ULudwig Boltzmann (1844-1906) wayengusosayensi wase-Austria owayebhekwa njengoyise wezindlela zokwenza izibalo. Iminikelo yakhe emkhakheni wesayensi yayihlukahlukene; i-equation kanye nesimiso sikaBoltzmann, izindlela zokwenza izibalo, noma i-H.
Ngamagalelo akhe nemibono yakhe yokuqala, isibongo sakhe saziwa kabanzi, hhayi nje phakathi komphakathi wesayensi kuphela kodwa nakuwo wonke umphakathi uwonke. Imisebenzi eminingi yobuciko nezikhumbuzo ikhumbula amagalelo akhe.
Umsebenzi kaBoltzmann wawuhambisana nomsebenzi obalulekile wesayensi, njengalowo kaMaxwell. Iminikelo yakhe yaba nethonya elikhulu emsebenzini ka-Albert Einstein.
Umsebenzi kaBoltzmann wawugxile kakhulu ku-physics, kodwa wabuye washicilela imisebenzi ehlobene neminye imikhakha, njengesayensi yempilo kanye nefilosofi yesayensi.
I-Biografia
ULudwig Boltzmann wazalwa ngoFebhuwari 20, 1844, eVienna, e-Austria. Ngaleso sikhathi, le ndawo yayiyingxenye yoMbuso Wase-Austro-Hungarian. Umndeni kaLudwig wawaziwa ngokucebile, okwamenza wathola imfundo enhle.
Ngaphezu kwefa lomndeni wakhe, uLudwig naye wazuza ingcebo ephansi kumkhulu wakhe; lokhu kwamsiza ukuthi akhokhele izifundo zakhe ngaphandle kobunzima.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-15, uLudwig waba intandane njengobaba, ngakho ifa likamkhulu wakhe laba usizo nakakhulu ngemva kokushonelwa uyise esemncane.
Izifundo
Ukuqeqeshwa kokuqala kukaBoltzmann kwakusedolobheni laseLinz, enyakatho ye-Austria, lapho umkhaya wakubo wawuthuthele khona.
Imibhalo egciniwe yomlando ikhombisile ukuthi, eseyingane, uLudwig Boltzmann wayebonakala ngokuba nelukuluku lokufuna ukwazi ngokwedlulele, kanye nokuba nentshisekelo enkulu yokufunda, enesifiso esikhulu sokuvelela futhi, ngezinye izikhathi, nezimo zengqondo zokungaphumuli nokukhathazeka.
Kamuva, wangena eNyuvesi yaseVienna, lapho athola khona izimfundiso ezivela kubantu abavelele abafana nesazi sefiziksi uJosef Stephan, isazi sezibalo uJózsef Miksa Petzval kanye nesazi sefiziksi nezibalo u-Andreas von Ettingshausen.
Wathweswa iziqu kule nyuvesi ngo-1866; Umfundisi wethisisi kaBoltzmann wobudokotela kwakunguJosef Stephan, kamuva abambisana naye. Lo msebenzi noStephan wathatha iminyaka emithathu, kusukela ngo-3 kuya ku-1867, futhi phakathi naleso sikhathi bagxila ekuhlaziyeni ukulahlekelwa kwamandla okutholwa yizinto ezishisayo.
Ukufundisa i-internship
Kusukela ngo-1869, uLudwig Boltzmann wazinikela ekufundiseni eNyuvesi yaseGraz, inyuvesi yesibili ngobukhulu e-Austria. Lapho, wafundisa i-theoretical physics. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uBoltzmann waqhubeka nokuqeqeshwa kwakhe emadolobheni aseJalimane eBerlin naseHeidelberg.
UBoltzmann wafundisa eNyuvesi yaseGraz kwaze kwaba ngu-1873, unyaka aqala ngawo ukufundisa izibalo eNyuvesi yaseVienna. Wabuyela eGraz eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, ngo-1876, ngaleso sikhathi wayesethole ukuqashelwa emkhakheni wesayensi ngenxa yochungechunge lwamaphepha ashicilelwe kanye nophenyo oluningi.
Maxwell-Boltzmann izibalo
Olunye uphenyo olugqame kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyizibalo zikaMaxwell-Boltzmann, ezasungulwa nguye noMaxwell ngo-1871.
Ngo-1894, wabuyela e-University of Vienna ukuze asebenze njengoprofesa we-theoretical physics. Ngalesi sikhathi, uBoltzmann waphoqeleka ukuthi axhumane no-Ernst Mach, isazi sefiziksi nesazi sefilosofi uBoltzmann ayenokungezwani okukhulu naye.
Kube nezinkinga eziningi phakathi kwalaba sosayensi ababili kangangokuthi uBoltzmann wanquma ukulibhekisa eLeipzig ukuze agweme ukuthintana noMach.
U-Ernst Mach washiya ukufundisa eNyuvesi yaseVienna ngo-1901 ngenxa yezizathu zempilo; ngakho uBoltzmann wabuya ngo-1902 futhi akaphindanga wathola inketho yokufundisa i-theoretical physics, kodwa futhi wathatha usihlalo womlando nefilosofi yesayensi, isifundo uMach ayesifundisile ngaphambili.
I-hypothesis mayelana ne-athomu
Ngemva kokubuyela eNyuvesi yaseVienna, uBoltzmann waqala ukusekela obala umbono wokuba khona kwe-athomu. Le ndlela yagxekwa umphakathi wesayensi; phakathi kwabagxeki kakhulu kwakungu-Ernst Mach.
Ukugxekwa njalo akuthola ngomsebenzi wakhe kwaba nomthelela omubi kakhulu kuBoltzmann, okwathi ngokusho kwamarekhodi omlando, akazange abonakale enomlingisi ozolile.
Kunalokho, uBoltzmann ubonakala eyindoda enokusabela okunamandla futhi eyeqisayo, ekwazi ukuzibonakalisa engumuntu ocashile futhi oqondayo futhi, ngezinye izikhathi, engumuntu ongenalwazi futhi ethambekele ekucindezelekeni.
Esinye sezici ezigxekwa kakhulu ezitatimendeni zikaBoltzmann ukuthi lo sosayensi wanquma ukuthi umthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics, ohlobene ne-entropy, wawunezibalo.
Leli qiniso lalisho ukuthi izimo ezihlukene ezidalwe ngenxa yokuguquguquka zingase zenziwe, okuholele emiphumeleni engazange ibonwe kusengaphambili kulo mthetho.
Abagxeki bakaBoltzmann baveze ukuthi akwenzi mqondo ukuxhumanisa inkambu yezibalo nemithetho ye-thermodynamics, njengoba babebheka imithetho njengezindaba eziphelele futhi babengakwazi ukwamukela ukuthi lo mthetho oyisisekelo unezici eziguquguqukayo.
Morte
Ingcindezi ebangelwa ukugxekwa kukaBoltzmann njalo nokushubile yamholela ekutheni azibulale. Ngo-1906, wayeseholidini nomndeni wakhe edolobheni laseDuino, eliseduze kakhulu neTrieste.
Ngesikhathi umkakhe nezingane besolwandle bejabulela iholidi, uLudwig Boltzmann uzilengise endlini yakhe yasehlobo.
Izimbangela
Izazi-mlando eziningana ziye zanquma ukuthi izimbangela zokuzibulala kwakhe zazihlobene eduze neqiniso lokuthi umphakathi wesayensi awuzange ubheke ucwaningo lwakhe njengoluyiqiniso.
Kuthiwa uBoltzmann wayenokuzinikela okucacile nokungantengantengi eqinisweni. Ingxenye yalokho okwamthinta kakhulu kwakuwukuthola iqiniso ngobukhona be-athomu nokufakaza ukuthi umphakathi wesikhathi sakhe wawungakuqapheli kanjani lokhu okutholakele, ayelindele ukuthi kungabaluleka esizukulwaneni samanje nasezizukulwaneni eziningi ezizayo.
Iqiniso lokuthi isiko lalibaluleke kakhulu kumongo womphakathi, esikhundleni sokusungula izinto ezintsha ezivela emiqondweni emisha yaleso sikhathi, kwaholela u-Botlzmann ukuba acindezeleke.
Ezinye izazi-mlando zibonisa ukuthi izimbangela zokufa kukaBoltzmann zazihlanganisa nezinye izici, njengoba lo sosayensi wayenezici ezithile ezibonisa ukungazinzi nokungalingani ezenzweni zakhe eziningi.
Ngokushesha ngemva kokushona kwakhe, amalungu alo mphakathi wezesayensi aqala ukukhiqiza ubufakazi obusekela imiqondo kaBoltzmann, kuyilapho emenza aqashelwe ngokwesayensi ngeminikelo yakhe. Lokhu kwenzeka eminyakeni emibili nje ngemva kokushona kukaBoltzmann.
Ngokukhethekile kwakuyizifundo zikasokhemisi womzimba uJean Perrin ezaqinisekisa ubuqiniso bokungaguquki kukaBoltzmann, okuqanjwe ngososayensi, okuhlobanisa amandla nezinga lokushisa eliphelele. Lokhu kwakwanele ukukholisa umphakathi wesayensi ngokuba khona kwama-athomu.
Iminikelo Eyinhloko
Isibalo se-Boltzmann
Igalelo elaziwa kakhulu lika-Ludwig Boltzmann yindlela yezibalo ebizwa ngegama lakhe: i-equation ye-Boltzmann. Le zibalo yahlongozwa ekuqaleni ngo-1870 futhi kamuva yaba nentuthuko eminingana.
I-equation, esekelwe emibonweni yama-athomu nama-molecule, ichaze amathuba okuthola ama-molecule esimweni esinikeziwe.
Ngokuthuthuka okwalandela, isibalo saba usizo ekubaleni ukulingana okungaba khona ezinhlotsheni ze-ion kanye nokuchaza izinguquko zokuvumelana kwama-molecule ebhayoloji.
Imishini yezibalo
Abanye ababhali bathi uBoltzmann wayengumuntu wokuqala ukusebenzisa izibalo ngempela ocwaningweni lwamagesi.
Ngenxa yalokhu, bacabanga ukuthi izifundo ze-kinetic theory seziphenduke izifundo ze-statistical mechanics.
Ngalo mnikelo, i-Boltzmann ibonwa abaningi njengoyise womakhenikha bezibalo.
Lesi siyalo sasivumela ukuthi sifunde izakhiwo zezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nezinto ezisekelwe kuzakhiwo zama-athomu nama-molecule.
Umgomo ka-Entropy no-Boltzmann
Nakuba umqondo we-entropy wethulwa nguRudolf Clausius ngo-1865, uBoltzmann waletha umbono we-entropy ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.
Ngo-1877, uBoltzmann wabonisa ukuthi i-entropy iyisilinganiso sokuphazamiseka kwesimo somzimba.
Ngaphansi kwalo mqondo, u-Boltzmann wenze i-equation ye-entropy eyaziwa ngokuthi isimiso sika-Boltzmann.
I-Filosofia da ciência
Amagalelo kaBoltzmann ekuthuthukiseni ifilosofi yesayensi nawo aqashelwa kabanzi.
Imibono yakhe eminingi kulo mkhakha iqoqwe embhalweni wakhe othi "Popular Writings", eyanyatheliswa ngo-1905.
UBoltzmann ukhulume ngezihloko ezahlukahlukene zefilosofi ngaphakathi kwesayensi. Phakathi kwazo, waxoxa ngamagama anjengokuba ngokoqobo kanye nemibono enengqondo. Uphinde wagxeka izazi zefilosofi ezidumile ezinjengoKant noHegel.
UBoltzmann wayekholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi ifilosofi ingasiza isayensi igweme ukubuza imibuzo engenamsebenzi. Ngakho-ke, uBoltzmann wazibiza ngokuthi ungumuntu ongokoqobo, nakuba abanye abaningi bemkhomba njengesikole sezinto ezibonakalayo.
Izinkomba
- Ithiyori ye-H ka-Brown HR Myrvold W. Uffink J. Boltzmann, ukunganeliseki kwayo kanye nokuzalwa koomakhenikha bezibalo. Izifundo kuMlando kanye neFilosofi yeFiziksi yesimanje . I-2009; 40 (2): 174-191.
- U-Dubois J. Ouanounou G. Rouzaire-Dubois B. Izibalo ze-Boltzmann kubhayoloji yamangqamuzana. Inqubekelaphambili ku-Biophysics kanye ne-Molecular Biology . I-2009; 99 (2): 87-93.
- UFlamm D. Ludwig Boltzmann kanye nethonya lakhe kusayensi. Izifundo Zomlando kanye Nefilosofi Yesayensi . I-1983; 14 (4): 255-278.
- Isayensi AA Isikhumbuzo sikaLudwig Boltzmann. Isayensi, Uchungechunge Olusha . 1932 75 (1944).
- Imibhalo yaphansi ka-Swendsen RH Emlandweni Wezinto Zezibalo: Emagameni ka-Boltzmann. I-Physica A: I-Statistical Mechanics kanye Nezicelo zayo . I-2010; 389 (15), i-2898-2901.
- UWilliams MMR Ludwig Boltzmann. Imibiko yamandla enuzi . I-1977; 4 (4-5): 145-159.