Uguquko lwaseMexico lwalungesinye sezehlakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni waseMexico, ezenzeka phakathi kuka-1910 no-1920 futhi zaholela ezinguqukweni ezijulile kwezenhlalo, ezombusazwe, nezomnotho ezweni. Ziningi izinto ezibe nomthelela ekuqubukeni kwale nhlangano, kodwa izimbangela zezombusazwe ezinhlanu ziyagqama: ubushiqela bukaPorfirio Díaz, ukunqwabelana kwamandla ezandleni zabantu abaphakeme, ukuntuleka kokumelela kwezombusazwe, umzabalazo wezinguquko kwezolimo, kanye nomthelela wemibono yoguquko. Lezi zici zasiza ekudaleni ukungeneliseki okudumile okwafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngokugqashuka kweNguquko yaseMexico.
Izizathu eziyinhloko ezibangele iNguquko yaseMexico: ukubuka konke komlando.
Uguquko lwaseMexico lwalungesinye sezenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni waseMexico, okuphawula ukuqala kwenkathi entsha ezweni. Ziningana izici ezibe nomthelela ekuqhamukeni kwalo mbutho wokuvukela umbuso, izizathu zezombangazwe ziphakathi kwezibaluleke kakhulu. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izimbangela ezinhlanu zezombangazwe ezazibalulekile ekuveleni kweNguquko yaseMexico.
Esinye sezimbangela ezinkulu zezombusazwe zeNguquko yaseMexico kwaba umbuso wobushiqela kaPorfirio Díaz, owabusa iMexico ngendlela yobushiqela iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30. Umbuso kaDíaz wawuphawuleka ngenkohlakalo , ukucindezelwa , kanye nokuqongelela amandla ezandleni zeqembu elincane labantu abaphezulu. Abantu baseMexico, ikakhulukazi abalimi nabasebenzi, babehlupheka ngenxa yokuntuleka kwenkululeko namathuba, okwadala ukunganeliseki okukhulu kanye nokufuna ushintsho.
Esinye isici sezombusazwe esabangela iNguquko yaseMexico kwaba ukungalingani kwezenhlalo okwabhebhethekiswa umbuso kaDíaz. Ngenkathi idlanzana labantu likhula ngokuceba, iningi labantu laliphila ngaphansi kwezimo zobumpofu nokucindezelwa . Ukuntuleka kwezinguquko kwezenhlalo kanye nokungabikho kwezinqubomgomo eziqinisekisa ubulungiswa nokulingana kwaqhubekisela phambili lokhu kungalingani.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuntuleka kokuhlanganyela kwezepolitiki kweningi labantu nakho kwaba esinye sezizathu ezaholela ekuGuqukeleni kwaseMexico. Umbuso kaDíaz awuzange uvumele imibono eminingi futhi wacindezela noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuphikiswa , okwadala umuzwa wokukhishwa inyumbazane nokuvukela phakathi kwabantu baseMexico. Ukuntuleka kwentando yeningi nokumelwa kwaholela esidingweni soshintsho olukhulu ohlelweni lwezepolitiki lwezwe.
Inkinga yezomnotho kanye nokuntuleka kwentuthuko nakho kwakuyizici zezepolitiki ezabangela ukuqubuka kweNguquko yaseMexico. Imodeli yezomnotho eyasetshenziswa ngesikhathi sombuso kaDíaz yayisekela izintshisekelo zeqembu elincane kodwa iningi labantu lalilahlekelwa, okwaholela ekungalinganini , ekuxhashazweni nasekuhluphekeni.
Ekugcineni, ukuntuleka kokuqashelwa kwamalungelo abantu bomdabu kanye nobudlova obubhekiswe emiphakathini yabomdabu nakho kwakuyizimbangela zezepolitiki ezabangela iNguquko yaseMexico. Abantu bomdabu babecwaswa futhi bebandlululwa umbuso kaDíaz, belahlekelwa yizwe labo kanye nokuntuleka kwenhlonipho ngamasiko namasiko abo. Umzabalazo wokuzimela kanye nokulingana wawungenye yezinto ezazishukumisa ukunyakaza koguquko.
Ngamafuphi, iNguquko yaseMexico yayiwumphumela wochungechunge lwezici zezombangazwe ezahlangana maqondana nokufuna ushintsho kanye nohlelo olunobulungiswa nentando yeningi. Izimbangela zezombangazwe zaziyisisekelo ekuqalweni kwale nhlangano yezinguquko eyaphawula umlando waseMexico futhi yaba nethonya elikhulu ezweni emashumini eminyaka alandelayo.
Kwakuyini ukuhlobana kukaFrancisco Madero kuNguquko yaseMexico?
UFrancisco Madero wayengumuntu obalulekile kuNguquko yaseMexico, edlala indima ebalulekile ekusungulweni kwayo. Ithonya lakhe lezombangazwe kanye nokulwa kwakhe nombuso wobushiqela wePorfirio Díaz kwaba nethonya elikhulu ekuvuseni uguquko.
Enye yezimbangela zezombusazwe zeNguquko yaseMexico kwaba ukunganeliseki okudumile ngombuso wobushiqela uDíaz, owabusa izwe iminyaka engaphezu kwengama-30. UMadero, ophikisana nombuso, uthole ukwesekwa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yomphakathi waseMexico ngokugxeka ukuntuleka kwentando yeningi kanye nokuqoqwa kwamandla ezandleni zabambalwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugcwala komhlaba ezandleni zabanikazi bomhlaba abakhulu kwaba esinye isizathu esibalulekile soguquko. UMadero wakhuthaza ukuguqulwa kwezolimo okwakuzozuzisa abalimi futhi kukhuthaze ukwabiwa komhlaba ngendlela efanele.
Olunye udaba lwezepolitiki olwagqugquzela uguquko kwaba ukungabibikho kwenkululeko yokukhuluma nokucindezelwa kwabamelene nombuso. UMadero, umvikeli wenkululeko nobulungisa, waba uphawu lokumelana nokucindezelwa kukahulumeni wase-Díaz.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungalingani kwezenhlalo nezomnotho ezweni nakho kube nomthelela ekungenelisekeni okudumile kanye nokuqubuka koguquko. UMadero, ngokumela izinqubomgomo ezilinganayo nezinobulungisa, ukwazile ukuzuza ukwesekwa kwamaqembu ezenhlalo ahlukahlukene ayenganelisekile ngesimo sezwe.
Ekugcineni, umbono kaMadero wentando yeningi eyengeziwe kanye neMexico nje waphefumulela izinkulungwane zabantu baseMexico ukuba bahlanganyele ngemuva kwephrojekthi yakhe yezombangazwe futhi balwele izinguquko ezijulile ohlelweni lwezombangazwe nezenhlalakahle zezwe. Ubuholi bakhe obunothando nesibindi kwaba nesandla ekuhlanganiseni izixuku kanye nokusungula umnyakazo obaluleke kakhulu woguquko emlandweni waseMexico.
Abalingiswa abakhulu beNguquko yaseMexico: babengobani abaholi abathathu ababaluleke kakhulu benhlangano?
Abaholi abathathu ababaluleke kakhulu beNguquko yaseMexico kwakungu-Emiliano Zapata, uPancho Villa, noFrancisco Madero. Ngayinye yabamba iqhaza elibalulekile emzabalazweni wabantu baseMexico wobulungiswa nokulingana phakathi nalesi sikhathi esineziyaluyalu emlandweni waseMexico.
Izimbangela ezi-5 zezepolitiki zeNguquko yaseMexico:
1. Ukungalingani kwezenhlalo: Ukungafani okukhulu kwengcebo namandla phakathi kwabanikazi bomhlaba kanye nabantu basemakhaya abampofu kwaholela ekuzizweni kokungabi nabulungisa kanye nokuxhashazwa okwabangela ukuvukela umbuso.
2. Inkohlakalo yezepolitiki: Uhulumeni wasePorfiri wawuphawuleka ngenkohlakalo kanye nobushiqela, uMengameli uPorfirio Díaz esebuseni iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30, ecindezela noma yikuphi ukuphikiswa futhi ethanda izintshisekelo zabantu abaphezulu.
3. Ukugcwala komhlaba: Ukugcwala komhlaba ezandleni zabaninimhlaba abambalwa abakhulu kwavimbela abalimi abaningi ekufinyeleleni umhlaba nezindlela zokuphila, okwadala umuzwa wokungabi nabulungisa nokuvukela.
4. Ukukhethwa Kabusha Okungapheli: Ukukhethwa kabusha kukaPorfirio Díaz njalo njengomongameli, ngokhetho olukhohlisayo, kwalimaza ukufaneleka kukahulumeni wakhe futhi kwadala ukunganeliseki kwabantu.
5. Ukuxhashazwa ngokomnotho: Izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni zomnotho zithande izintshisekelo zezinkampani ezinkulu zakwamanye amazwe, okwalimaza umnotho wendawo kanye nezisebenzi zaseMexico, okwaholela ekuzizweni kokuxhashazwa kanye nentukuthelo.
Ukuphela kweNguquko yaseMexico: izici ezinqumayo nomphumela wezingxabano ezihlomile.
Uguquko lwaseMexico lwalungesinye sezenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni waseMexico, kusukela ngo-1910 futhi zathatha iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi. Ukuphela kwalokhu kungqubuzana kwezikhali kwanqunywa yizici ezimbalwa zezombangazwe ezathonya ngokuqondile umphumela wenguquko.
Phakathi kwezizathu zezombusazwe ezabangela ukuphela kweNguquko yaseMexico, singaqokomisa ezinhlanu eziyinhloko:
1. Ubushiqela bukaPorfirio Díaz: Uhulumeni wobushiqela kaPorfirio Díaz, owahlala embusweni iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30, wawungenye yezizathu eziyinhloko ezaholela ekuqubukeni koguquko. Ukunganeliseki kwabantu ngokuntuleka kwentando yeningi kanye nokuqongelela kwamandla ezandleni zabambalwa kwakungenye yezinto ezanquma ukuqala kwempi.
2. Ukungalingani kwezenhlalo: Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwabacebile nabampofu eMexico, lapho iningi labantu liphila ebumpofwini obukhulu, nawo wawuyisici esibalulekile ekuveleni koguquko. Umzabalazo wokwabiwa komhlaba nezinsiza ngendlela efanele wawungenye yezidingo zamaqembu amavukela-mbuso.
3. Ithonya Lase-United States: Ukugxambukela kwe-United States ezindabeni zangaphakathi zaseMexico, ikakhulukazi mayelana nokuxhashazwa kwemithombo yemvelo, kwaba negalelo embonweni wobuzwe nowokulwa nombuso owabangela uguquko.
4. Izingxabano zangaphakathi: Ukungavumelani phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene amavukela-mbuso ahlanganyela enguqukweni, njengamaZapatista, amaVillista, kanye namaConstitutionalists, nakho kwakuyisithiyo sobumbano kanye nokuphela kwempi ehlomile.
5. Ukuphakama kuka-Álvaro Obregón: Ukufika kuka-Álvaro Obregón emandleni, ngemuva kokunqotshwa kukaPancho Villa no-Emiliano Zapata, kwaphawula ukuphela kweNguquko yaseMexico. U-Obregón wakwazi ukuhlanganisa amandla amakhulu, ekhuthaza izinguquko zezepolitiki nezenhlalo ezaletha ukuzinza ezweni.
Ngamafuphi, ukuphela kweNguquko yaseMexico kwaba umphumela wochungechunge lwezici zezombangazwe ezixhumene ezathonya umphumela wokungqubuzana kwezikhali. Umzabalazo wobulungiswa bezenhlalakahle, intando yeningi, kanye nokuzimela kwezwe kwakuyizinsika ezasekela le nhlangano yoguquko eyaphawula umlando waseMexico.
Izizathu Ezi-5 Zezombangazwe ZeNguquko YaseMexico
Izimbangela zezombusazwe zeNguquko yaseMexico ka-1910 zazigxile embusweni wobushiqela uPorfirio Díaz ayewugcinile kusukela ngo-1876.
Uguquko lwaseMexico lwaqala ngoNovemba 20, 1910, ngokuvukela okwakuholwa nguFrancisco Madero ukuketula uMongameli uPorfirio Díaz.
Njengoba izenzakalo zenzeka, lo mzabalazo wezikhali waphenduka impi yombango ngo-1920. Kwaba khona ukuvukela umbuso kwama-Porfiristas kanye nezingxabano phakathi kwabavukeli ngokwabo.
Lona bekuwuguquko lwesibili lwezenhlalo nezombusazwe ekhulwini lama-20 futhi lwaluhlanganisa umzabalazo odumile omelene nomninindlu kanye nowokulwa nama impiriyali.
Ekugcineni, ukunyakaza kwakhiqiza izinguquko ezijulile esakhiweni sombuso waseMexico esisaqhubeka nanamuhla.
Izimbangela zezombangazwe zeNguquko yaseMexico
1- Ukubusa kwezepolitiki
Isikhathi esiphakathi kuka-1876 no-1911 sasibonakala ngobushiqela bukaPorfirio Díaz. Uhulumeni wakhe wawusekelwe yizicukuthwane zaseMexico kanye nenhloko-dolobha yangaphandle.
Kodwa, ngaphezu kwezinqubomgomo ezingathandwayo, phakathi nalesi sikhathi imindeni ecebile yayilawula amandla ezombusazwe.
Eminyakeni engama-30 ye-centralism, amandla omthetho nawokwahlulela ayengaphansi kwamandla okuphatha.
Ngesikhathi "sePorfiriato", njengoba uhulumeni wayaziwa, intando yeningi nobukhosi kwakukhona kuphela eMagna Carta.
Kwacishe kwaba nokungabikhona ngokuphelele kweziqinisekiso zomuntu ngamunye, inkululeko yokukhuluma namalungelo abantu.
2- Ukukhethwa kabusha kwe-Porfirio Díaz
U-Porfirio Díaz ukwazile ukubusa amahlandla ayisikhombisa kamongameli. Ukubusa kwakhe isikhathi eside kwatholakala ngokusebenzisa amandla, ngokuxhaphaza uMthethosisekelo, hhayi ngamavoti.
Ngokuphambene, uDiaz wathembisa ukuthi ngeke aphinde akhethwe ngaphambi kokuba abe ngumongameli ngo-1876.
V ukhohlwe ukuphinda isithembiso sakhe ngo-1908, kulokhu kuJames Creelman, intatheli yaseMelika. Ngokusobala, wagcina eseyiphulile futhi, futhi ebhekene nalesi sidingo sokukhethwa kabusha, abantu baseMexico baziveza.
3- Ukuguga kombuso
Ngaphezu kokuqongelela amandla isikhathi eside, ekuqaleni kwenguquko, umbuso usugugile ngokoqobo.
Ngaleso sikhathi, u-Porfirio Díaz wayeneminyaka engu-80 ubudala futhi izazi-mlando zithi "isilinganiso seminyaka yezikhonzi, izinduna kanye nababusi sasiyiminyaka engu-70".
Kodwa inkinga kwakungeyona nje iminyaka kamongameli nehhovisi lakhe likahulumeni. Umbuso wawuvele unezinhlaka eziphelelwe yisikhathi ezazingahambisani namandla omphakathi kwezoguquko.
Nakuba uPorfirio Díaz ayebalulekile ezweni amashumi eminyaka, waba isithiyo ezizukulwaneni ezintsha.
4- Ukuvela kwamaqembu aphikisayo
Ngenxa yokunganeliseki kanye nokuvuleleka okubonakala kunguquko yezombangazwe, ukubunjwa kwezinhlangano eziphikisayo kwanda kusukela ngo-1908 kuya phambili.
Okokuqala, kwakukhona amakilabhu enkululeko, izinhlangano zezenhlalakahle ezazigxeka umbuso futhi zifuna intando yeningi.
Kwabe sekuvela amaqembu amabili amakhulu oguquko: I-National Democratic Party kanye ne-Anti-Reelection Party.
Kula maqembu, kwaqala ukubunjwa ubuholi obuzovela ngemuva komzabalazo.
Phakathi kwabo bekukhona uFrancisco Madero, u-Emilio Vázquez Gómez, uToribio Esquivel, uJosé Vasconcelos noLuis Cabrera.
Kusukela ngo-1905, onxiwankulu bentando yeningi base basungula i-Mexican Liberal Party, eyayifuna inkululeko yokuvota nokungaphinde kukhethwe.
Kodwa udumo lwalezi zinhlangano, ikakhulukazi okaMadero, lwaholela ekushushisweni nasekucindezelweni. Futhi phakathi nomkhankaso wakhe wobumongameli ngo-1910, uMadero waboshwa.
5- Uhlelo lweSan Luis Potosí
Ngemva kokushiya ejele futhi ebalekela eTexas, uMadero washicilela idokhumenti eyayizobeka izisekelo zenguquko.
I-San Luis Plan yayiyisivumelwano esathembisa ukubhekana nokuhlukunyezwa kwe-Porfiriato, indiva uhulumeni, futhi ikhiphe isimemo sezikhali kubantu.
Futhi lo mbhalo wasungula ithonya lemibono yaseYurophu evuna amalungelo abasebenzi.
Ungase ube nesithakazelo kokuthi Kungani kwaqala iNguquko YaseMexico?
Izinkomba
- Izimbangela zezombangazwe zokuzimela, ukuvukela umbuso, nokunyakaza okwalandela. Kubuyiswe kufilosofiamexicana.files.wordpress.com.
- Delgado, G. (2003). Umlando weMexico ngekhulu lama-XNUMX. Umqulu II Pearson, Mexico
- Perez, A. Izandulelo Zenguquko Yase-Mexican Ngokubuka Kwesikhathi Eside. Kubuyiswe ku-rephip.unr.edu.ar.
- U-Ruiz, R. (2006). Izimbangela nemiphumela yeNguquko: amacala aseMexico naseCuba. Kutholwe ku-omegalfa.es.
- Yepez, A. (2007). Umlando Wendawo Yonke, Imfundo Eyisisekelo. Umhleli Larense.