- Izithelo zikhiqiza ugesi ekuhlolweni kwe-electrochemical nangokufaka ugesi ngokuthintana, kodwa ngamandla alinganiselwe.
- Imfucuza ye-Durian ne-jackfruit iguqulwa ibe ama-aerogel ekhabhoni ama-supercapacitor asheshayo nangabizi kakhulu.
- Amabhethri aguqukayo: isimo esiqinile, ukhuni, amaprotheni, namadayimane kunikeza ukuphepha nokusimama okukhulu.
- Amawolintshi ababayo avela eSeville asevele aphehla ugesi nge-biogas; umsoco wezithelo usekela ukusebenza kwezemidlalo.
Uma othile ebuza ukuthi izithelo zingakwazi yini ukukhiqiza ugesi, impendulo emfushane ithi: yebo, kodwa kuncike ekutheni usebenzisa kanjani i-chemistry kanye ne-physics ehilelekile. Kusukela ekuhloleni ngolamula okhanyisa i-LED kuya kuma-supercapacitor enziwe nge-durian ne-jackfruit, futhi okufaka phakathi izenzakalo zokufakwa kukagesi ngokuthinta ikhasi le-pomelo.Isayensi isikhombisile ukuthi... izindlela zokukhipha amandla kagesi yezinto eziphilayo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le ndawo yonke ihlangana nenye ingaphambili lezobuchwepheshe: amabhethri anika amandla imishini yethu nezimoto. Amabhethri e-lithium-ion aseyinhliziyo yezinto zikagesi eziphathwayo.Nokho, bahlushwa ukulinganiselwa kokuphepha, ukusimama, nokuguga. Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi kunegagasi locwaningo—kusuka ezitsheni zobumba eziqinile kuya kumaprotheni, ukhuni, ngisho namadayimane akhipha imisebe—olunweba umkhathi wokugcinwa kwamandla futhi luhileleke ekusetshenzisweni kwe-biomass nezithelo esikhathini samanje nangesikhathi esizayo.
Izithelo zingawukhiqiza kanjani ugesi?
Cishe ubonile "ibhethri likalamula." Isebenza ngoba ulamula aqukethe i-citric acid nosawoti oncibilikisiwe osebenza njenge-electrolyte. Lapho izinsimbi ezimbili ezihlukene (isibonelo, ithusi nezinc) zifakwa esithelweni futhi zixhunywe ngocingo, kwenzeka ukusabela kwe-electrochemical okwenza ama-electron ageleze., ikhiqiza isimanje esincane, esanele ukukhanyisa i-LED noma ukunika amandla iwashi elilula.
Lesi simiso asiwona ulamula kuphela. Amawolintshi nawo aqukethe i-citric acid, kanti ama-apula ane-malic acid.Zombili zivumela ukuqhutshwa kwama-ion uma kukhona ama-electrode amabili ezinsimbi ezihlukene acwiliswe ku-pulp. Ama-Kiwi namagilebhisi, ane-asidi yawo ephilayo namaminerali, angasebenza ngokufanayo. Ukusebenza kahle kuyehluka, kepha ingqondo ye-electrochemical ngemuva kwayo iyafana.
Ama-Electrolyte ayisihluthulelo: izinto okuthi, lapho zincibilika emanzini, zihlukanise zibe ama-ion futhi zivumele umsinga kagesi ukuba udlule kuwo.Ezithelweni, i-matrix enamanzi anothe ngama-asidi nosawoti inikeza indlela yokusabela. Ngomjikelezo olula, i-voltage ekhiqizwa isithelo esisodwa incane; ochungechungeni, izithelo eziningana zingafaka ama-voltages ukuze zinikeze amandla amadivaysi amancane-namanje, sikhuluma ngomthombo we-didactic, hhayi isisombululo samandla amakhulu.
Ngokombono wezemfundo, lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kuyigolide elimsulwa. Ukwakha isifunda esinezithelo, ithusi, ne-zinc kusiza ukubona ngeso lengqondo imiqondo yokunciphisa i-oxidation, amandla e-electrochemical, kanye nokugeleza kwe-electron. - konke ngezindleko eziphansi futhi ngokukhanga okukhulu ekilasini noma ekhaya. Kodwa kubalulekile ukugcizelela: "ibhethri likalamula" liwukuboniswa kwesayensi, hhayi esikhundleni sebhethri lezentengiso.
Ukufakwa kukagesi ngokuthintana: ikhasi le-pomelo ekugxilwe kulo.
Akuwona wonke "ugesi wezithelo" ovela ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali. Ikhasi le-pomelo liheha ukunaka ngesinye isizathu: ukufakwa kukagesi ngokuthintana. Kulesi simo se-triboelectric, ukungqubuzana okulula noma ukuthintana okuphindaphindiwe phakathi kwezinto kudala ukuhlukaniswa kwezindleko.okufana nokushaqeka esikuzwayo lapho sithinta isicabha ngezinsuku ezomile.
Abacwaningi baveza ukuthi amadivaysi asebenzisa ugesi othintana naye, empeleni, alula. NgokukaWang, kuyisimiso esinembile—esifanayo esibangela ukushaqeka okuncane ekuphileni kwansuku zonke—kodwa sisetshenziswa ngobuhlakani ezintweni ezifana nekhasi le-pomelo., okuyinto, ngenxa yezimpawu zayo, ingahlanganisa abaqoqi be-triboelectric. Kuyinkundla evelayo enamandla ezinzwa kanye nasekuthwebuleni amandla emishini ahlakazekile.
Ama-Supercapacitor ane-durian ne-jackfruit
Enye intuthuko ejabulisayo ivela kuma-supercapacitor - amadivayisi agcina futhi akhulule amandla ngokushesha okukhulu. Ithimba elivela eNyuvesi yaseSydney liguqule izingxenye ezingenakudliwa ze-durian ("inkosi" yezithelo ezinukayo) kanye ne-jackfruit zaba ama-aerogel ekhabhoni ambobozelayo.Izinto ezingasindi ezinezindawo zokugcina ezihlukile.
Le nqubo ihilela ukufudumeza, ukomisa, ukomisa, kanye "nokubhaka" ama-spongy cores esithelo kuhhavini emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-1.500 °C. Umphumela uba yizakhiwo ezimnyama, ezikhanyayo kakhulu, nezinezimbotshana ezingaba ama-electrode ama-supercapacitor angabizi kakhulu.Ezivivinyweni, lawa madivayisi angashajwa cishe amasekhondi angu-30 futhi akhiphe amandla ngokuqhuma, anele ukunika amandla ezinhlobonhlobo zemishini kagesi.
Ngale kokusebenza, kunomlando wemvelo: ngaphezu kuka-70% wama-durians ngokuvamile aphelela kudoti, ngakho-ke. Ukunikeza lezi zinto ezilahlwayo indawo "eluhlaza" kusiza ukunciphisa imfucuza. futhi inika amandla nobuchwepheshe bokushaja okusheshayo.
Amabhethri namuhla: i-lithium-ion, ukulinganiselwa nesikali
Ngaleso sikhathi, umhlaba wangempela usebenzisa amabhethri e-lithium-ion. Imakethwa kusukela ngo-1991 futhi itholakala yonke indawo komakhalekhukhwini, amakhompyutha aphathekayo, izixubho zikagesi, nezinto zokuhlanza ivacuum, igqama ngokuminyana kwazo okuphezulu nokunikeza ama-voltage aphezulu kunamanye amakhemikhali.Emjikelezweni wokugcina wonyaka kuphela, ukuthengisa sekuvele kudlule amayunithi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisi-7 futhi kungadlula izigidigidi eziyi-15 ngo-2027.
Akuyona yonke into enhle. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amabhethri alahlekelwa amandla awo okubamba ishaji; emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, ukusebenza kuyehla.Kukhona futhi izingozi zokuphepha - ama-electrolyte avuthayo angasha ngamasekhethi amafushane noma ukungazinzi - kanye nokukhathazeka kwemvelo nezenhlalo mayelana nezinsimbi zezimayini ezifana ne-lithium ne-cobalt.
Umthelela we-cobalt ubonakala ikakhulukazi. Insimbi, esetshenziswa kuma-cathodes amaningi, ihlotshaniswa nezinkinga zempilo yezemvelo futhi, emazweni afana neDemocratic Republic of Congo, nezinsolo zokusetshenziswa kwezingane....ngezinqubo ezibandakanya izinkampani ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugaywa kabusha kuseyinsakavukela: kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe amaphesenti angu-5 kuphela amabhethri omakhalekhukhwini atholiwe.
Isidingo sokugcina sikhula kuphela ngezimoto zikagesi kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemithombo evuselelekayo ngezikhathi ezithile. Cishe sizobona amabhange amabhethri aya ngokwandayo ukuze adambise imiphumela yokuguquguquka komoya kanye nelanga.Lesi simo sibeka ingcindezi kubacwaningi ukuthi bafune amakhemistri aphephile, ahlala isikhathi eside, futhi asimeme.
Okulandelayo: isimo esiqinile, ukhuni, namaprotheni.
Amabhethri esimo esiqinile awukubheja okukhulu. Ngokufaka esikhundleni se-electrolyte ewuketshezi (evuthayo) nge-ceramic eqinile, ukuphepha kuthuthukisa futhi kuvula amathuba okusebenzisa i-metallic lithium anode....ukwandisa ukuminyana kwamandla. Khumbula ukukhumbula kwe-Galaxy Note 7? Imicimbi efana naleyo iqinise ukuphuthuma kwezakhiwo ezizinzile.
Ezimotweni, lokhu kungashintsha umdlalo: ukuzimela okukhulu nezikhawu ezinde phakathi kwezindlekoCabanga ukuthi imoto ngayinye kagesi namuhla ithwala "okulingana" kwezinkulungwane zamabhethri e-smartphone; ngobuchwepheshe besimo esiqinile, uhambo lungaba lude ngaphandle kokukhuphula kakhulu ivolumu.
Enye indlela ethakazelisayo izinkuni. Ama-electrode asekelwe ezingxenyeni zokhuni ezinezimbotshana avumela ukufakwa nokukhishwa kwama-ion ensimbi ngaphandle kokwehluka kwevolumu okuyingozi kwezinye izinto zendabuko.Kusesigabeni saselabhorethri: ama-prototypes alahlekelwa amandla ngokushesha uma kuqhathaniswa—into efana nokugcina u-61% ngemva kwemijikelezo eyi-100—kodwa amandla okufakwa kwezicelo ezimile kanye nezindleko ezincishisiwe kuyamangaza.
Esiqondisweni esifanayo esimeme, kukhona amabhethri amaprotheni. Abacwaningi e-US benze amaseli lapho ama-electrode asebenzayo akhipha izinsimbi ezinobuthi njenge-cobalt futhi angawohloka abe yi-asidi., ukwenza lula ukubuyiswa kwezinto. Abakayishayi i-lithium-ion: bahlinzeka cishe ngo-1,5 V emijikelezweni engama-50. Kodwa abonisa umzila onesizinda esincane futhi ojikelezayo.
Amadayimane akhiqize amandla iminyaka eyinkulungwane.
Kuthiwani uma ibhethri lingahlala izinkulungwane zeminyaka? Kuzwakala njengenganekwane, kodwa ama-prototypes edayimane "amabhethri e-betavoltaic" asevele ekhona. Amadayimane okwenziwa aqukethe ama-isotopi e-radioactive carbon-14 trap, okuthi lapho ebola, akhiphe ama-electron anamandla amakhulu.Le "mvula" ngaphakathi kwekristalu ikhiqiza amandla aqhubekayo, amancane, kodwa azinzile ahlala isikhathi eside ngokungenangqondo.
Elabhorethri, Amadivayisi anedayimane emkhakheni we-nickel-63 okhipha imisebe abonise amandla kagesi ebangeni elingu-1,8 V, afana nebhethri le-AA. (kodwa ngemisinga ephansi kakhulu). Ithimba manje lisebenzela izinguqulo ezisebenzisa i-carbon-14 etholwe kumabhulokhi e-graphite ezikhungweni zamandla enuzi ezingasasebenzi - ukuphumelela okuguqula imfucuza ibe amandla awusizo.
Lawa mabhethri awaqhudelani namabhethri e-lithium-ion ngokwamandla, kodwa azuza izandla phansi empilweni ende nangokuqina. Njengoba zingathinteki ukushisa ngendlela efanayo namabhethri amakhemikhali, zingaba indawo ekahle kakhulu endaweni, indawo ephansi yolwandle, ukuba seduze nezintaba-mlilo—kanye nezinzwa, iziphuphutheki, nemishini yezokwelapha.Nakuba engase azwakale ewubukhazikhazi, amadayimane okwenziwa angenziwa ngenani elithengekayo.
Ukusuka esithelweni kuye kugridi yamandla: i-biogas esuka kumawolintshi ababayo
Ugesi "ophuma esithelweni" awuveli ngaso sonke isikhathi kusuka kumjikelezo. E-Seville, izihlahla zamawolintshi ezingu-48 ezigcwele idolobha zithela amathani esithelo esibabayo esiphelela phansi.Esikhundleni sokuthi zibe yimfucuza futhi zihehe izimpukane, uhlelo lwasendaweni luzithumela kuma-biodigesters okuthi... Bathatha i-methane ekuvubeleni. ukunika amandla amajeneretha ezikhungweni zokuhlanza amanzi.
Inkampani yamanzi kamasipala i-Emasesa yethule uhlelo lokuhlola ukusebenzisa amathani angama-35 esithelo ezindaweni esezilungiselelwe ukuguqula izinto eziphilayo zibe ugesi. Ukuhlolwa kukhomba ukuthi i-1.000 kg yamawolintshi ingahlinzeka ngezindlu ezinhlanu ngosuku olulodwa.Ukube isivuno sasemadolobheni besiphelele, umnikelo ubungafinyelela amashumi ezinkulungwane zamakhaya. Ukutshalwa kwezimali okulinganiselwe ukwandisa ububanzi kusondele kuma-euro angama-250.
Izihlahla zamawolintshi zethulwa cishe eminyakeni eyinkulungwane eyedlule futhi sezijwayelene kahle nesifunda, zaba yingxenye yezindawo zasemadolobheni. Njengoba amawolintshi ababayo engadliwa endaweni, idolobha liqasha amaqembu ukuze liqoqe izithelo eziwile.Ukuzidlulisela ku-biodigestion kuyindlela enhle yokuguqula isikweletu sibe yimpahla yamandla.
Imfundo, ulwazi kanye nemikhawulo engokoqobo
Emkhakheni wezemfundo, miningi imidlalo engadlalwa. Ukuhlola olamula, amawolintshi, nama-apula kubonisa ngokucacile umehluko phakathi kwama-electrolyte, ama-electrode, nokugeleza kwama-electron.Ukuvula i-LED, ukulinganisa ama-voltage ochungechungeni, ukuqhathanisa izithelo - zonke lezi zinto zisondeza isayensi ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.
Kodwa kuhle ukulungisa okulindelekile. Amandla akhiqizwa izithelo ngokuqondile ekuhlolweni anesizotha.Awukwazi ukushaja ikhompuyutha ephathekayo "ngamabhethri kalamula." Inani lisenqubweni yokufunda futhi, kunjalo, ekukhuthazeni ubuchwepheshe obusebenzisa i-biomass ngendlela ehlukile-njengama-supercapacitor e-bio-waste kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-biogas.
Ngaleso sikhathi, okuqukethwe kwe-multimedia namavidiyo avela kwabanye abantu ngalezi zihloko kuvame ukuzungeza namalebula okukhangisa. Kuvamile ukuthola imibukiso, izingxoxo, nezibonelo kumavidiyo asingathwe ezinkundleni zangaphandle.Lokhu kusiza ukubona imiqondo ngeso lengqondo, kodwa akunikezeli imininingwane ephelele yobuchwepheshe ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Okokugcina, kufanelekile ukukhumbula ukuthi izingxoxo ezinhle zidinga izikhala ezifanele. Izigaba zokubeka amazwana nezinkulumo-mpikiswano zomphakathi ziwusizo ekucaciseni ukungabaza kanye nokulwa nolwazi olunganembile.Kodwa-ke, ngokufanelekile, umuntu kufanele futhi afune imithombo yezemfundo nesikhungo lapho inhloso kuwukuphindaphinda noma ukwandisa kokuhlangenwe nakho ngokuphepha.
Izithelo zokuthuthukisa amandla kubasubathi: ama-electrolyte, ama-carbohydrate, nokululama.
Akuwona wonke "amandla esithelo" kagesi - ingxenye enkulu yawo i-metabolic, ibalulekile kulabo abaqeqeshayo. Amandla e-Metabolic Itholakala ngenhlanganisela yama-carbohydrate, amafutha, namaprotheni; izithelo ziwumthombo osheshayo wama-carbohydrate nama-electrolyte.
Amawolintshi aphawuleka ngokuqukethwe kwawo kwevithamini C, kanye nokuqukethwe kwawo kwe-potassium ne-hydration. I-Vitamin C isiza ukulawula ukuvuvukala.Ikhuthaza ukumuncwa kwensimbi esekwe esitshalweni futhi isekela amasosha omzimba.
Lokhu kubalulekile kubasubathi, ikakhulukazi abesifazane, abasengozini enkulu yokuntuleka kwe-iron.
Ama-strawberries, nawo acebile kakhulu ngovithamini C, namajikijolo amnyama - njengamajikijolo amnyama, ama-raspberries, nama-blueberries - ahlinzeka ngama-antioxidants anamandla. Le arsenal isiza ukulwa nengcindezi ye-oxidative ebangelwa ukuzikhandla okukhulu futhi ingagcina amandla emisipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.I-fiber iphinde ibe nomthelela emazingeni wamandla azinzile phakathi kokudla.
Ingabe ufuna inketho esebenzayo nezanyiwe yahlolwa? Omisiwe. Funda nabasubathi bokubekezela Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi omisiwe, lapho edliwa cishe imizuzu engu-45 ngaphambi kokuzivocavoca, anganikeza izinzuzo zokusebenza eziqhathaniswa namajeli ezemidlalo.
, ngenzuzo yokuba eshibhile futhi inikeza i-potassium, insimbi, ne-fiber.
Esinye isithako senkanyezi ama-cherry amuncu. Ijusi ye-cherry ye-tart ihlotshaniswa nokunciphisa ubuhlungu bangemva kokusebenza nokuvuvukala.Ngenxa yephrofayili yayo ephezulu ye-antioxidant. Uma i-flavour ishubile, kufanelekile ukuyihlambulula emanzini acwebileyo noma ukuyixuba ibe ama-smoothie.
Futhi kuthiwani nge-kiwi? Ngaphandle kokuba mnandi, iyi-multivitamin yemvelo. Isithelo esisodwa ngokuvamile sinikeza ukudla okunconyiwe kwansuku zonke kukavithamini C kubantu abadala.I-Potassium iyisakhi esixhumene ne-collagen synthesis—ebalulekile emathanjeni, uqwanga, nemigqa—kanye nokunciphisa ukukhathala nokuvikela amangqamuzana. Inani elihle le-potassium liqinisa ukusekelwa kwemisipha namalunga.
Ukufaka lezi zithelo ekudleni kwakho kwansuku zonke kwenza umehluko. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumdlali oyimfundamakhwela noma oqhudelanayo, ukuhlanganisa ama-carbohydrate ekhwalithi, ama-micronutrients, kanye ne-hydration kusheshisa ukululama futhi kugcine ukusebenza.Imibono elula: ubhanana nama-kiwi ngesidlo sasekuseni, amawolintshi nama-strawberries njengama-snacks, omisiwe ephaketheni lakho ngaphambi kokuqeqeshwa, namajikijolo ngemva kokuqeqeshwa.
Izikhungo, i-copyright nesaziso sokuhlela
Ngale kwesayensi nokwenza, kukhona i-ecosystem yezokuxhumana nezemfundo esabalalisa lezi zihloko. I-Padre Anchieta Foundation, esekelwe isabelomali nezinsiza ezizimele, igcina imithombo yezindaba efana ne-TV Cultura ne-TV Rá-Tim-Bum, kanye neziteshi zomsakazo ze-Cultura AM ne-FM., edlala indima ebalulekile ekwandiseni isayensi namasiko.
Sizinze e-São Paulo, lesi sikhungo sisebenza ekhelini elaziwa esidlangalaleni futhi sihlinzeka ngosekelo locingo, siqinisa ubukhona baso njengesikhungo somsakazo wezemfundo nethelevishini. Lolu hlobo lwengqalasizinda yemidiya lubalulekile ekuletheni izingxoxo mayelana namandla, ukusimama, kanye nempilo emphakathini., ukwakha amabhuloho phakathi kwama-laboratories, amagumbi okufundela kanye nemizi.
Emkhakheni wokushicilela, izincwadi zesayensi zigqamisa iziqondiso ezibalulekile: Imibhalo ikhombisa umbono wababhali bayo; ukukhiqizwa kabusha kokuqukethwe ngaphandle kokugunyazwa akuvunyelwe futhi wonke amalungelo agodliwe.Lawa manothi aqinisekisa ubuqotho, ukuziphendulela, nokuhlonipha ubunikazi engxoxweni yomphakathi.
Ugesi ovela esithelweni, i-marathon yezobuchwepheshe yamabhethri, kanye nokusetshenziswa kokudla okunempilo kwezemidlalo konke kuhlangana ndawonye ngendlela ethokozisayo: Ukusuka ekufakweni kukagesi emakhasini amagilebhisi kuya kumaseli amaprotheni angaboli, ukusuka kuma-aerogel e-durian kuya kumadayimane e-betavoltaic, ukusuka kumabhethri wesimo esiqinile kuya kuma-biodigester aguqula amawolintshi ababayo abe ama-watts.Ngezinga elincane, izithelo zihlala zibalulekile njengethuluzi lokufundisa futhi njengamafutha omzimba; ngezinga elikhulu, izinsalela zabo nama-molecule akhuthaza isitoreji esisheshayo, esihlanzekile, nesiphephile nezixazululo zesizukulwane-isikhumbuzo sokuthi ukuqamba okusha nokusimama kuqhubekela phambili kangcono uma esebenzisa ngobuhlakani lokho imvelo eseyazi ukuthi kwenziwa kanjani.
