ULouis Sullivan wayengumakhi wezakhiwo waseMelika owaziwayo wekhulu le-1856 owaziwa ngamagalelo akhe amasha ekuthuthukisweni kwezakhiwo zesimanje. Wazalwa ngo-XNUMX eBoston, uSullivan uvame ukubhekwa “njengoyise wezakhiwo zesimanje” ngenxa yendlela yakhe eyingqayizivele neguquguqukayo ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo. Imisebenzi yakhe imakwa ngenhlanganisela yokuhlobisa okuningiliziwe nokusebenza, okuthonya izizukulwane zabaklami bakamuva. Kulesi singeniso esifushane, sizohlola impilo nemisebenzi emikhulu kaLouis Sullivan, eqokomisa ukubaluleka kwakhe endaweni yomhlaba wonke yezokwakha.
Umbhali womqondo "ifomu lilandela umsebenzi" kuzakhiwo.
ULouis Sullivan wayengumakhi odumile waseMelika ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-1856 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, owaziwa ngokuphayona umqondo wokuthi "ifomu lilandela umsebenzi" kwezokwakha. Wazalelwa eBoston ngo-XNUMX, uSullivan wayenomsebenzi ophumelelayo futhi onethonya, eshiya ifa elihlala njalo emhlabeni wezokwakha.
USullivan wayekholelwa ukuthi ukwakheka kwezakhiwo kufanele kuqondiswe umsebenzi wesakhiwo; okungukuthi, isimo kufanele sinqunywe yinhloso kanye nokusetshenziswa kwendawo. Waphikisana ngokuthi ubuhle besakhiwo buvela ekuhlanganisweni okuvumelanayo phakathi komsebenzi waso nesimo saso, hhayi ekuhlobiseni okungadingekile.
Phakathi kwemisebenzi kaLouis Sullivan edumile kakhulu kukhona i-Guaranty Building eBuffalo, eNew York, kanye ne-Auditorium Building eChicago. Imiklamo yakhe emisha neyesimanje yaba nethonya elikhulu ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo kwekhulu lama-20, ikhuthaza izizukulwane zabakhi bezakhiwo nabaklami.
Ngeshwa, naphezu kobuhlakani bakhe, uSullivan wabhekana nezinkinga zezezimali nezomuntu siqu empilweni yakhe yonke. Washona ngo-1924, kodwa ifa lakhe lisaphila nanamuhla, likhunjulwa njengomunye wamavulandlela wezokwakha zesimanje kanye nomgqugquzeli wombono wokuthi ifomu kufanele lilandele umsebenzi.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwefomu nomsebenzi: ukuqonda ukuthi omunye umthonya kanjani omunye.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwefomu nomsebenzi kuyisimiso esiyisisekelo ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo esahlolwa kabanzi ngumdwebi wezakhiwo uLouis Sullivan. Sullivan wayekholelwa ukuthi ukwakheka kwesakhiwo kufanele kubonise umsebenzi waso—okungukuthi, indlela isakhiwo esiklanywe ngayo kufanele ithonywe injongo yaso.
Emsebenzini wakhe, uLouis Sullivan udidiyelwe ngendlela ehambisanayo kanye nomsebenzi. Izakhiwo zakhe zaziklanywe ngokunaka imininingwane yokusebenza ngenkathi futhi zethula ubuhle obuyingqayizivele nobusha. Isibonelo esimangalisayo salendlela iGuaranty Building eBuffalo, eNew York, eyaklanywa uSullivan ngo-1894. Isakhiwo salesi sakhiwo sahlelwa ngokucophelela ukuze sihlangabezane nezidingo zabahlali baso kuyilapho sinomfanekiso ongaphambili owubukhazikhazi nocacile.
Umthelela ofanayo wefomu nomsebenzi ubonakala emisebenzini kaLouis Sullivan, lapho ubuhle kanye nokusetshenziswayo kuhambisana ngokwemvelo. Indlela yakhe yoguquko ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo yaba nomthelela ezizukulwaneni zakamuva zabadwebi bezakhiwo nabaklami, yabeka indinganiso entsha yokuhlanganiswa kwefomu nomsebenzi ekwakhiweni kwesimanjemanje.
Louis Sullivan: Biography kanye nemisebenzi
ULouis Sullivan (1856-1924) wayengusosayensi wemibono nomqambi odumile waseMelika, kanye nomlingani wakhe uDankmar Adler, ababeka izisekelo zalokho okubizwa ngokuthi izakhiwo zesimanje manje. USullivan wayenguthisha onethonya kulo mkhakha; waze wafundisa noFrank Lloyd Wright odumile.
Ngo-1881, uSullivan wanquma ukubambisana nomngane wakhe u-Adler, owayesevele edumile futhi enedumela lobuchwepheshe. Base besungula inkampani i-Adler & Sullivan, lapho bathuthukisa khona amaphrojekthi amakhulu njengokwakhiwa kwe- Auditorium Building eChicago kanye ne- Pueblo Opera House eColorado.
U-Sullivan ubuye akhunjulwe ngokubandakanyeka kwakhe eSikoleni saseChicago, esaphayona ukwethulwa kwamasu amasha nezinto ezintsha ezakhiwe ukuze kwakhiwe izakhiwo eziphakeme nezakhiwo ezinkulu zezentengiselwano. Lezi zibalo zezakhiwo zaba uphawu lwezakhiwo zaseMelika kanye nomklamo.
Ngokuqondene neminikelo kaSullivan, ngaphezu kokuthuthukisa izakhiwo eziningana ezibalulekile neChicago School, umsebenzi wakhe wabuye wagqanyiswa ekugcwalisekeni kwamahhovisi amancane nezindawo zokuhlala, kanye nokubamba iqhaza kwakhe ekuthuthukisweni nasekuklanyweni kwezitolo nezindawo zokugcina impahla.
ULouis ukhunjulwa kakhulu ngemibono yakhe kanye nezinhlelo zokuthuthukisa izinga lempilo yabantu baseChicago, imibono emisha eyathinta ngqo ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwalabo ababehlala kulelo dolobha.
Indawo yaseChicago ivame ukuba nodaka, ngakho-ke umakhi waqala ukuthola ukusetshenziswa okufanele kwesistimu yokufaka izinhlaka zensimbi, egxile kakhulu ebunzimeni obukhona kwizisekelo emhlabathini omanzi kangako.
U-Louis Sullivan naye wayekhathazeke ngobuhle besakhiwo sensimbi esitholakala ngaphandle kwezakhiwo, ngakho wagxila ekugcineni ukwakheka okuphilayo, okuhlangene okuvumelana nawo wonke umklamo. Ukuze afeze lokhu, wayesebenzisa izikali, imihlobiso, nezigqi ezazivunyelaniswa nemisebenzi yesakhiwo.
Wayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokuthuthukisa ulimi lokwakha olwaluzovumelana nezakhiwo ezakhiwe ukuze zisetshenziswe njengamahhovisi. Isitayela sakhe singahlukaniswa njengohlobo lokuhlobisa okuhle, okubuye kube ngokoqobo kwesakhiwo. Lokhu kungabonakala emisebenzini efana ne- El Borden Block (1880) kanye ne -Rothschild Store (1881).
I-Biografia
ULouis Henry Sullivan wazalwa ngo-September 3, 1856, eBoston. Abazali bakhe babengabafuduki abathuthela e-United States beyofuna impilo engcono: uyise wayengowokudabuka e-Ireland, kanti unina wayevela eSwitzerland.
Ubusha bukaSullivan wachitha emaphandleni aseBoston, ekhula nogogo nomkhulu wakhe. Kuphephile ukusho ukuthi umakhi wesikhathi esizayo wayenobuntwana obunokuthula, obakhiwe ubuhlobo obuseduze nezihlobo zakhe.
Izifundo zokuqala
U-Sullivan wabonisa isithakazelo ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo kusukela esemncane. Waqale waphothula ezinye zezifundo zakhe zakuqala eMassachusetts Institute of Technology eCambridge.
Ngalesi sikhathi, waba nethuba lokuhambela iworkshop kaFrank Furness Hewitt ePhiladelphia; le ndawo yayiwumthombo oyinhloko wogqozi lomdwebi wezakhiwo osemusha, futhi ulwazi aluthola kamuva lwabonakala emsebenzini wakhe.
ULouis Sullivan uphinde wathola izifundo kuWilliam Le Baron Jenney, unjiniyela waseMelika kanye nomakhi wezakhiwo owabamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kabusha kwedolobha laseChicago ngemuva komlilo omkhulu.
ILe Baron yaziwa nangokuthi yakha isakhiwo esikhulu sokuqala esibizwa ngokuthi i-Home Insurance Building , esasebenza njengogqozi kuSullivan.
Phakathi kuka-1874 no-1876, uLouis Sullivan wafunda futhi wahlala eParis, ebhekwa njengesiqalo sobuciko ngaleso sikhathi. Lapho, waya ezifundweni e-École des Beaux Arts (School of Fine Arts). Uphinde wavakashela nakwamanye amazwe ase-Europe, njengoba esondele emadolobheni amakhulu ase-Europe.
Ngaleso sikhathi, iziphakamiso zikaSullivan zenqatshwa yi-conventional academicism eyayivame kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zaseYurophu.
Nokho, wayekwazi ukufunda ngendlela enengqondo yokuqamba isiFulentshi; lolu lwazi walusebenzisa kamuva emiklamweni yakhe, ngokombono wakhe kanye nasekusunguleni kwakhe.
I-Chicago Fire
Ngaphambi kuka-1871, idolobha laseChicago lalikhula ngokushesha kanye nentuthuko, njengoba indawo yalo enamasu yayinikeza abantu baseMelika kanye nabokufika inhlobonhlobo yemithombo yokuqashwa kanye nemali engenayo. Ngenxa yalokho, izakhiwo zaqala ukwakhiwa ngokushesha, zifuna isabelomali esiyongayo.
Izinto ezifanele kakhulu zokwakha ngokushesha, ezishibhile futhi kalula ziyizinkuni, ngakho-ke kwanqunywa ukwenza iminyango, izindonga, uphahla, phansi namafasitela ngale nto.
Ngisho neminye imigwaqo yayigandaywe ngokhuni, ukuze kube lula ukuhamba kwezakhamuzi ezingaphezu kuka-300.000.
Ngenxa yalokho, kwaqubuka umlilo omubi ngo-Okthoba 8, wabhubhisa ngokuphelele amakhilomitha-skwele angu-6 wedolobha. Umlilo uthathe izinsuku ezintathu futhi uthathwa njengenye yezinhlekelele ezimbi kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika.
Nokho, amacebo okwakha kabusha aqala ngokushesha, futhi kwenziwa amaphrojekthi abalulekile, ahilela abadwebi bezakhiwo nonjiniyela abaphambili baseMelika abanjengoSullivan. Lesi sinyathelo ngesinye sezizathu ezenza iChicago ihlale ingelinye lamadolobha abaluleke kakhulu ezweni.
Ukuqala kwemisebenzi yakhe nemisebenzi yakhe
Ngemva kokudabula eYurophu, uSullivan wazinza eChicago ukuze afake isandla ekwakhiweni kabusha kwedolobha.
Kuze kube manje, wasebenza ku-studio sikaFredrik Baumann, lapho abhekana khona nezinkinga ezihlobene nokwakheka kwezakhiwo ezinkulu, njengamabhuloho nama-viaducts. Ngo-1879, waqala ukusebenza ehhovisi likaDankmar Adler.
Isifiso nesitayela sikaLouis Sullivan kungabonakala emisebenzini yakhe yokuqala; isibonelo, isakhiwo sakhe saseRothschild , kusukela ngo-1881, sakhiwe ngokuhlobisa okuhlotshisiwe nokuqhoshayo futhi senziwe ngamatshe aqoshiwe nabunjiwe.
Ngo-1886, uSullivan, ngaphansi kwenkontileka yakhe no-Adler, wayala ukwakhiwa kwehholo ku-Wabash Avenue. Umdwebi wamapulani wayehlanganisa amagumbi okuhlangana amaningana, indawo yamahhovisi kanye nehhotela.
Ngo-1890, uSullivan wanquma ukutadisha ukwakheka nokusebenzisa amabhilidi. Ukuze asebenzise umbono wakhe, uphakamise ukuphatha indawo emaphakathi yamabhilidi njengeyunithi eyodwa.
U-Sullivan wayefuna ukugqamisa le ndawo phakathi kwezingxenye ezivundlile ze-attic kanye nesitezi esingaphansi, ngakho wasungula ukuhlukana okuqondile. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-verticalism yazalwa.
Impilo yomuntu kanye nokufa
Kuncane okwaziwayo ngempilo yomuntu siqu yalo makhi, ngaphandle kokuthi washada noMary Azina Hattabaugh futhi wazuza indondo yegolide ku-AIA (American Institute of Architects).
USullivan washona ngo-April 14, 1924, eChicago, eneminyaka engu-67 ubudala.
Iyasebenza
U-Sullivan waklama futhi wabulala izakhiwo eziningana, ngezinye izikhathi ngosizo lomlingani wakhe futhi ngezinye izikhathi kanye nabanye abadwebi bezakhiwo.
Izakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezaklanywa nguLouis Sullivan yilezi: iWalker Warehouse eChicago (1852), iBayard Building eNew York (1897), iCarson Building (1899), iGage Building eChicago (1898), kanye neNational Bank of Owatonna (1908).
I-Carson Building (1899)
Ebizwa nangokuthi iSullivan Center ukuhlonipha umdali wayo, iyisakhiwo sezentengiselwano esisenkabeni yezomnotho eChicago.
Yaklanywa ngemuva komlilo wedolobha futhi isitayela sayo sokwakha siwukusebenza, obekubusa kakhulu phakathi nekhulu le-19.
I-Van Allen Building (1913)
Lesi sakhiwo saklanywa uSullivan ngokubambisana noJohn Delbert Van Allen. Yisakhiwo sezentengiselwano esiseClinton, Iowa.
Ingaphandle lebhilidi lifaka imihlobiso emibalabala neyinkimbinkimbi kumakholomu alo, ahluke kakhulu nobulula nombala wezindonga zangaphandle nokunamathiselwe.
Izincwadi
ULouis Sullivan akagcinanga nje ngokudala imisebenzi eminingi yezakhiwo ezweni lakubo, kodwa futhi wabhala izincwadi eziningana lapho asungula khona ama-postulates ahlukene kanye nemibono ehambisana nesiyalo sezakhiwo.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ezinye izindatshana zakhe zihlanganisa imidwebo enemininingwane yezinhlelo nemihlobiso. Phakathi kwezincwadi zakhe ezidume kakhulu yilezi ezilandelayo:
-Izingxoxo Zasenkulisa (1901), umbhalo lapho umbhali edala khona abalingiswa ababili, uthisha nomfundi, abaxoxa futhi baphikisana ngemibono kaSullivan yokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo.
Ngo-1922, washicilela umsebenzi wakhe odumile kakhulu: i-autobiography of an idea. Lapho, uSullivan ulandisa ngokuphila kwakhe ngomzamo wakhe wokufeza umqondo wokwakha. Ngokombono wakhe, umbhali wahlola imithombo yangaphambi kanye nesiko lanamuhla futhi wasungula imibono ethile mayelana nentando yeningi emphakathini waseMelika osafufusa.
Izinkomba
- I-Cankaya, (sf) ULouis Sullivan: Ubaba Wezakhiwo Zanamuhla . Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-Novemba 29, 2018, kusukela ku-Inar Education: inar323.cankaya.edu.tr
- U-Kose, S. (2004) Imithombo ye-exoticism ekwakhiweni kukaLouis Sullivan: Okwakudala, okwasempumalanga, okwemvelo. Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-Novemba 29, 2018, kusukela ku-Edu Cite: citeseerx.ist.psu.edu
- Lopez, M. (n.d.) I-Architecture Ngekhulu Le-19: ULouis Sullivan. Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-29 Novemba 2018 kusukela ku-Google Amabhuku: books.google.co.uk
- URobert, T. (n.d.) Ngale kweChicago: ULouis Sullivan e-American West . Ibuyiswe ngoNovemba 29, 2018, evela ku-University of California Press: phr.ucpress.edu
- Sullivan, L. (1892) Umhlobiso ku-architecture. Ibuyiswe ngoNovemba 29, 2018 ivela ku-Academia: academia.edu.