UGeorg Simmel wayeyisazi sefilosofi esaziwayo saseJalimane kanye nesazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu sasekupheleni kwekhulu le-1858 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-1918. Wazalelwa eBerlin ngo-XNUMX, uSimmel waziwa ngamagalelo akhe kwezokuhlalisana kwabantu basemadolobheni, ithiyori yezimali, ithiyori yobudlelwano bomphakathi, kanye nezifundo zamasiko. Indlela yakhe yokuhlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukene kanye nombono oyingqayizivele ngomphakathi nempilo yasemadolobheni kwamenza waba nethonya elikhulu emkhakheni wezokuhlalisana kwabantu. USimmel washona ngo-XNUMX, eshiya ifa elihlala njalo lemibhalo yakhe kanye nemibono emisha.
Ukuvikela kukaGeorge Simmel komphakathi kanye nokuzimela komuntu ngamunye.
UGeorge Simmel wayeyisazi sefilosofi saseJalimane kanye nesazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu esaziwa ngemibono yakhe edabukisayo emphakathini nakumuntu ngamunye. Wazalwa ngo-1858, uSimmel wasungula indlela eyingqayizivele ehlola ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwabantu emhlabeni oshintsha njalo.
Elinye lamagalelo kaSimmel abaluleke kakhulu kwaba wukumela kwakhe ukuzimela emphakathini. Wagomela ngokuthi naphezu kwethonya elinamandla lemikhuba nezikhungo zomphakathi, abantu ngabanye basakugcinile ukuzimela nekhono lokwenza ngokuvumelana nezithakazelo nezifiso zabo.
Ku-Simmel, umphakathi wawungelona ibhizinisi le-monolithic elilawula ngokuphelele abantu ngabanye, kodwa kunalokho umkhakha wokusebenzelana okunamandla lapho abantu bengasebenzisa inkululeko yabo nokudala. Wazisa ukwehluka nokuhluka komuntu ngamunye, ethi umphakathi uyazuza ngegalelo eliyingqayizivele lomuntu ngamunye.
Ekuhlaziyeni kwakhe, uSimmel ugcizelele ukubaluleka kobudlelwane bomphakathi kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kwamalungu omphakathi. Wabona amanethiwekhi omphakathi njengomthombo wamandla kanye nokuqanjwa okusha, lapho ukungezwani komuntu ngamunye kungaphelelisana futhi kukhiqize izinhlobo ezintsha zokukhuluma nokuhleleka.
Imibono yakhe iyaqhubeka nokuba nomthelela ekucabangeni kwezenhlalo yesimanje, igqamisa ukubaluleka kokuzimela nokusebenzisana ekuthuthukisweni komuntu.
UGeorge Simmel: Ithini inkolelo-mbono eyathuthukiswa yilesazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu saseJalimane esaziwayo?
UGeorg Simmel wayeyisazi sefilosofi saseJalimane kanye nesazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu esaziwa ngamagalelo akhe emfundisweni yezokuhlalisana kwabantu. Wazalwa ngo-1858 eBerlin, uSimmel wafunda ifilosofi nomlando emanyuvesi aseJalimane naseSwitzerland. Uyaziwa ngendlela yakhe eyingqayizivele neyintsha yokuhlaziya ukusebenzelana komphakathi nempilo yasemadolobheni.
Enye yemibono ebaluleke kakhulu eyakhiwe nguSimmel yile Ithiyori Yamafomu Omphakathi, egqamisa ukubaluleka kokuxhumana komphakathi kanye nezinhlaka zomphakathi ezimpilweni zabantu. Wagomela ngokuthi umphakathi wakhiwe ngochungechunge lwezinhlobo zomphakathi, njengemali, imfashini, kanye nezikhundla, ezithonya ubudlelwano bethu nokuziphatha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uSimmel uphinde wethula umqondo we I-Social Estrangement, okubhekisela kumuzwa webanga nokuhlukaniswa okungavela ekusebenzelaneni komphakathi. Wahlola ukuthi lokhu kuhlukaniswa kungaba nomthelela kanjani endleleni esisebenzelana ngayo nabanye nendlela esizibona ngayo emphakathini.
Izinkolelo-mbono zakhe mayelana namafomu omphakathi kanye nokuhlukana komphakathi ziyaqhubeka zifundwa futhi ziphikisana kuze kube yilolu suku.
UGeorg Simmel: wayengubani futhi iyiphi indlela yokuhlaziya ayakhe?
UGeorg Simmel wayeyisazi sefilosofi saseJalimane kanye nesazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu owaphila kusukela ngo-1858 kuya ku-1918. Waziwa ngamagalelo akhe kusayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu ngokuthuthukiswa kwendlela yokuhlaziya entsha. USimmel wafunda ifilosofi nomlando eBerlin futhi waba uprofesa wesayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu eNyuvesi yaseStrasbourg.
Emisebenzini yakhe, uSimmel wahlola izindikimba ezifana nokuxhumana komphakathi, isiko, imali kanye nedolobha elikhulu. Wakha indlela yokuhlaziya eyingqayizivele esekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwamafomu omphakathi kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kwabantu ngabanye. U-Simmel wayekholelwa ukuthi umphakathi wakhiwe ngochungechunge lokusebenzelana komphakathi okuyinkimbinkimbi nobudlelwano, nokuthi lobu budlelwano bungacwaningwa ngendlela enengqondo futhi ngokwesayensi.
Omunye wemiqondo eyinhloko eyethulwa nguSimmel kwakuwukuthi "umphakathi njengewebhu yokusebenzelana." Wagomela ngokuthi umphakathi wakhiwe ngochungechunge lokuxhumana phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, nokuthi lokhu kuxhumana kungacwaningwa ngaphandle komuntu ngamunye. U-Simmel uphinde wagcizelela ukubaluleka kokuzithoba nokuhumusha ekuhlaziyeni ukusebenzisana komphakathi.
Indlela yakhe emisha yokuhlaziya kanye nokuqonda ekusebenzelaneni komphakathi kuyaqhubeka nokuba nomthelela emkhakheni wesayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu kuze kube namuhla.
Into eyinhloko yokufunda isayensi yezenhlalo ngokusho kukaGeorg Simmel.
UGeorg Simmel, isazi sefilosofi saseJalimane sangekhulunyaka le-1858, waziwa ngamagalelo akhe abalulekile kusayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu. Wazalwa ngo-XNUMX eBerlin, uSimmel wagqama ngendlela yakhe eyingqayizivele neyintsha ekutadisheni ukuxhumana komphakathi. Umsebenzi wakhe waba nomthelela ezizukulwaneni zakamuva zezazi zezokuhlalisana kwabantu nezazi zefilosofi.
Ku-Simmel, into eyinhloko yokufunda isayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu kwaba ukuxhumana komphakathiWayekholelwa ukuthi ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye buwumgogodla womphakathi nokuthi lokhu kuxhumana kwakha izinhlaka zomphakathi. U-Simmel wayenentshisekelo ezindleleni abantu abahlobana ngazo, ukuthi amaqembu akha kanjani, nokuthi amanethiwekhi omphakathi athuthuka kanjani.
Ukwengeza, uSimmel uhlole izindikimba ezifana ne owezizwe, a ubuntu kanye isimanjemanje emisebenzini yakhe. Wahlaziya ukuthi ukuphila emadolobheni amakhulu kunathonya kanjani ubudlelwano bomphakathi kanye nendlela ukuhlukahluka kokuhlangenwe nakho nemibono okunomthelela ngayo ebunkingeni bomphakathi.
Indlela yakhe emisha kanye nemibono yaba nomthelela omkhulu emkhakheni wezokuhlalisana kwabantu futhi iyaqhubeka nokufundwa nokuphikiswana ngayo kuze kube namuhla.
UGeorg Simmel: biography yalesi sefilosofi saseJalimane nesazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu
Kuwo wonke umlando, amasiko nemiphakathi ehlukene iye yazalwa, yathuthukiswa futhi yafa, ikhiqiza izindlela eziningi zokucabanga nokubona umhlaba. Ifilosofi kanye nenhlalakahle yabantu yizici ezibalulekile ukuqonda hhayi kuphela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwayo, kodwa nokusebenza komphakathi ngokwawo kanye nengxoxo ngezici eziningi zokuphila.
Ababhali abaningi bathuthukise imikhakha yomibili, kodwa bambalwa abenza ukuhlaziya kwe-microsociological, njengobudlelwane phakathi kwabantu noma ukwakheka kokucabanga. Omunye wabo, owayezoba yisandulela sokusebenzisana okungokomfanekiso kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu, kwakunguGeorg Simmel. Lo mbhali wabamba iqhaza ezigabeni zokuqala zesayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu futhi wathuthukisa umcabango wakhe wefilosofi.
Kuso sonke lesi sihloko , sizobona i-biography emfushane kaGeorg Simmel .
Umlando omfushane kaGeorg Simmel
UGeorg Simmel wazalelwa eBerlin ngoMashi 1, 1858, eyingane yesikhombisa futhi encane ka-Edward noFlora Simmel. Umndeni wakhe, ongumJuda, wawuchumile futhi ufundile, nakuba ubuhlobo bakhe nonina abuzange busondele ekubeni negunya ngokweqile. Naphezu kwalokhu, futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abazali bakhe baguqukela ebuKristwini, kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe, kwadingeka abhekane nokuphikiswa kwamaJuda okwandile emphakathini .
Uyise washona ngo-1874, okwakuzogcina kushiye umndeni wakhe usesimweni esibucayi sezomnotho. Ngaleso sikhathi, umngane womndeni, uJulius Friedländer, wathatha izintambo futhi waba umfundisi kaGeorg osemusha. Ngiyabonga kuye, yena wakwazi ukufunda endaweni yokuzivocavoca eBerlin , eqeda isikole samabanga aphezulu ngaphambi kokungena enyuvesi.
Imfundo yasenyuvesi kanye nokuqala komsebenzi wokufundisa
Ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni samabanga aphansi naphakeme, uSimmel wabhalisa eNyuvesi yaseBerlin ukuze afunde ifilosofi nomlando, izifundo ayenesithakazelo esijulile kuzo, ngaphezu kokuya emakilasini esayensi yezenhlalakahle kanye nengqondo.
Phakathi nokuqeqeshwa kwakhe, akwenza ngokuphelele eBerlin, yena waxhumana nezazi zefilosofi ezibalulekile, izazi ze-anthropologists kanye nezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo futhi wayezofunda imisebenzi efana nekaKant. Naphezu kwalokhu, wabhekana nobunzima phakathi nezifundo zakhe: ngo-1880, inyuvesi yenqaba iphepha ayehlose ukulisebenzisa njengethisisi yakhe yobudokotela, elalikhuluma ngemvelaphi yomculo. Ngenhlanhla, ngemva kokushintsha isihloko se-metaphysics, wakwazi ukuthola iziqu zakhe zobudokotela nge-thesis. Imvelo yodaba ngokuya nge-monadology ye-Kant (ithisisi eyathola ngisho umklomelo kuKaiser).
Ngemva kokuphothula izifundo zakhe, ngokuzikhandla wakufanelekela ukuqokwa njengomfundisi wangasese ngo-1885—isikhundla esasingaziswa kakhulu, kodwa samvumela ukuba aqhubeke exhumana nenyuvesi. Naphezu kwalokhu, ukuqeqeshwa kwakhe okubanzi kanye nesithakazelo emikhakheni ehlukahlukene kwamenza waba uthisha odumile futhi othandekayo phakathi kwabafundi bakhe, ngoba, ngaphezu kokusebenza ezindaweni ezingavamile zefilosofi, wayefuna ukubasondeza ezifundweni ezinezihloko.
- Ungase ube nentshisekelo: ” Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zenhlalo yabantu “
Okushicilelwe kanye nobudlelwano bomuntu siqu
Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi nalesi sikhathi, wayezoqala nokubhala izincwadi ezazizo ngokuya ziba nodumo, ngisho nasemhlabeni wonke. Ngo-1890, washada noGertrude Kinel, umdwebi nongqondongqondo, aba nendodana naye. , nalapho ahlangana khona futhi wakha ubuhlobo obuhle nabacabangi abanjengoMax Weber.
Kulo mongo, waqala ukuthuthukisa eminye yemisebenzi yakhe yefilosofi ebaluleke kakhulu, ethula futhi engomunye wabanduleli besayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu njengesayensi, ngezincwadi ezifana ne-On Social Differentiation noma Introduction to Moral Science, lapho. wasebenza ngezihloko ezifana nesayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu noma ukungakwazi ukusebenza ngezimiso zokuziphatha zesayensi ngale kwencazelo nje .
Ngaphezu kwalo mbhali, uSimmel waqala ukuhlangana nababhali abadumile abanjengoStefan George, u-Edmund Husserl, noWalter Benjamin. Waphinde wathatha uhambo oluningi lokuya e-Italy. Ngo-1900, iNyuvesi yaqaphela iminikelo yakhe eminingi ngokumbiza ngokuthi uprofesa ongavamile, kodwa naphezu kwalokhu, uSimmel wenqaba ukumamukela njengoprofesa (into eyathukuthelisa ongqondongqondo abaningi).
Ngo-1908, washicilela incwadi ethi Isayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu , esiza ekugxiliseni lesi seluleko ngendlela yesayensi. Futhi ngalesi sikhathi, wagxila emcabangweni wempilo, eshiya eceleni indawo yenhlalakahle yabantu kanjalo, engena endaweni ye-metaphysical kanye ne-existentialist.
Naphezu kokubandlululwa lapho imvelaphi yakhe yayimlahla khona, yena ukwazile ukuthola i-German Sociological Society nge-Weber . Ngo-1914, eqondana neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, iNyuvesi yagcina imnike isihlalo.
Ifa ku-sociology kanye nefilosofi
Ngeshwa, ngo-1918, umbhali waba nomdlavuza wesibindi, owagcina uholele ekufeni kwakhe. UGeorg Simmel washona ngo-September 28, 1918, eStrasbourg. . Ngonyaka wakhe wokugcina, wayelungiselela izincwadi ezinjengalezi Ukungqubuzana kwamasiko esimanje ou I-Life's Intuition: Izahluko Ezine Ze-Metaphysical , ekugcineni lapho sibona isikhundla sakhe semetaphysical ezinsukwini zakhe zokugcina.
Iminikelo kaSimmel ayinakungabaza: naphezu kokuba ayengaziwa kancane futhi ekhishwa inyumbazana emkhakheni wezemfundo wesikhathi sakhe, waba nesandla esikhulu ekusunguleni isayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu njengesayensi, ehlola izici ezifana negunya, ubuntu, nobudlelwano bomuntu siqu. Wayephinde abe isazi sefilosofi esinempikiswano nesithakazelisayo esasikhuluma ngezihloko ezinjengokungafi, ukuhlobana kokuziphatha, ukuphila, uthando, nokuziphatha, futhi omisebenzi yakhe yakhuthaza ababhali abambalwa bakamuva.
Izinkomba ze-Bibliographic:
- Rammstedt, O. kanye noCantó, N. (2000). UGeorg Simmel (1858-1918). Amaphepha, 62: 11-24.