U-Mariano José de Larra no-Sánchez de Castro (1809-1837) wayengumbhali odumile waseSpain, intatheli, kanye nepolitiki. Umsebenzi wakhe ungomunye ogqame kakhulu ezinhlwini ze-Romanticism. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi wakhe wathuthukisa izici zokucabanga okujulile; wabonisa ukushiyeka komphakathi waseSpain wesikhathi sakhe.
Njengentatheli, uLarra wayenamandla okubhala ama-athikili azo zonke izinhlobo nokuthuthukisa indaba njengohlobo. Ngepeni lakhe, ube nekhono lokudonsela abafundi emibonweni nasemibonweni yakhe yezepolitiki. Izazi ziye zambheka njengekhono lokukhuluma "lokukhohlisa."
Nakuba isiphetho sombhali singabanganga ngendlela ebesilindelekile ngayo, ubengumuntu ohlale ezwakalisa isifiso sakhe sokuba nezwe elithuthukayo njalo. Wayeyithanda futhi eyivikela inkululeko, wayehlale efuna ukugcina izilaleli zakhe zinolwazi, futhi wazama nokusungula indlela yokunquma isimo sezwe samanje.
I-Biografia
Ukuzalwa nomndeni
UMariano José de Larra wazalelwa eMadrid ngo-March 24, 1809. Abazali bakhe kwakungudokotela uMariano de Larra y Langelot noMaria Dolores Sánchez de Castro. Kusukela eneminyaka emine kuya kweyisishiyagalolunye, wayehlala ekudingisweni eParis nomndeni wakhe, ngenxa yokuhoxa kwamasosha eNapoleon.
Ngo-1818, umndeni wakwaLarra Sánchez wabuyela ezweni lawo ngemva koshwele owakhishwa iNkosi uFerdinand VII. Bahlala enhloko-dolobha yaseSpain. Bakwazile ukuqala phansi bebonga uyise eba ngudokotela kumfowabo omncane wenkosi, njengoba ebavumela ukuthi bazinze kwezomnotho nangokwenhlalo.
Imfundo kaLarra
Imfundo kaMariano yamabanga aphansi ngokwengxenye wayichitha ekudingisweni. Lapho ebuyela eSpain, wakwazi ukuqhubeka nezifundo zakhe, ezuza ethonyeni likayise njengodokotela.
Isikhathi esithile, uMariano kwadingeka athuthele kwamanye amadolobha ngenxa yomsebenzi kayise. Lesi simo sadala ukungazinzi kumbhali, nakuba asizayo ekubhaleni kwakhe.
Ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni esiphakeme, le nsizwa yaqala ukufundela ubudokotela eMadrid, kodwa yashiya izifundo zayo zingakaqedi. Kamuva, wanquma ukwenza izifundo zomthetho futhi waya eValladolid ukuyoqedela iziqu zakhe. Wayengeyena umfundi ongashintshi, naphezu kokuphasa izifundo zakhe, futhi kamuva wayeka futhi waya enhloko-dolobha ngo-1825.
UMariano de Larra waqala kabusha izifundo zakhe futhi wajoyina amasosha eNkosi uFerdinand VII, iRoyalist Volunteer Corps. Inhloso yaleli butho kwakuwukuhlasela labo abasembuthweni wenkululeko. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, le nsizwa yaqala ukuhlangana okunzima ngokubhala.
Uthando lombhali
Izifundo zalo mbhali zasenyuvesi eValladolid zathintwa ubuhlobo obunezinxushunxushu ayenabo nowesifazane okwavela ukuthi wayeyisithandwa sikayise. Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, ngo-August 13, 1829, washada noJosefa Wetoret Velasco.
Lo mbhangqwana wawunezingane ezintathu: uLuís Mariano, u-Adela noBaldomera. Umshado wawuntengantenga kwasekuqaleni. Umbhali waqala ukuthandana nowesifazane ogama lakhe linguDolores Armijo ngemva nje komshado wabo.
Ngo-1834, uLarra wazithola eyedwa, ehlukene nomkakhe, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo isithandwa sakhe samshiya. Lesi simo saba igalelo eliphansi kumbhali. Nokho, waqhubeka esebenza njengombhali nentatheli.
Imisebenzi yokuqala kaLarra yobungcweti
U-Larra waqala umsebenzi wakhe wobuntatheli lapho eneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye kuphela ubudala, ngo-1828. Kwakungalolu suku lapho ethula khona ukushicilelwa kwanyanga zonke. I-Satirical Goblin yangaleso sikhathi, Kwakungalezi zihloko lapho athola khona ukuqashelwa komphakathi, nakuba asayine ngaphansi kwegama elingelona iqiniso elithi “El Duende”.
Umbhali wayegxeka futhi ehlaziya, futhi wadlulisela izimo izwe lakhe elihlangabezane nazo emphakathini ngendlela ebhuqayo neyindida. Ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu, wakwazi ukuqinisa lezi zici zobuntu bakhe nesitayela sokubhala kumagazini. Umdidiyeli Okhulumayo . Ngaleso sikhathi, wasayina njengoJuan Pérez de Munguía.
Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ngo-1833, washiya iziteketiso ezaziwa ngazo futhi waqala ukuzifaka uphawu "Figaro", imisebenzi yakhe ayishicilela emaphephandabeni. El Observador e La Revista Española . Ngaphezu kokunikeza umphakathi isiko, wasebenzisa ithuba lokugxeka ezombangazwe nezokubhala.
Izinyathelo zokugcina zika-Mariano José de Larra
ULarra wanquma ukuqala uhambo lwebhizinisi nokufundisa ngo-1835. Wavakashela amadolobha amaningana aseYurophu, kuhlanganise neParis, iBrussels, iLondon, neLisbon. Wachitha isikhathi esiningi enhloko-dolobha yaseFrance, lapho athola khona ithuba lokuhlangana nababhali u-Alejandro Dumas noVictor Hugo.
Lapho ebuyela eMadrid, washicilela imisebenzi yakhe eminingi ephephandabeni ISpanishi . Lesi kwakuyisikhathi sikahulumeni kaJuan de Dios Álvarez Mendizábal, uLarra azwelana naye. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, wamgxeka ngomonakalo ayewenza kwabampofu kakhulu.
Ekhathazekile ngesimo saseSpain, wajoyina i-Moderate Liberal Party futhi, ngo-1836, wakhethwa njengesekela ledolobha lase-Ávila, esifundeni saseCastile. Ukuvukela okufanayo okwenzeka ezweni kwamvimbela ukuba abe isekela.
Ukushona kwentatheli
Isimo sezwe kanye nezimo zomuntu siqu ezizungeze ukuphila kukaLarra zaqala ukumcindezela, zimenza abe mubi futhi angabi nathemba. Lapho behlukana nomyeni wabo, abakwazanga ukufinyelela esivumelwaneni ngesehlukaniso. Umoya wakhe omubi wamholela ekubeni azibulale ngo-February 13, 1837. Wayeneminyaka engu-27 kuphela ubudala.
Esilo
Isitayela sokubhala nesintatheli sika-Mariano José de Larra siphawulwe ngokugxeka nokubhuqa. Usebenzise inhlekisa ukuze ahlekise ngesimo ebesihlasele iSpain isikhathi eside. Ikhono lakhe lokukhuluma ulimi lalilikhulu, futhi lokhu kwamjabulisa umfundi.
Isitayela sikaLarra sobuntatheli sasinamandla, sinamandla, futhi sicacile, sigcina sikholisa. Wancika ekuthuthukiseni ukugxeka kwakhe okujwayelekile, okulethwa ngemigqa engapheli kanye nezwi elibuhlungu, elingena ngaphakathi. Ulimi lwakhe lwalucacile futhi lulula kangangokuthi kwakulula ukukholisa uquqaba ngezikhundla zakhe.
Umbhali wayengowenhlangano yezothando, kodwa izazi eziningi zazimbheka njengomuntu ongathandana kakhulu nesizukulwane sakhe ngoba umsebenzi wakhe wawuhlelwe ngaphakathi kwamaqiniso ezwe. Izimo ezinjalo zamenza waba umdali wokucabanga kunobuhle.
Okwenze u-Larra wasondelana nomkhuba we-Romantic kwaba ikhono lakhe lokuthwebula izincazelo eziqinile kanye nenala ye-aesthetics. Umbhali uphinde wasebenzisa ukuphindaphinda kwemibono kanye nezinhloso, izici ezimbili ezivuna ukwazisa kwakhe, okushiya umfundi nomphumela ojabulisayo.
Iyasebenza
Umsebenzi kaMariano de Larra ugxile kakhulu ebuntathelini, okwamenza waba uchwepheshe ovelele kulo mkhakha. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, izihloko zakhe zazibonisa isimo samanje sezwe. Ezombangazwe, izincwadi, namasiko kwakuyizihloko ezihlala njalo.
Emsebenzini wakhe, uthuthukise izindikimba ezinjengokwehluleka, ukuntula inkululeko, imfundo, amaphutha omphakathi ahlulekile ukuholela enqubekelaphambili, ubuvila, phakathi kokunye. Ngomsebenzi wakhe, waba ngomunye wabanduleli bokuqala besiqephu sombono kanye nendatshana.
Nazi ezinye zezihloko ezibaluleke kakhulu nezivelele zomsebenzi kaLarra:
– Ukulwa nezinkunzi (1828).
– Lapho zibanika khona, bazithatha (1832).
- Dating mania kanye epigraphs (1832).
– Ukushada kusenesikhathi futhi kabi (1832).
– Incwadi eya ku-Andrés Nipostes, ebhalwe eBatuecas ngu-El Pobrecito Hablador (1832).
– Old Castilian (1832).
– Obani izethameli futhi ikuphi? (1832)
– Kuleli zwe (1833).
- Isakhiwo esisha (1833).
- Izinhlobonhlobo ezibucayi (1833).
– Buya kusasa (1833).
– Umhlaba wonke uyisifihla-buso (1833).
Amigos (1833).
– Don Cándido Buenafé (1833).
– UDon Timoteo noma umbhali (1833).
– Impilo yaseMadrid (1834).
- Abathathu babili kuphela futhi okungeyona into kuwufanele kathathu (1834).
- Ama-Liberals amabili noma Okumele Kuqondwe (1834).
– Siphakathi kwabaphi abantu? (1834).
- Inhlekelele yaseYurophu (1834).
- Umdanso ofihliwe (1834).
- Ubuhle bokwenza izinto kancane (1834).
- I-albhamu (1835).
- Izinto zasendulo zaseMérida (1835).
– Izincwadi (1836).
- Yezokubhuqa kanye nama-satirist (1836).
– Akusekho accountant (1831).
- Bala uFernán González kanye nokukhululwa kweCastile (1832).
Macias (1834).
- Ingoma kaDon Enrique el Doliente (1834).
Incazelo emfushane yemisebenzi yakhe emele kakhulu
Buya kusasa (1833)
Kwakungesinye sezindatshana ezaziwa kakhulu zentatheli yaseSpain. Umbhali ugxeke ngokubhuqa uhlelo lokusebenza lwezinhlangano zokuphatha zomphakathi e-Spain. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uzwakalise ukukhathazeka ngokungasebenzi kanye nokungasebenzi kahle ekuxazululeni izinkinga.
Macias (1834)
Kwakuyidrama engokomlando ekhuluma ngempilo kaMacías, i-troubadour, eyasungulwa eSpain yasendulo. Yindaba evusa inkanuko; umlobi wakugxeka ukuphikisa kwakhe ukuziphatha okungamanga. Izimpendulo zezombusazwe kulokhu okuqukethwe beziziningi.
I-Doncel ka-Dom Enrique, i-Doliente (1834)
Ngale ndaba, umbhali uphinde wathembela othandweni lukaMacías ngo-Elvira, owayeshade nenye indoda. Le noveli inomuzwa we-autobiographical, uma kubhekwa okuhlangenwe nakho kothando uLarra akuthola ngesikhathi sempilo yakhe emfushane.
Izinkomba
- Impilo nomsebenzi kaMariano José de Larra. (2013). (N/a): amanothi. Kutholwe ku: apuntes.com.
- UMariano José de Larra. (2019). Spain: Wikipedia. Ithathwe ku: wikipedia.org.
- Fernandez, J. (2019). Iphrozi yothando. UMariano José de Larra . Spain: Hispanoteca. Kubuyiswe ku: hispanoteca.eu.
- Escobar, J. (Sf). UMariano José de Larra . I-Spain: I-Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library. Ithathwe ku: cervantesvirtual.com.
- González, M. (S. f.). UMariano José de Larra- Isitayela nokuba semthethweni . (N/a): Ifulethi lokuqala. Ithathwe ku: pericav.wordpress.com