U-Kurt Koffka wayengudokotela wengqondo odumile waseJalimane, owazalelwa eBerlin ngo-1886 futhi washona ngo-1941. Waziwa ngokuba ngomunye wabasunguli be-Gestalt psychology, kanye no-Max Wertheimer noWolfgang Köhler. U-Koffka wenza iminikelo ebalulekile ekutadisheni umbono obonakalayo, ephikisana ngokuthi konke kukhulu kunesamba sezingxenye zayo, isimiso esiyisisekelo se-Gestalt psychology. Umsebenzi wakhe waba nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwengqondo yokuhlola kanye nokufunda kwengqondo.
Ithini inkolelo-mbono eyathuthukiswa u-Kurt Koffka mayelana nombono obonakalayo?
U-Kurt Koffka wayengudokotela wezengqondo waseJalimane owaziwa ngokuba ngomunye wabasunguli be-Gestalt Psychology. Wazalwa ngo-1886, u-Koffka wafunda eNyuvesi yaseBerlin, lapho aba nesithakazelo ekuboneni okubonakalayo kanye nobunzima bayo. Ithiyori yakhe edume kakhulu ukuthi umbono obonakalayo awuyona isamba esilula sezingxenye zawo, kodwa kunalokho isipiliyoni esiphelele nesihlelekile.
Ngokuka-Koffka, lapho sibona into, asiyiboni nje njengeqoqo lemigqa ehlukene, izimo, nemibala, kodwa njengengqikithi enenjongo futhi ehlangene. Wayekholelwa ukuthi ingqondo yomuntu inamandla okuhlela lolu lwazi olubukwayo ukuze udale incazelo kanye nesakhiwo esibumbene. Le nqubo yenhlangano yaziwa ngele-"perceptual organization phenomenon."
Ithiyori ka-Koffka yokubona izinto ezibonakalayo igcizelela ukubaluleka kwesakhiwo nokuhleleka ngendlela esibona ngayo umhlaba osizungezile. Kuye, ukuqonda akuyona nje indaba yokuzwa, kodwa futhi nokuhumusha nokuqonda. Wagomela ngokuthi ingqondo yomuntu inekhono elingokwemvelo lokubona amaphethini nobudlelwano phakathi kwezinto ezibukwayo, ngaleyo ndlela idale okuhlangenwe nakho okubonakalayo okunenjongo nokuhlanganisiwe.
Kuye, ukuqonda akuyona nje indaba yokuzwa, kodwa yokuhumusha nokuqonda, ngaleyo ndlela kudala isipiliyoni esibonakalayo esinengqondo nesihlanganisiwe.
Uyini umqondo oyinhloko we-Gestalt psychology?
I-Gestalt psychology iyindlela egcizelela umbono nokuhlelwa komhlaba obonakalayo. Umqondo oyinhloko wale ndlela yokufundisa umqondo wokuthi ingqondo yomuntu ijwayele ukubona amaphethini nezimo eziphelele, ngisho noma kukhona izingxenye zalawo maphethini kuphela. Le thiyori igcizelela ukubaluleka kombono wembulunga yonke ngokuphambene nombono wezakhi ezihlukene.
U-Kurt Koffka wayengomunye wochwepheshe bezengqondo be-Gestalt abahamba phambili. U-Koffka wazalelwa eBerlin, eJalimane, ngo-1886, wathonywa abanye abantu abavelele beGestalt, njengoMax Wertheimer noWolfgang Köhler. Ufake isandla kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwethiyori ye-Gestalt, ikakhulukazi maqondana nombono obonakalayo kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga.
Enye yeminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu kaKoffka kwakuwukugcizelela kwakhe ukubaluleka kokuqonda komhlaba wonke ekuhleleni ulwazi olubonakalayo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi ingqondo yomuntu ivame ukuhlela izinto ezibonwayo zibe amaphethini anengqondo , noma ngabe lawo maphethini awabonakali ngokucacile. Lo mbono wawuyisisekelo sokuqonda ukuqonda okubonwayo nokuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Le ndlela igcizelela ukubaluleka kombono womhlaba wonke ekuqondeni ingqondo yomuntu nokuhlela ulwazi olubukwayo.
Ababhali abakhulu bendlela ye-Gestalt kuPsychology: funda ngamagalelo namathonya abo.
UKurt Koffka wayengusosayensi wezengqondo waseJalimane owazalwa ngo-1886 futhi washona ngo-1941, owaziwa ngeminikelo yakhe endleleni ye -Gestalt kwezengqondo. Wafunda eNyuvesi yaseBerlin, lapho aba khona umsizi kaMax Wertheimer , omunye wabasunguli be -Gestalt psychology . UKoffka wathonywa yimibono kaWertheimer, futhi, kanye naye noWolfgang Köhler , bakha iqembu lababhali abathathu abaphambili bendlela ye-Gestalt.
Enye yeminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu kaKoffka kwisayensi yezengqondo kwakuwumqondo "we -form psychology ," owawusekelwe emcabangweni wokuthi ukuqonda komuntu kuhlelwe ngokuphelele hhayi nje njengesamba sezingxenye zakho. Wafunda futhi ukuqonda ukunyakaza kanye nendlela ubuchopho obubona futhi buhlela ngayo ulwazi olubonakalayo.
UKoffka wayengomunye walabo ababenomthwalo wemfanelo wokuletha indlela yeGestalt e-United States, lapho ayefundisa khona eSmith College naseNyuvesi yaseWisconsin. Ithonya lakhe ekusebenzeni kwengqondo lalibalulekile, futhi imibhalo yakhe isaqhubeka icwaningwa futhi iphikiswana kuze kube namuhla.
Umsuka wethiyori ye-Gestalt: ubani owayenomthwalo wemfanelo ngokudalwa kwayo?
Ithiyori ye-Gestalt yasungulwa iqembu lezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zaseJalimane ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ikakhulukazi uKurt Koffka, uWolfgang Köhler, noMax Wertheimer. Kodwa-ke, kwakungu-Koffka owagqama njengomunye wezibalo eziyinhloko ezibhekene nokwakhiwa nokuthuthukiswa kwayo.
U-Kurt Koffka wazalelwa eBerlin, eJalimane, ngo-1886. Wafunda ifilosofi nesayensi yezengqondo emanyuvesi aseBerlin naseMunich, lapho ahlangana khona nemibono kaWilhelm Wundt nezinye izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ezazivelele ngaleso sikhathi. Ngo-1910, wathola iziqu zakhe zobudokotela kwezokusebenza kwengqondo futhi waqala ukusebenza njengomsizi kaWolfgang Köhler, omunye wabasunguli be-Gestalt theory.
Ngokubambisana no-Köhler no-Wertheimer, u-Koffka uthuthukise izimiso eziyisisekelo zethiyori ye-Gestalt, esekelwe embonweni wokuthi umbono womuntu uhlelwa ngokuvumelana namaphethini nezakhiwo ezizalwa naso, esikhundleni sezakhi ezizimele. Bagcizelela ukubaluleka kokuphelela, ukuhlanganiswa, nokuhleleka ekuboneni nasekuqapheleni.
Ngo-1922, u-Koffka washicilela incwadi ethi "Principles of Gestalt Psychology," eyaba ngumsebenzi obalulekile emkhakheni wezengqondo. Wabuye wafundisa emanyuvesi amaningana eYurophu nase-United States, waba neqhaza ekusakazeni nasekuqashelweni kwethiyori yeGestalt.
Naphezu kokubaluleka kwakhe kwengqondo, u-Kurt Koffka akazange athole ukuqashelwa okuningi njengozakwabo u-Köhler no-Wertheimer. Kodwa-ke, indima yakhe ekudalweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwethiyori ye-Gestalt ayinakuphikiswa, futhi umnikelo wakhe ekuqondeni umbono womuntu nomcabango usabalulekile nanamuhla.
Kurt Koffka: Biography of lokhu Gestalt Psychologist
Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo saseJalimane uKurt Koffka saziwa kakhulu ngokusiza, kanye noWolfgang Köhler noMax Wertheimer, ukusungula izisekelo ze-Gestalt psychology , okungaba yisisekelo se-cognitive psychology yanamuhla njengoba siyiqonda.
Sihlaziya kafushane umsebenzi wakhe kanye neminikelo yakhe emlandweni wezokusebenza kwengqondo, sinake ngokukhethekile isibalo sakhe esihlokweni senhlangano yamaGestalt, engenakuhlukaniswa nabanye abangane ababili, kodwa ngobuntu bakhe, kanye nokubaluleka akuzuza ngokumelene nokunciphisa okwakusebenza ngaleso sikhathi.
Biography Kurt Koffka
UKoffka wazalelwa eBerlin ngo-1886, emndenini ocebile owaziwa ngomugqa wawo omude wabameli nezazi zezomthetho. Kusukela esemncane, u-Koffka wahlukana nesiko futhi, esikhundleni sokuphishekela iziqu zomthetho, wafunda ifilosofi eNyuvesi yaseBerlin.
UKoffka wazizwa efanelekile kulo mkhakha futhi wagcina ethole iziqu zakhe zobudokotela ngo-1908. Ithisisi yakhe, enesihloko esithi "Ucwaningo Lokuhlola Lwesigqi," yenziwa ngaphansi kokufundiswa kukaCarl Stumpf, ummeleli obalulekile we-phenomenological psychology. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, wayehlala e-Edinburgh, okwamvumela ukuthi athuthukise isiNgisi sakhe futhi athole isikhundla esihle uma kuqhathaniswa nontanga yakhe, okwamenza wakwazi ukwethula imibono yakhe emazweni akhuluma isiNgisi ngaphambi kwanoma ubani omunye.
Ngemva kokusebenza kumalabhorethri ahlukahlukene wezengqondo abekela inselele i-elementalism yaseJalimane ebusayo, u-Koffka waya eFrankfurt am Main, lapho abambisana khona no-Köhler kanye no-Wertheimer owayesanda kufika, owayenezinkulungwane zemibono mayelana nombono owawungase uhlolwe ezivivinyweni eziningi. Lo msebenzi wathela izithelo zawo zokuqala ngo-1912, lapho u-Wertheimer eshicilela isihloko esikhuluma ngombono wokunyakaza, okwabangela inhlangano eyakha isikole samaGestalt.
Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, wathuthela e-United States njengoprofesa wasenyuvesi futhi wabamba iqhaza, kanye no-Köhler ngo-1925, njengommeleli wenhlangano yamaGestalt ezingqungqutheleni zaseClark University, izingqungquthela lapho izibalo zazibambe iqhaza eminyakeni edlule. njengoFreud noJung.
UKoffka wahlala ekhuthele njengoprofesa wasenyuvesi, umcwaningi, nomlobi kwaze kwaba yizinsuku zakhe zokugcina ngo-1941.
Igalelo lika-Koffka ku-Gestalt
Akunakwenzeka ukuxoxa ngegalelo lika-Koffka ngaphandle kokucabangela ukusebenzisana okuyingqayizivele okubangele ukunyakaza kwe-Gestalt. Amagama amathathu ahlotshaniswa naleli fomu ekuqaleni akha i-triumvirate enganyibilikisiwe, futhi ngokwezinga elithile, kunzima ukusho izici ezithile zethiyori ngayinye.
Nokho, ngamunye kulaba abathathu wayenendima ehlukile eqenjini futhi wenza owabo umnikelo, njalo usekelwe esisekelweni esisodwa nokuhlonipha umsebenzi wabanye ababili.
Ngokwesimo sengqondo se-Gestalt esihlukana ne-reductionism, eyayithi uma i-psychology iyisayensi kufanele ikwazi ukunciphisa izimo zibe yizinto eziyingxenye, uKoffka udunyiswa ngomsebenzi omkhulu wokuhlola.
Mhlawumbe umnikelo wakhe odumile kakhulu ukusetshenziswa okuhlelekile kwezimiso ze-Gestalt emisebenzini yakhe emibili eyaziwa kakhulu: i-The Growth of the Mind (1921) kanye ne-Principles of Gestalt Psychology (1935).
Umqondo wengane
Encwadini ethi The Growth of the Mind , u-Koffka uthi okuhlangenwe nakho kwasebuntwaneni kuhlelwa “njengezinto zonke,” kunokuba kube nesiphithiphithi esiyisiphithiphithi sezisusa uWilliam James asibheka njengezingane ezisanda kuzalwa. Njengoba zikhula, u-Koffka uthi, izingane zifunda ukubona i-stimuli ngendlela ehlelekile futhi ehlukene, kunokuba "iphelele."
UKoffka unikela ingxenye enkulu yale ncwadi ekuphikisaneni nokufunda ngokulinga nokuphutha. Ngocwaningo lukaKöhler, uvikela ukuzihlola . Okusho ukuthi, ukufunda kweqiniso kwenzeka ngokuqonda isimo kanye nezakhi zaso , hhayi ngokuthola ikhambi lenkinga ngengozi. Lo mqondo oguqukayo waba negalelo elikhulu endleleni yokufundisa yaseMelika, eshintsha kusukela ekufundeni ngekhanda kuya ekuqondeni ukufunda.
Ukuqonda kanye nenkumbulo
Ku-Principles of Gestalt Psychology, uKoffka uyaqhubeka nochungechunge locwaningo lapho ukunyakaza kweGestalt kwaqala khona: ukuqonda okubonakalayo . Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlanganisa umsebenzi omkhulu owenziwe amalungu eqembu leGestalt nabafundi bawo, futhi ujula ezihlokweni ezifana nokufunda kanye nenkumbulo.
I-Koffka ibheka ukubaluleka okukhulu ekusebenzeni kokungaguquguquki kokubona, lapho abantu bekwazi ukubona izakhiwo zento njengokungashintshi, nakuba izimo ezifana nokubuka, ibanga, noma ukukhanya zishintsha.
Lapho exoxa ngokufunda nenkumbulo, u-Koffka uphakamisa ithiyori yokulandela umkhondo. Ubeka ukuthi isenzakalo somzimba ngasinye esinokuhlangenwe nakho sivusa umsebenzi othile ebuchosheni, oshiya umkhondo wenkumbulo ohlelweni lwezinzwa, ngisho nalapho isisusa singasekho.
Uma umkhondo wenkumbulo sewakhiwe, konke okuhlangenwe nakho okuhlobene okulandelanayo kuhilela ukuxhumana phakathi kwenqubo yenkumbulo nokulandela inkumbulo. Lokhu kuzungeza, lapho iminonjana emidala ithonya izinqubo ezintsha, kusikhumbuza imibono kaPiaget, leyo, kanye noLev Vygotsky, eyayizoba yisisekelo se-constructivism.
Ngokufanayo, ukulandela lo mbono kubuye kuchaze ukukhohlwa. Inikeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekutholakaleni kwemikhondo, umbono omangazayo ngokufana kwawo nezincazelo esinazo namuhla zokukhumbula.
Akunakuphikwa ukuthi uKoffka, njengomuntu ozimele kanye nomsunguli we-Gestalt psychology, uyinsika eyisisekelo ye-psychology yesimanje . Ifa lakhe libonakala kokubili ku-cognitivism kanye ne-constructivism.