zabantu abangenawo amanzi ahlanzekile njalo, okuholela ezinkingeni zempilo kanye nenhlanzeko yomphakathi.
Ukuntuleka kwezindawo eziluhlaza kanye nezindawo zokungcebeleka nakho kuyinselele, okunomthelela ekwandeni kwengcindezi kanye nokungcola okubukwayo edolobheni. Ukungahleleki kwedolobha nokuntuleka kokuhlelela amadolobha kuyizici ezandisa lezi zinkinga, zidale indawo engalungile ezakhamuzini zakhona.
Ngaphezu kwezinkinga zemvelo, iDolobha laseMexico liphinde libhekane nezinselelo zomphakathi, njengokungalingani kwezomnotho nokuntuleka kokufinyelela ezinsizeni eziyisisekelo njengemfundo nokunakekelwa kwezempilo. Udlame nobugebengu nakho kuyizinkinga eziphindelelayo, ezithinta ukuphepha nenhlalakahle yabantu.
Uma kubhekwa lezi zinselelo, kubalulekile ukuthi kuthathwe izinyathelo ezisebenzayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe intuthuko esimeme yedolobha, ngaleyo ndlela kuqinisekiswe izinga lempilo elingcono kubo bonke abahlali bakhona. Ukuqwashisa umphakathi nokubamba iqhaza kukahulumeni ngamandla kubalulekile ukuze kubhekwane nalezi zinkinga futhi kwakhiwe ikusasa eliqhakazile nelinempilo leMexico City.
Yiziphi izindaba eziyinhloko zezemvelo ezikhathaza umphakathi namuhla?
Namuhla, umphakathi ukhathazeke kakhulu ngezindaba zemvelo ezithinta iplanethi yethu. Ngokwesibonelo, eMexico kunezinkinga eziyisikhombisa ezingathi sína zemvelo ezidinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile.
Enye yezinkinga eziyinhloko ukungcoliswa komoya, okubangelwa ngokuyinhloko ukushiswa kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi. Lokhu kunomthelela omubi empilweni yabantu kanye nendawo ezungezile, okunomthelela ekufudumaleni komhlaba kanye nokuvela kwezifo zokuphefumula.
Okunye okukhathazayo ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, kungaba yimfucumfucu yamakhemikhali ezimbonini, indle yasendlini, noma izibulala-zinambuzane. Lokhu kubeka engcupheni ukutholakala kwamanzi okuphuza futhi kuthinta ngokuqondile ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo yezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nakho kuyinkinga engathi sína eMexico, ngokulahleka kwezindawo eziluhlaza ngenxa yokwanda kwezolimo, ukufuywa kwemfuyo, nokukhula kwamadolobha okungalawuleki. Lokhu kunomthelela ngqo ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nebhalansi ye-ecosystem, ngaphezu kokufaka isandla ekuguqukeni kwesimo sezulu.
Ezinye izindaba ezithinta imvelo njengamanje ezithinta umphakathi zihlanganisa ukulahlwa kokudla, ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukucekelwa phansi kwenhlabathi, kanye nokukhiqizwa kukadoti oqinile. Zonke lezi zinkinga zixhumene futhi zidinga izinyathelo eziphuthumayo ukuze kubhekwane nazo ngempumelelo.
Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi umphakathi kanye nohulumeni bahlangane ukuze bathole izixazululo ezisimeme kulezi zinkinga zemvelo, okuhloswe ngazo ukuqinisekisa ikusasa elinempilo nelinokulinganisela ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
Isimo sokungcola eMexico: ukuhlaziywa kwemithelela nezindlela zokunciphisa.
Izinkinga zemvelo eMexico zimbi kakhulu, futhi ukungcola kungenye yezinselelo ezinkulu ezibhekene nezwe. Isimo sokungcola eMexico siyethusa, sinemiphumela emibi empilweni yomphakathi, emvelweni kanye nasemnothweni.
Ukungcoliswa komoya kungenye yezinkinga ezinkulu eMexico, ikakhulukazi emadolobheni amakhulu njengeMexico City . Ukukhishwa kwegesi okuvela ezimotweni, ezimbonini, kanye nasemililweni yasendle kunegalelo ekwehleni komoya, okubangela izinkinga zokuphefumula futhi kwandisa ingozi yezifo ezingamahlalakhona.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kuyakhathaza eMexico, njengoba imifula namachibi angcoliswe imfucuza yezimboni nezolimo. Lokhu kuthinta ngqo impilo yemiphakathi encike kule mithombo yamanzi ukuze isetshenziswe kanye nezolimo.
Imithelela yokungcola eMexico ihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukugwaduleka, ukuwohloka kwenhlabathi, nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Kudingeka izinyathelo zokunciphisa lesi simo, njengokutshala imali kubuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile, imithetho eqinile, kanye nokuqwashisa umphakathi.
Kuyaphuthuma ukuthi uhulumeni waseMexico amukele izinqubomgomo nezinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokulwa nokungcola nokuvikela imvelo. Ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe nakho kubalulekile ukuze kubhekwane nale nselele yomhlaba wonke futhi kuqinisekiswe ikusasa elisimeme lezizukulwane ezizayo.
7 Izinkinga zemvelo eMexico zimbi kakhulu
Izinkinga zemvelo eMexico zithinta zonke izimiso zemvelo. Ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo eMexico kuthinteka kakhulu, kanti ezinye izinhlobo zisongelwa ngisho nokuphela.
EMexico, kunezinkinga ezingathi sína zemvelo, njengokungcoliswa komoya okubangelwa amagesi akhiqizwa izimoto nezimboni.
Kukhona futhi ukungcoliswa kwamanzi okubi okudalwe, phakathi kokunye, ukukhula okunamandla kwesibalo sabantu kanye nokushushumbiswa koketshezi lwamakhemikhali, olugcina luchithekela emifuleni, emachibini nasemabhishi aseMexico.
Ngaphandle kwezilwane nezitshalo, abantu baye bathintwa yilezi zinkinga zemvelo. Ukungcoliswa komoya kuye kwabangela izinkinga ezingapheli zokuphefumula kwabanye abantu baseMexico, ikakhulukazi labo abahlala emadolobheni amakhulu.
Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa nokuthi abantu baseMexico banamazinga aphezulu omthofu ne-cadmium egazini labo, okuphumela engozini enkulu yezifo zezinso nesisu, noma ngisho nomdlavuza.
Izimbangela eziyinhloko zalezi zinkinga zemvelo zibandakanya imithetho yezwe, ukusetshenziswa kwayo okungaqinile mayelana nokuvimbela izenzo eziyingozi noma unswinyo oluhambisanayo uma isenzo esilimaza imvelo senziwe.
Ungase futhi ube nentshisekelo ezinkingeni zomphakathi zaseMexico.
Izinkinga Zemvelo Eziyi-7 Ezifanele Kakhulu ZaseMexico
1- Ukungcoliswa komoya
Lena enye yezinkinga ezaziwa kakhulu eMexico. Ngo-1992, iZizwe Ezihlangene zamemezela iDolobha laseMexico njengedolobha elingcoliswe kakhulu emhlabeni, liveza izinkinga ezinkulu zemvelo.
Imithombo yokungcoliswa komoya eMexico ngokuyinhloko amagesi akhiqizwa izimoto nalawo akhiqizwa izimboni namafekthri amakhulu.
Ukungcoliswa komoya kuthinta amandla okuphefumula futhi kukhuthaze ukunqwabelana komthofu, okungabangela ukuqwasha, ukuncipha kwesisindo, nokuba buthakathaka kwemoto.
Ukungcoliswa komoya eMexico kuphinde kwadalula izakhamizi kumazinga abalulekile e-cadmium, insimbi ukumunca kwayo noma ukumuncwa kwayo kungabangela izinkinga zezinso, izifo zesisu kanye nobuthaka bamathambo.
2- Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi
Ngokolwazi oluvela ku-Institute of Geography of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, izwe lilahlekelwa cishe amahektha angu-500 amahlathi ngonyaka. Uma kubhekwa leli qiniso, iMexico ikleliswe endaweni yesihlanu emhlabeni ngokwezinga elisheshayo lokugawulwa kwamahlathi.
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kukhiqizwa ngenxa yokusetshenziswa komhlaba njengendawo yokulima noma yokwakha izimboni noma izakhiwo zasemadolobheni.
Idatha kahulumeni inqume ukuthi okungenani u-17% wendawo yase-Mexico iguguleke ngokuphelele.
Lokhu kuye kwaphumela ekubeni ingxenye enkulu yendawo ezungezile yaseMexico, njengamahlathi ashisayo nasezingeni elipholile, inyamalale futhi ingase inyamalale ngokuphelele.
3- Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi aphuma ekuchithekeni kwamakhemikhali
IMexico iye yabhekana nokuchitheka kwamakhemikhali amaningana endaweni yayo. Lokhu kuthathwa njengomphumela wokuxega kwemithetho yezwe kanye nokuntuleka kokuzibophezela kwezemvelo phakathi kwabanye babaphathi bezimboni ezinkulu zaseMexico.
Ngo-Agasti 2014, cishe amalitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-40 e-sulfuric acid achitheka eMfuleni i-Sonora, into enobuthi obunamandla ezidalwa eziphilayo ezingadala ukufa.
Ngayo leyo nyanga, kwaba khona ukuchitheka kukawoyela eMfuleni iHondo eVeracruz, futhi omunye emfuleni iSan Juan eNuevo León. Kokubili ukuchitheka kwegazi kubangelwe ukususwa kwamapayipi ngokungemthetho.
Imiphumela yalokhu kungcola ithinta zonke izidalwa eziphilayo ezihlala emanzini, imfuyo kanye nabantu.
Ungase ube nesithakazelo kokuthi Yiziphi izinzuzo iMexico ezitholayo ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo?
4- Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi aphuma emanzini asekhaya
Enye yezinkinga ezikhathaza kakhulu eMexico isistimu yayo yokukhipha amanzi, evame ukuqondisa imfucuza yasendlini emifuleni, emachibini, emabhishi, nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.
Lokhu kwaholela ekucekeleni phansi kwezixhobo, amaxhaphozi nemihlume. Ukuntuleka kwemithetho eqinile yokuhlanza amanzi angcolile kubangele umthelela wezinkulungwane zezinhlobo zezilwane.
Isibonelo salokhu i-Xochimilco, indawo eseningizimu-mpumalanga yeDolobha laseMexico enezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-140 zasemanzini ezibalulekile ezilwaneni zaseMexico futhi ethintekayo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukugeleza kwamanzi asekhaya emifuleni nasemabhishi.
Ungase ube nentshisekelo Ezinhlotsheni eziyi-14 ezivame kakhulu ze-ecosystem e-Mexico.
5- Izinhlobo ezisengozini yokushabalala
Ngenxa yokungcola nokugawulwa kwamahlathi, kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zaseMexico ezisengozini yokushabalala.
I-Mexico ibhekwa njengelinye lamazwe anezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni wonke futhi incike ngokuqondile ezintweni eziphilayo eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngaphezu kuka-2% wezilwane zaseMexico, ezimweni eziningi ezingatholakali kwenye indawo emhlabeni, zisengcupheni yokushabalala. Isibonelo esisodwa i-axolotl, isilwane esihlala emanzini esikwaziyo ukuzivuselela.
I-vaquita marine, i-cetacean ehlala eMexico evame ukutholakala emanzini ajulile, nayo isengozini yokushabalala.
Ungase ube nesithakazelo ezitshalweni ezingu-20 ezisengozini yokushabalala eMexico.
6- Izinambuzane
Kunezinambuzane ezimbalwa - ezinye eziwumqedazwe kanti ezinye ezethulwe - ezithinta imvelo ehlukahlukene yaseMexico futhi zingaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu.
Emkhakheni wezolimo, i-aphid iyagqama, inkathazo evimbela isithelo ukuthi ingavuthwa futhi sithelele izitshalo kangangokuthi sizibulala; kanye ne-red spider mite, i-mite edla izithelo namaqabunga ezitshalo, okungase futhi kubangele ukufa kwesitshalo.
Kukhona nezinye izinhlanzi ezibhekwa njengezinambuzane, njenge-tilapia ne-carp, eziyizilwane ezidla ezinye futhi ezibulala izinhlobo zaseMexico ezitholakalayo.
7- Ukuxhashazwa ngokweqile kokudoba
Ukudoba ngokweqile eMexico kuye kwaphumela ekungeneni kwezinhlanzi ezitholakalayo futhi ngenxa yalokho ingozi yokushabalala kwezinhlobo ezithile zezilwane.
Kuneziqiwu ezithile zasolwandle, kodwa zimboza kuphela u-2% wamanzi aseMexico. Ukudoba okungekho emthethweni kanye nokushushumbiswa kwezilwane kuhlobene kakhulu nokuxhashazwa ngokweqile.
Kuphinde kugxekwe nokuma kukahulumeni ngalolu daba, njengoba imithetho ekhona ayilandelwa kakhulu.
Izinkomba
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