"Izinkondlo Eziyi-10 Zenguquko YaseMexico" iqoqo lemisebenzi yezinkondlo ephefumulelwe inhlangano yoguquko eyenzeka eMexico phakathi kuka-1910 no-1920. Izinkondlo ezikule ncwadi zibonisa umzabalazo wabantu baseMexico wobulungiswa bezenhlalakahle, ukulingana, nenkululeko, okubonisa imibono nemizwelo etholakala phakathi nalesi sikhathi soguquko nokumelana. Ngezinkondlo, ababhali baveza ubuhlungu, ithemba, ubumbano, nokuzimisela kwabantu baseMexico ekufuneni kwabo izwe elinobulungiswa nentando yeningi.
Iyiphi inkondlo ethathwa njengende kunazo zonke futhi enkulu kunazo zonke?
Phakathi Kwezinkondlo Eziyi-10 Zenguquko YaseMexico, eyodwa igqama njengende kakhulu futhi inhle kakhulu kunabo bonke. Kuyingqophamlando ethi "Los de Abajo" ka-Mariano Azuela. Le nkondlo ilandisa ngezenzakalo zeNguquko yaseMexico ngokuningiliziwe nangokunyakazisayo, ibabaza umzabalazo wabantu wokulwa nengcindezelo nokungabi nabulungisa. Ngolimi olunamandla nolucacile, u-Azuela uyakwazi ukuveza ukuqina nobunkimbinkimbi balesi sikhathi esiyingqophamlando.
Ithathwa njengengcweti yezincwadi zaseMexico, i-"Los de Abajo" iwubufakazi besibindi nokuzimisela kwabavukeli ababelwela izwe elinobulungisa nelilinganayo. Inkondlo iyi-ode yeqiniso yokumelana nethemba, izizukulwane ezikhuthazayo zabafundi emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngokulandisa kwayo okubandakanyayo kanye nomlayezo ojulile wobuntu, i-"Los de Abajo" isiwuphawu lomzabalazo wamalungelo nenkululeko. Kuyingcebo yeqiniso yezincwadi zaseLatin America, ezifanele ukubungazwa nokufunda ngokuhambisana nobuhle bazo.
Umlando weNguquko yaseMexico: umzuzu wenguquko nomzabalazo wabantu.
Uguquko lwaseMexico lwalungesinye sezehlakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni waseMexico, okuphawula umzuzwana wenguquko nomzabalazo wabantu. Inhlangano yaqala ngo-1910, iholwa yizibalo ezinjengoFrancisco Madero, u-Emiliano Zapata, noPancho Villa, abalwa nobushiqela be-Porfirio Díaz kanye nezinguquko zezenhlalakahle nezombusazwe.
Izinkondlo Eziyi-10 Zenguquko YaseMexico zibonisa ukushuba nothando lomlando wezwe. Inkondlo ngayinye iveza izici ezehlukene zoguquko, kusukela ekungabini nabulungiswa kanye nengcindezelo abantu ababhekana nayo kuye ethembeni nasekuzimiseleni ukwakha ikusasa elingcono.
Izimbongi zangaleso sikhathi, ezinjengo-Amado Nervo, uRamón López Velarde, no-Enrique González Martínez, zasebenzisa ubuciko bazo ukuze ziveze imizwa nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu baseMexico phakathi nalesi sikhathi esineziyaluyalu. Amazwi abo ananela ezinkundleni zempi nasemigwaqweni yasemadolobheni, ekhuthaza ukumelana nokulwela ubulungisa nokulingana.
INguquko yaseMexico yashiya ifa elihlala njalo ezweni, yaguqula kakhulu umphakathi nepolitiki. Izinkondlo Eziyi-10 Zenguquko YaseMexico ziwubufakazi obunamandla balesi sikhathi esiyingqopha-mlando, ezisikhumbuza ngokubaluleka kobumbano, isibindi, nokubekezela ekuphishekeleni izwe elinobulungisa nelinobuntu.
10 Izinkondlo Zenguquko YaseMexico
Izinkondlo zeNguquko yaseMexico zazibalulekile phakathi neminyaka eyishumi enobudlova obukhulu nengazinzile e-United States, izwe elalintula ukuthula nokuzinza kwezepolitiki cishe iminyaka engamashumi amabili futhi alizange liphinde lifane.
Uguquko lwaseMexico lwaqala ngo-1910 njengempendulo yokubusa kobushiqela kukaPorfirio Díaz iminyaka engaphezu kwengama-30; kwakuyinhlangano edumile emelene nonxiwankulu eyayibusa kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho kwalimala abampofu nababencishwe amathuba.
Imicimbi yobukhulu obunjalo, vele, yaba nomthelela kuzo zonke izici zenhlalo, imibono kanye namasiko abantu baseMexico basekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, futhi lokhu kwabonakala ezincwadini zabo nasezinkulumweni zobuciko.
Nakuba iminyaka yawo-10 yabona ukuvela kwenoveli yoguquko, i-cinema yenguquko kanye nomdwebo woguquko, endabeni ethile yezinkondlo, ngokusho kwabanye abacwaningi, kwakungelona uhlobo olusetshenziswa kakhulu noma oluvelele.
Lokhu ngokwengxenye kwakungenxa yesakhiwo sayo kanye nokungakwazi kwayo ukuthatha isikhundla esimeni lapho wonke umuntu wayelokhu eshintsha izinhlangothi.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, izinkondlo ezazidumisa iNguquko yaseMexico mhlawumbe zazivame kakhulu ngemva kokunyakaza kwezinguquko nangaphandle kwemingcele yaseMexico kunangaphakathi naphakathi kokushisa kwempi.
Ababhali abaningi kuwo wonke umlando wakamuva bagqugquzelwe yilo mcimbi, bebhala ama-odes kuNguquko yaseMexico kanye nabalingiswa bayo.
Izinkondlo eziphefumulelwe yi-Mexican Revolution
1- Izwe elimnene
Umbhali: Ramón López Velarde (1921)
Mina, obecula ngaye kuphela
umphumela omuhle wokuhlobisa okujulile,
namuhla ngiphakamisa izwi phakathi kwenkundla
, ngendlela ye-tenor elingisayo
ukuguqulwa kwe-gutural ye-bass,
ukusika ingxenye ku-epic.
Ngizohamba ngamagagasi omphakathi
ngezigwedlo ezingakali lutho, ngoba ziyahamba
njengezingalo zesithunywa uchuán ngubani
wagwedla uLa Mancha nezibhamu.
Ngizothi ngomsindo omkhulu:
izwe alinasici futhi idayimane.
Suave Patria: ngivumele ngikubandakanye ku
umculo we-jungle ojulile, ngawo
ungifanisele konke
isigqi esinesigqi sezimbazo nezinyoni
lombazi.
Izwe lakubo: ubuso bawo bungummbila,
izimayini zayo, isigodlo senkosi yegolide kanye laso
isibhakabhaka, izindwandwe ku-slide
kanye nombani oluhlaza wamakati.
UMntwana uNkulunkulu wakubhalela isitebele
namafutha akhonza udeveli.
Phezu kwenhloko-dolobha yayo, indiza ngaso sonke isikhathi
kuhlatshwe futhi kupendwe, phezu kwebhala;
nasesifundazweni sakho, kusukela ewashini kuya ewashini
ukulenga phezu kwamajuba,
izinsimbi zikhala njengamasenti.
Izwe lakubo: insimu egayiwe
ugqoke i-calico kanye nobuhlalu
UPátria Suave: ikhaya lakho namanje
sikhulu kangangokuthi isitimela sisendleleni
njengebhonasi yethoyizi likaKhisimusi.
Futhi ngomsindo weziteshi,
ngokubukeka kwakho okuxubile, ubeka
ubukhulu ezinhliziyweni.
Ubani, ngobusuku obusabisa ixoxo,
akazange abheke, ngaphambi kokufunda mayelana nokulutha, ku
ingalo yentombi yakhe, iqhawe
isibhamu semidlalo ye-artifice?
I-Suave Homeland: edilini lakho elibi, wena
ikhanyisa amahlengethwa e-polychrome
futhi, ngezinwele zakhe ezimhlophe, yena
umphefumulo ushadile, uhamba entanjeni
kanye nezindwangu zami ezimbili zikagwayi,
lonke uhlanga lwami lwabadansi besiraphu bayazi ukuthi banganikela kanjani ngemead
.
Ubumba lwakhe lungamasongo njengesiliva nasesandleni sakhe
usizi lwakho lwe-sonic luyi-piggy bank;
futhi ekuseni e-terroir,
emigwaqweni njengezibuko, umuntu wayekwazi ukubona
iphunga elingcwele lebhikawozi.
Lapho sizalwa, usinika amamaki,
bese kuba ipharadesi le-jam,
bese uzinikela konke
izwe elithambile, ikhabethe kanye nendawo yezinyoni.
Kwabadabukisayo nabajabule, uthi yebo,
ukuthi ngolimi lwakho lothando banambitha ngawe
i-sesame.
Nesibhakabhaka sakho somakoti, okuthi uma siduma
ngokujabula okukhulu bayasigcwalisa!
Ukuduma kwamafu ethu, okusithela kuwo
ubuhlanya buhlanyisa izintaba,
uchoboza owesifazane, welapha uhlanya,
ihlanganisa abafileyo, icela i-Viaticum
futhi ekugcineni, zidilize izinkampani ezigawula imithi
kaNkulunkulu, ezindaweni zokulima.
Ukuduma kwesiphepho: Ngizwa ngezikhalo zenu
amathambo ahlakazeka ngamabili;
Ngizwa ukuthi yini engasekho, engingakayithinti
kanye nesikhathi samanje nesisu sikakhukhunathi.
Futhi ngizwa ngokugxuma kokufika nokuhamba kwakho
oh ukuduma, i-roulette yempilo yami.
2- OkweZapata.
Umbhali: Pablo Neruda
Lapho izinhlungu
ezweni laba libi kakhulu, ameva aseyincithakalo
kwakuyifa labalimi
futhi, njengangaphambili
izintshebe zemikhosi neziswebhu ezinobukhazikhazi,
ngakho, izimbali nomlilo ogelezayo...
Ngidakiwe, ngiya enhlokodolobha
A
umhlaba wazamazama ngemimese edalwe ekuntweleni kokusa.
induku yemigodi yabo ebabayo
wawa njengombila oqotshiwe
isizungu esibi,
ukubuza umphathi
ongithume ukuba ngimfonele
Zapata, kwase kuwumhlaba nokuntwela kokusa.
Ngale komkhathi kwavela
Ubuningi benzalo yakhe ehlomile.
Ekuhlaseleni kwamanzi nemingcele.
umthombo wensimbi waseCoahuila,
amatshe enkanyezi kaSonora;
yonke into yahamba ngendlela yakhe, yamdlula
isiphepho sakho agrarian of horseshoes.
Kuthiwani uma eshiya ipulazi
maduze nje, izobuya
Spread isinkwa, umhlaba;
Ngizokuphelezela.
Ngilahla izinkophe zami zasezulwini,
Mina Zapata ngihamba namazolo
yabagibeli bamahhashi ekuseni,
esithombeni sezitshalo ze-cactus
ezindlini ezinezindonga ezibomvana.
amabhande ezinwele ungakhaleli iPancho yakho...
Inyanga ilala phezu kwezintaba, the
Ukufa kwanqwabelana kwasatshalaliswa
ilele namasosha kaZapata.
Iphupho liyacasha
isiphetho sakho ngaphansi kwezisekelo zobusuku obunzima,
incubator yakhe, ishidi elimnyama.
I-bonfire iqoqa umoya ongalali;
amafutha, umjuluko nothuli lwasebusuku.
…Ngidakiwe, sengizokhohlwa…
Sicela izwe lakubo kwabathotshisiwe.
Ummese wakho uhlukanisa ifa,
isibhamu namahhashi kuyasabisa
izijeziso, intshebe yombulali.
Izwe liphathwa ngesibhamu.
Ungalindi, mlimi othuli,
emva kokujuluka konke ukukhanya
izulu lahlukana laguqa.
Sukuma ugaqe noZapata.
Bengifuna ukumletha, wathi cha...
Mexico, ezolimo ezithobekile,
izwe elithandekayo phakathi kobumnyama, labelwa;
kwaphuma amaqolo ommbila
elangeni, izinduna zakhe zekhulu ezijulukile.
Ngivela eqhweni laseningizimu ngizokuculela.
Ngivumele ngigijime ngiye esimisweni sakho
futhi ungigcwalise ngesibhamu namageja.
...Futhi uma ezokhala
ukubuyela.
3- Kusukela esikhathini esedlule
Umbhali: Salvador Novo
Kusukela esikhathini esidlule
emibhoshongweni emikhulu yaseTeotihuacán,
ezindaweni ze-teocalis nezintaba-mlilo,
emathanjeni naseziphambanweni zabanqobi begolide, i
isikhathi sikhula ngokuthula.
Amaqabunga otshani
othulini, emathuneni abandayo;
UWhitman wayethanda iphunga lakhe elibi, elingenacala.
Amaqhawe ethu
babegqoke opopayi
futhi yachotshozwa emakhasini ezincwadi
ukuhlonishwa nokukhumbula ubuntwana obufundayo,
kanye noBaba uHidalgo,
Morelos kanye neCorregidora de Querétaro.
Revolution, Revolution
ulandela amaqhawe agqoke opopayi,
bembethe amazwi esibonakaliso.
Izincwadi zeRevolution,
izinkondlo zamavukelambuso
cishe ama-anecdotes amathathu noma amane e-Villa
nokuchuma kokuzulazula,
izihloko zethayi, i- soldadera,
amagobolondo nezindlebe,
i-scythe kanye neLanga, umfowethu ongumdwebi we-proletarian,
amaphasishi nezingoma zabalimi
kanye ne-jumpsuit eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka,
inhlabamkhosi yefekthri eklinyiwe
kanye nesigqi esisha sezando
labazalwane abasebenza
kanye nezingxenye eziluhlaza zama-ejido
okungabazalwane abampofu
balahla uvalo lomfundisi.
Amapheshana e-propaganda yenguquko,
uhulumeni osebenzela i-proletariat,
izihlakaniphi zabasebenzi emsebenzini kahulumeni,
imisakazo enkonzweni yezihlakaniphi zabasebenzi
emsebenzini kahulumeni weNguquko
ukuphinda ngokungaphezi imibono yabo
zize ziqoshwe ezingqondweni zabafundi
yabasebenzi abanemisakazo futhi bayilalele.
Isikhathi sikhula ngokuthula,
utshani, uthuli lwamathuna
lokho kuzamazamisa izwi.
4 no-5- Imiyalo yokuguqula umhlaba
Umbhali: Amavesi ashiwo ku-Subcomandante Marcos we-Zapatista Army of National Liberation EZLN.
1- Dala isibhakabhaka esiqondile. Yipende ibe luhlaza noma ibe nsundu, noma usebenzise imibala yomhlaba, emihle. Splash amafu ngokuthanda kwakho.
Lengisa ngokucophelela inyanga egcwele entshonalanga, yisho izingxenye ezintathu kwezine ngaphezu komkhathizwe ngokulandelana kwazo. Empumalanga, qala kancane ukuphuma kwelanga elikhanyayo nelinamandla. Qoqa abesilisa nabesifazane, ukhulume nabo kancane futhi ngothando; bazoqala ukuzihambela. Bheka olwandle ngothando. Phumula ngosuku lwesikhombisa.
2- Qoqa ukuthula okudingekayo.
Zakhele ngelanga nolwandle nemvula nangothuli nobusuku. Ngokubekezela, lola enye yeziphetho zakho. Khetha isudi ensundu nesikhafu esibomvu. Lindela ukuphuma kwelanga futhi, nemvula, uye edolobheni elikhulu.
Lapho bembona, omashiqela babaleka bethukile, banyathelana.
Kodwa ungayeki! Impi isanda kuqala.
6- ILanga
Umbhali: Gutiérrez Cruz
Umjikelezo, ilanga elibomvu
njengesondo lethusi,
ungibhekile mihla namalanga
futhi nsuku zonke ungibheka ngimpofu.
7- Revolution (i-extract)
Umbhali: Manuel Maples Arce (1927)
Kwaze kwahlwa
amasosha
badabula
isifuba
umculo odumile.
(...)
Izitimela zamasosha
eziya kumaphuzu amane amakhulu,
lokubhabhathizwa kwegazi
lapho yonke into ididekile,
namadoda aphuzile
badlala amakhadi
nemihlatshelo yabantu;
izitimela zomsindo nezempi
lapho sicula khona uguquko.
Kwaze kwakude,
abesifazane abakhulelwe
bayacela
kithi
kwabaKhrestu bamatshe.
8- Ukususwa kweqabunga
Umbhali: Gregorio López y Fuentes (1914)
Kunamatshe ayigugu amaningi ayivelakancane kukesi lokubonisa elicacile
yezulu, eligqoka izingubo zalo ezinothile kakhulu;
nenyanga ikhithika njengokungathi iwundlunkulu
wandiza ezimpapheni zamaphiko akhe.
Usukuma njengeva elibukhali
futhi ungibheke emehlweni; Ngesandla sakhe, ku
okuyinto inyanga, njengohlamvu, uma kukodwa
ufulawa, uqaqa imbali ezonda umoya.
Ubona amacembe endiza futhi uphatheke kabi kakhulu
akhale futhi abubule ngoba engakwazi
thola imfihlo yakhe; bese, kancane,
eceleni kwamahlombe akhe, kumanzi ukukhanya kwenyanga futhi
ngomlotha "wensimu yakho, kunjalo" - ngisho - futhi ngikhothamisa ibunzi lami
futhi uvula kahle izindebe zakho zibe ukumamatheka.
9- I-Vrbe, inkondlo enkulu yamaBolshevik ezingomeni ezi-5
Umbhali: Manuel Maples Arce (1924)
Nansi inkondlo yami
ngesihluku
kanye nezilimi eziningi
edolobheni elisha.
O, umuzi wonke ushubile
ngezintambo nangemizamo,
konke kuzwakala
ngezinjini namaphiko.
Ukuqhuma kanyekanye
wemibono emisha
kancane okwengeziwe
endizeni yendawo
kaWhitman noTurner
nokunye okwengeziwe
eMaples Arce.
Amaphaphu eRussia
futha
umoya wenguquko kwezenhlalo obheke kithi.
O
akukho lutho olubhaliwe mayelana nokushaya-notches oluqondayo
lobu buhle obusha ukuthi
iphuma kusukela ekhulwini,
kanye nezinyanga
abavuthiwe
lokho kuwa,
ukubola
lokho kuza
yemigqa yendle yengqondo.
Nansi inkondlo yami:
Hawu dolobha elinamandla
futhi eziningi,
yenziwe ngokuphelele ngensimbi nensimbi!
Izinsimbi. Amadokodo.
Ama-cranes.
Nomkhuhlane wocansi
zezimboni.
Idolobha:
abaphelezeli bethilamu
eziwela imigwaqo evukela umbuso.
As
izitolo zingena emigwaqweni, futhi ilanga liphanga imigwaqo.
Ngaphandle kwezinsuku
eshajwa ngezigxobo zocingo, i
i-parade yezindawo zesikhashana
ngokusebenzisa i-elevator tube systems.
Ngokushesha,
o, ukukhanya
eluhlaza emehlweni akho!
Ngaphansi kwezimpumputhe zokungazi zehora,
amabutho abomvu adlula.
I-cannibal romanticism yomculo we-Yankee
yenze izidleke zayo ezinsikeni.
Oh idolobha lamazwe ngamazwe!
Kuyiphi i-meridian ekude
ingabe lo ocean liner wasika?
Ngizwa sengathi yonke into iyasuka.
Ukuhwalala okumnyama
intanta phakathi kwezakhiwo ze-panorama.
Izitimela ze-Spectral ziyahamba
laphaya
, ukuhefuzela kwempucuko.
Isixuku esihlanyayo
echaphaza ngomculo emigwaqweni.
Futhi manje, amasela onxiwankulu azoqala ukuthuthumela
emisinga
owahlasela umuzi.
kodwa othile wakufihla
i-pentagram engokomoya yesiqhumane ngaphansi kwamaphupho akho.
Nansi inkondlo yami:
amahlombe ehlombe emoyeni,
izinwele emlilweni
nokusa okuthunjiweyo emehlweni.
Oh muzi womculo
wenze zonke izigqi zaba ngomshini!
Kusasa, mhlawumbe,
ukukhanya okuphilayo kwamavesi ami
izokhanyisa ama-horizons athotshisiwe.
10- Vukani baseMexico!
Umbhali: Ignacio López Tarso (1966)
Vukani baseMexico
Ababengaboni
Ubani ochitha igazi
Ukusukuma Komunye ukuphakela
isizwe esimpofu saseMexico!
Yayimbi kangakanani inhlanhla yakho;
Izingane zakho zisafuna okwengeziwe
ngebhadi ukumbona.
Bona wami
izwe lakubo elithandekayo, njengoba nje lisekhona;
Kwangathi amadoda akho anesibindi,
wonke umuntu uyabakhaphela.
Iphi induna uZapata?
Ukuthi inkemba yakho ayisakhanyi?
Ikuphi i-Braco del Norte?
Yayiyini iDon Francisco Villa?
Kwakuhlezi amantombazane amathathu efasiteleni
ULa Cuca, uPetra, owesifazane ohlanyayo waseSoledad
Kwase kufika isosha lifuna ukubathatha
Omunye wathi uma
Omunye wathi cha
Omunye wathi uma
Balithatha izinyo
Babengabaholi kuqala
Ukuthi bathatha insimbi;
Kuze kube ngu-
Dom Francisco I. Madero
wangena emandleni
Yeka inkohliso Madero
Nokho, lapho eqala ukubusa;
Ele
Bengifuna ukuziba iPancho Villa neZapata.
Angizange ngimbone ozobhalwa
lokho akuyona i-Conveneciero;
Lapho sebengena emandleni,
angimazi umaqondana.
UZapata wathi kuVilla:
sesivele silahlekelwe yi-Albur;
Uzahlasela uvela enyakatho,
ngizahlasela ngisuka eningizimu.
Ngalokho ngiyavalelisa,
ngoba siyahamba;
Lapha i-Corrido iphela:
Vukani baseMexico.
Izinkomba
- Katharina Niemeyer. "Lokhu akulula neze ukunyakazisa izwi." Izinkondlo ZaseMexico Eziphikisana Nenguquko. Kubuyiswe ku-cervantesvirtual.com.
- UMariana Gaxiola. Izinkondlo ezi-3 ezinhle mayelana neNguquko yaseMexico. Kubuyiswe ku-mxcity.mx.
- Kusukela izolo kuya esikhathini esizayo: Phila Zapata! Futhi phila isikhathi eside iZapatista! Kutholwe ku-zocalopoets.com
- Izinkondlo eMexico phakathi neminyaka Revolution. Kubuyiswe ku-pavelgranados.blogspot.com.ar.
- I-Edeni Iguquliwe: Izinkondlo Zenguquko YaseMexico. Kubuyiswe ku-elem.mx.
- Izimbongi zomhlaba. UGregorio López noFuente. Kutholwe ku-rincondelpoetasmajo.blogspot.com.ar.
- Mexican Revolution. Kubuyiswe ku-historicultural.com.
- Inguquko yaseMexico. Kubuyiswe ku-lahistoriamexicana.mx.
- Mexican Revolution. Ithathwe ku-es.wikipedia.org.