UMartin Seligman uyisazi sokusebenza kwengqondo esaziwayo esaziwa ngeqhaza lakhe elibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwengqondo okuhle. Wazalwa ngo-1942 e-Albany, eNew York, u-Seligman uthathwa njengomunye wabasunguli balo mkhakha wokufunda, ogxile ekuthuthukisweni kwenhlalakahle engokwengqondo nenjabulo. Imibono yakhe eyinhloko ihlanganisa inkolelo-mbono yokungabi namandla okufundile, ehlola ukuthi okuhlangenwe nakho kokuntuleka kokulawula kungaholela kanjani ekucindezelekeni, kanye nethiyori yethemba elifundiwe, eligqamisa ukubaluleka kokucabanga okuhle ekuqiniseni nasekunqobeni ubunzima. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Seligman waziwa ngomsebenzi wakhe wesayensi yengqondo yenjabulo nokuchuma komuntu, efuna ukukhuthaza indlela eyakhayo nesebenzayo ekutadisheni ingqondo yomuntu. Ithonya lakhe ku-psychology yesimanje alinakuphikwa, futhi imibono yakhe iyaqhubeka nokugqugquzela abacwaningi nodokotela kulo mkhakha.
Umlando kaMartin Seligman: funda ngempilo nomsebenzi walesi sazi sokusebenza kwengqondo esidumile saseMelika.
UMartin Seligman ungudokotela wezengqondo odumile waseMelika owazalwa ngo-1942 e-Albany, eNew York. Uyaziwa ngamagalelo akhe abalulekile ku-psychology enhle futhi uthathwa njengomunye wabasunguli balo mkhakha.
USeligman wafunda ePrinceton University futhi wathola iziqu zakhe zobudokotela kwezokusebenza kwengqondo e-University of Pennsylvania. Wafundisa emanyuvesi amaningana nasezikhungweni zocwaningo kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe, okuhlanganisa iStanford University kanye neNyuvesi yasePennsylvania.
Enye yemibono kaSeligman eyaziwa kakhulu i-Helplessness Learning Theory, ayisungula ngemva kokwenza izifundo nezinja. Uthole ukuthi izinja ezichayeka ezimweni lapho zingakwazi ukuphunyuka noma ukugwema isikhuthazo esibi zaba nokuziphatha okungenzi lutho nokuhoxayo.
Ukwengeza, uSeligman waziwa ngomsebenzi wakhe wokufunda ukuba nethemba nokungabi nathemba. Ugomela ngokuthi abantu abahlakulela indlela yokucabanga enethemba bayakwazi ukukhuthazela futhi banempilo engcono engokwengqondo kunalabo abamukela eyokungenathemba.
Ngo-1998, u-Seligman wakhethwa njengomongameli we-American Psychological Association, futhi kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe, uthole imiklomelo eminingi nokuhlonishwa ngeqhaza lakhe ku-psychology. Ubuye abe ngumbhali wezincwadi ezimbalwa ezidumile, ezihlanganisa ethi "Injabulo Yangempela" kanye nethi "Learned Optimism."
Izici zetiyori ezibalulekile ze-Positive Psychology: ukuhlaziya okujulile.
I-Positive Psychology iwumkhakha wepsychology ogxile esifundweni senhlalakahle, injabulo, nokuchuma komuntu. Ngokungafani nezindlela ezivamile zokusebenzelana kwengqondo, ezivame ukugxila ezinkingeni zengqondo kanye nezifo, I-Positive Psychology ifuna ukuqonda nokukhuthaza izimfanelo nezimfanelo ezinhle ezivumela ukuphila okugcwele nokwanelisayo.
Omunye wabantu abahamba phambili abahlotshaniswa ne-Positive Psychology uMartin Seligman, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo saseMelika esaziwa ngezifundo zakhe ezimayelana nethemba, ukuqina, kanye nenjabulo. USeligman uthathwa njengomunye wabasunguli balo mkhakha, futhi izinkolelo-mbono zakhe zibe nomthelela omkhulu endleleni esiyiqonda ngayo ingqondo nenhlalakahle yabantu.
Enye yemibono kaSeligman ebaluleke kakhulu iTheory of Well-Being, ebeka ukuthi inhlalakahle yomuntu yakhiwe izici ezinhlanu ezibalulekile: imizwa eyakhayo, ukuzibandakanya, ubudlelwano obunenjongo, incazelo, kanye nokugcwaliseka. NgokukaSeligman, ukuphishekela lezi zici kungasiza abantu baphile ukuphila okunenjongo nokujabulisayo.
USeligman waziwa nangomsebenzi wakhe wokuqina, okubhekiselwa emandleni okunqoba ubunzima futhi akhule kubo. Wakha i-Positive Psychology theory of Resilience, egqamisa ukubaluleka kokuba nethemba, ukuzethemba, nokusekelwa komphakathi ekukhuthazeni ukuqina nokuphila kahle.
Izinsika ezintathu zenjabulo ngokusho kukaMartin Seligman: ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe.
UMartin Seligman, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo saseMelika esaziwa ngomsebenzi wakhe we-positive psychology, wakha inkolelo-mbono ethi "Izinsika Ezintathu Zenjabulo." Lezi zinsika yilezi: imizwelo eyakhayo, umshado e ingqondo. Ngayinye yalezi zinsika idlala indima ebalulekile ekuphishekeleni injabulo nokuphila kahle.
Insika yokuqala, i imizwelo eyakhayo, ibhekisela emandleni okuba nemizwa yenjabulo, yokubonga, yothando, nethemba. USeligman ugomela ngokuthi ukuhlakulela le mizwa eyakhayo kubalulekile ekuphileni okujabulisayo nokwanelisayo. Ukuzijwayeza ukubonga nsuku zonke, ukufuna izikhathi zenjabulo, nokuhlakulela ubudlelwano obuhle kuyizindlela zokuqinisa le nsika.
Insika yesibili, i umshado, isho ukucwiliswa emisebenzini enikeza isimo sokugeleza, lapho umuntu ezizwa egxile ngokugcwele futhi egxile emsebenzini owenziwayo. Lapho senza okuthile okubekela inselele futhi okusikhuthazayo, siba nomuzwa wokufeza okuthile nokwaneliseka. Ukuthola izinto zokuzilibazisa, izinkanuko, kanye nemisebenzi esibandakanya ngokugcwele kubalulekile ekuqiniseni le nsika.
Insika yesithathu, i ingqondo, ihlobene nokufuna injongo nenjongo yokuphila. Ukuba nomuzwa wesiqondiso nokuqonda ukuthi izenzo zethu zinengxenye kanjani kokuthile okukhulu kunathi kubalulekile ekuphileni okunenjongo. USeligman uphakamisa ukuthi ukuthola inhloso ehambisana namagugu nezinkolelo zethu kubalulekile ekuqiniseni le nsika.
Ukuhlakulela lezi zici ohlelweni lwethu lwansuku zonke kungasisiza sifinyelele izinga eliphezulu lenjabulo nokuphila kahle.
Zitholele umnikelo wesazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uMartin Seligman ku-psychology yesimanje.
Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uMartin Seligman waziwa ngamagalelo akhe abalulekile kungqondongqondo yesimanje, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni we-positive psychology. USeligman owazalwa ngo-1942, uyingqalabutho esifundweni sokuqina, ukuba nethemba, kanye nempilo enhle ngokomzwelo.
Enye yethiyori yakhe eyinhloko iyithiyori yokufunda yokungakwazi ukuzivikela, ehlola ukuthi abantu bangakwazi kanjani ukuhlakulela umqondo wokuhlubuka nongenakuzisiza lapho bebhekene nezimo ezimbi. USeligman waziwa nangomsebenzi wakhe wethiyori yethemba elifundiwe, egcizelela ukubaluleka kokuba nombono oqondile wokubhekana nezinselele futhi uzuze impumelelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Seligman wethula umqondo we-positive psychology, ogxile ekutadisheni izici ezinhle zokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu, njengenjabulo, ukubonga, kanye nokuphila kahle. Indlela yakhe yokusungula iye yaba nomthelela ochwepheshe abaningi emkhakheni wezengqondo futhi yakhuthaza ukushintshwa kokugxila kumodeli yendabuko yokugula ngengqondo kuya kumodeli yezempilo yengqondo.
UMartin Seligman: biography kanye nemibono eyinhloko
UMartin Seligman uyisazi sokusebenza kwengqondo saseMelika, uthisha, kanye nomlobi, owaziwa ngethiyori yakhe yokungabi nakuzisiza okufundile, inkolelo-mbono yokuba nethemba elifundiwe, kanye nokuba ngomunye wamavulandlela okusebenza kwengqondo eqondile.
Wazalwa ngo-August 12, 1942, e-Albany, ePennsylvania. Njengamanje u-Seligman unguSolwazi Womndeni wakwaZellerbach wePsychology eNyuvesi yasePennsylvania kanye nomqondisi weSikhungo SeNyuvesi Yesikhungo Sengqondo Esihle.
Ngo-1998, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo sakhethwa njengomongameli we-American Psychological Association (APA). Uphinde wasebenza njengomhleli oyinhloko wokuqala we-Prevention and Treatment, iphephandaba le-inthanethi lenhlangano.
Namuhla, eneminyaka engama-72, akayena nje kuphela omunye wezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ezinethonya elikhulu emlandweni, kodwa futhi ungumbhali nombhali odumile wezincwadi ezithengiswa kakhulu njenge. Ingane Enethemba Layo, Ithemba Elifundile, Injabulo Yangempela, Yini Ongayishintsha Nongakwazi e blooms .
Ukuqala kukaSeligman emkhakheni wezengqondo
USeligman waqala umsebenzi wakhe wokuba isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo ePrinceton University. Ngo-1964, wathola iziqu ze-summa cum laude, futhi phakathi nonyaka wakhe omkhulu, wathola izicelo eziningana zokuqhubeka nezifundo zakhe ensimini. Okubili kwalezi zinketho kwakuwukufunda i-analytical psychology eNyuvesi yase-Oxford noma i-experimental animal psychology e-University of Pennsylvania. USeligman wakhetha le ndlela yokugcina futhi, ngo-1967, wathola iziqu zakhe zobudokotela kwezokusebenza kwengqondo.
Phakathi neminyaka yakhe yokufunda, uMartin Seligman wagqugquzelwa umsebenzi womunye woprofesa bakhe, u-Aron T. Beck, owayehamba phambili emkhakheni wezokwelashwa kwengqondo kanye nochwepheshe ekusetshenzisweni kwayo ekwelapheni ukucindezeleka. Umsebenzi kaBeck wawusekelwe embonweni wokuthi imicabango yabantu engemihle yayiyimbangela yezimo zabo ezicindezelayo.
USeligman naye wanquma ukusebenza kule postulate futhi yingakho athuthukisa umbono wakhe odumile “Ukufunda Ukungabi Nalutho” (ukufunda ukungabi nakuzisiza). Ngayo, waphinde wenza imodeli yokuhlola yokwelapha ukucindezeleka, eyayihlanganisa ukuqeda imicabango engalungile ngokusebenzisa amakhono okubhekana nesimo.
Umbono kaSeligman ngalo msebenzi wawuwukwenza abantu bafunde ukuchaza noma ukulungisa okwenzeka kubo ngendlela eyakhayo kunokuba ibe yimbi ukuze banqobe ukucindezeleka.
Ngalo mbono, u-Seligman wakwazi futhi ukudala nokuhlola amasu amasha kanye nokuzivocavoca kwengqondo okwabonisa ukuthi ngokulwa nemicabango engalungile, kwakungenzeka ukuthuthukisa ngisho nokuvimbela izimo ezicindezelayo.
Kodwa nakuba imodeli yakhe yokungenelela iba uphawu emkhakheni wezengqondo, ngo-1990 uSeligman washintsha indlela yakhe yokwenza umsebenzi wakhe. Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo sasuka ekugxileni ekucindezelekeni sagxila ekubeni nethemba nenjabulo.
Umsunguli we-positive psychology
Ngo-2000, uMartin Seligman wasungula insimu ye-psychology enhle. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, uye wasekela umsebenzi wakhe esifundweni semizwelo eyakhayo njengenjabulo, ithemba, amandla obuntu, nethemba.
USeligman wanquma ukushintsha indlela yokwelashwa kwengqondo futhi waqinisekisa ozakwabo ukuthi isixazululo sasingelona nje ukulungisa lokho okwakuphukile, kodwa futhi ukukhulisa izinto ezinhle umuntu ngamunye anazo.
Ngokwencazelo ka-Seligman yango-1999, i-positive psychology iwucwaningo lwesayensi lokuhlangenwe nakho okuhle, kodwa nezinye izici, ezifana nezici zomuntu ngamunye ezinhle noma ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokuthuthukisa izinga lokuphila labantu.
Kungashiwo ukuthi kuyisiyalo sokusebenza kwengqondo esigomela ukuthi impilo yomzwelo ingaphezu kokungabikho kwezifo. Igxila ezimfanelweni ezinhle nendlela ezingathuthukiswa ngayo ukuze umuntu abe nokuphila okwanelisa kakhudlwana futhi anqobe noma avimbele ama-pathologies.
Usebenza noChristopher Peterson
Eqala emkhakheni we-positive psychology, u-Seligman wasebenza nochwepheshe bezokusebenza kwengqondo uChristopher Peterson ukuze bakhe Incwadi Yamandla Nobuhle Besimilo noma lokho abakubiza ngokuthi umlingani wakho Imanuwali Yokuxilonga Nezibalo Yezinkinga Zengqondo (Imanuwali Yokuxilonga Nezibalo Yezinkinga Zengqondo) .
Inhloso yababhali kwakuwukwenza imanuwali okuthi esikhundleni sokugxila kulokho okungahamba kahle, igxile kulokho okungahamba kahle. Ngokucwaninga kwabo ngamasiko amaningi namafilosofi nezinkolo zawo ezihlukene, bahlanganisa uhlu lwezimfanelo ezinhle ezaziswa kakhulu, kusukela ezikhathini zaseShayina neNdiya yasendulo, iGrisi neRoma, kuya kumasiko aseNtshonalanga angaleso sikhathi.
Lolu hlu lwaluhlanganisa izici eziyisithupha: ukuhlakanipha/ulwazi, isibindi, ubuntu, ubulungisa, ukuzithiba, kanye nokweqa. Ngasinye salezi zigaba singahlukaniswa zibe izingxenye ezintathu noma ezinhlanu ngaphezulu.
Ubuntu, isibonelo, babuhlanganisa uthando, umusa, nokuhlakanipha kwezenhlalo, kuyilapho isibindi sasihlanganisa isibindi, ukuphikelela, ubuqotho, nobungqabavu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ababhali babengakholelwa ukuthi kukhona uhlobo lwezikhundla, njengoba kungekho obekubaluleke ukwedlula omunye.
Umbono wenjabulo yeqiniso
Ngo-2002, uMartín Seligman wasungula inkolelo-mbono yenjabulo yeqiniso. Nge-psychology eyakhayo, umlobi wayesevele egxilise ukunaka komkhakha emandleni abantu, egqamisa yonke into evumela abantu ukuthi bafunde, bajabulele, bajabule, futhi babe nethemba.
Ekwakhela phezu komsebenzi wakhe, uSeligman wasungula le nkolelo-mbono yenjabulo, lapho aphikisa ngokuthi yayingafinyeleleki nje kuphela kodwa futhi yayingatshalwa, esebenzisa izici umuntu anazo. Inkolelo-mbono yenjabulo yeqiniso yayigxile enjabulweni, futhi yaxoxa ngokuthi yayikalwa kanjani ngokwaneliswa ukuphila.
USeligman waphikisa ngokuthi isihluthulelo sokuthola injabulo kwakuwukwandisa ukwaneliseka ekuphileni. Ngaleso sikhathi, uSeligman wavumelana nombono ka-Aristotle wokuthi konke esikwenzayo sikwenza ngenjongo yokufuna injabulo.
Kulo mbono, uSeligman wayekholelwa ukuthi leli gama lingahlukaniswa libe yizici ezintathu: Imizwelo Enhle, okuyimizwelo eyakhayo enomthelela ekuphileni okujabulisayo; Ukuhlanganyela, okuwukuzibophezela ekwenzeni okuthile okujabulisayo; kanye Nencazelo, okuyincazelo noma inhloso esiyinika esikwenzayo.
Ithiyori yenjabulo yeqiniso izama ukuchaza injabulo njengomphumela wokwaneliseka kokuphila. Lokhu kusho ukuthi labo abanemizwelo eyakhayo nenjongo ekuphileni kwabo bayoba abajabula kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, kuthiwa umgomo omkhulu wabantu kungaba ukwandisa ukwaneliseka kwabo ekuphileni ukuze bajabule.
Ithiyori yokuphila kahle
Namuhla uSeligman useguqule eyakhe inkolelo. Encwadini yakhe Khulisa , eyanyatheliswa ngo-2011, umbhali uthi uyalizonda igama elithi injabulo ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwalo ngokweqile ezweni lanamuhla kuye kwalenza, ngokombono wakhe, libe lingenamsebenzi. Umbhali uthi injabulo ayinakuchazwa ngokwaneliseka kwempilo. Ngakho-ke, washintsha indlela yakhe, wenza iTheory of Well-Being.
NgokukaSeligman, inhlalakahle iwukwakhiwa okuphelele okungachaza kangcono injongo yomuntu. Kulo mbono, njengoba inhlalakahle iyisihloko, hhayi injabulo, ikalwa ngemizwa eyakhayo, ukuzibophezela, ubudlelwano obuhle, incazelo noma inhloso, kanye nempumelelo.
Izakhi ezinhlanu ezichaza inhlalakahle
Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwaziwa ngokuthi i-PERMA, ngokusho kwesifinyezo ngesiNgisi:
- Imizwa emihle : Imizwa emihle isalokhu iyisisekelo enjongweni yomuntu. Kodwa kulokhu, ukwaneliseka kwempilo kanye nenjabulo akuseyona indawo ebalulekile ye-psychology enhle, kodwa kunalokho kuba izici zenhlalakahle, indlela entsha ye-psychology enhle.
- Umshado : Uma uzibophezele ngokugcwele esimweni, emsebenzini, noma kuphrojekthi kunoma iyiphi indawo yempilo, maningi amathuba okuba ube nomuzwa wenhlalakahle.
- ubudlelwano (ubudlelwano obuhle): hlakulela ubudlelwano obuhle nabanye. Ukwazi ukwabelana nabanye okuhlangenwe nakho kondle impilo yakho yezenhlalo nengaphakathi, okuthuthukisa inhlalakahle.
- Okushoyo (incazelo, inhloso): ukukwazi ukwenza umqondo ngezehlakalo noma izimo kuvumela umuntu ukuba azuze ulwazi lomuntu siqu.
- Ukuqaphela : Imigomo iyona egqugquzela abantu ukuthi baqhubeke. Kumayelana nokufeza imigomo kanye nomuzwa wokuthi unendlela ecacile.
Ngokombono kaMartin Seligman wenhlalakahle, akukho neyodwa yalezi zakhi engakwazi, ngokwayo, ukuchaza umqondo wenhlalakahle. Nokho, ngayinye iletha izici ezibalulekile ezifaka isandla ekufezeni lokho.
Iyini injabulo, ngokukaMartin Seligman?
Ukuze ujabule, udinga okungaphezu kokwaneliseka ekuphileni. Ngombono wenhlalakahle, uMartin Seligman waphinda wacabanga ngesakhe isisekelo, ebonisa ukuthi injabulo iyindaba yenhlalakahle kanjani. Kodwa umbhali uyagomela futhi ukuthi inhlalakahle idlula ukumamatheka nokuzizwa kahle.
USeligman wachaza ukuthi kuyadingeka ukushintsha umqondo wokuthi injabulo iwukumamatheka kakhulu futhi uhlale ujabule. Umbhali uthi abantu bafisa ukuba nokungaphezulu kwalokho futhi ukujabula akusho ukuzizwa ujabule ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Ukwazi ukuthi yini eyenza umehluko phakathi komuntu ojabulayo nalowo ongekho kuye kwaba yinkinga i-psychology, futhi ikakhulukazi uMartin Seligman, uye wazama ukuthola impendulo.
Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yocwaningo nokuhlola, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo esidumile nombhali ucacile: Injabulo ayihlangene nobuhlobo, imali, noma izinto eziwubukhazikhazi, ingasaphathwa eyokuba nesithombe somzimba 'ophelele'. Injabulo imayelana nenhlalakahle, futhi inhlalakahle itholakala ngezinsika ezinhlanu ezakha i-PERMA.
Izinhlobo zezimpilo ezijabulisayo
Ngaphezu kwezincwadi zakhe, uMartin Seligman uye wazinikela eminyakeni yamuva ekunikezeni izinkulumo ngenkathi entsha ye-psychology eyakhayo. Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo sahlukanisa izinhlobo ezintathu zezimpilo ezijabulisayo, okusho ukuthi ayikho imodeli eyodwa yokufinyelela injabulo oyifunayo.
Okokuqala ukuphila okujabulisayo. Kuyimpilo lapho umuntu enayo yonke imizwa eyakhayo angaba nayo, kodwa futhi enamakhono okuyikhulisa.
Okwesibili ukuphila kokuzinikela. Lena impilo okubaluleke kakhulu kuyo uthando, ukuba umzali, umsebenzi, ukuzijabulisa nokunye.
Futhi ekugcineni okwesithathu, ukuphila okunenjongo, okuphathelene nokuphila lapho umuntu ngamunye azi khona amandla akhe futhi awasebenzisele okuhle.
Amathiphu ka-Selingman wokujabula
Lapho echaza lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zokuphila, u-Seligman uthi enye ayingcono kunomunye futhi imane "iyizimpilo ezijabulisayo" ezintathu ezihlukene. Wonke umuntu angajabula ngokufeza ezakhe izinto eziza kuqala. Kodwa-ke, phakathi naso sonke isikhathi sakhe njengoprofesa, umbhali uphinde wabelane ngemininingwane yokuthi impilo enhle ingatholwa kanjani.
UMartin Seligman utusa ukuhlela usuku oluhle nokuzijabulisa. Uphinde agcizelele ukubaluleka kokubonga labo abakufundise izifundo zempilo futhi bakusize wakhe impilo eyanelisayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbhali uyaqinisekisa ukuthi isihluthulelo senhlalakahle ukusebenzisa amandla omuntu nokuthi lokhu kufezwa ngokwenza imisebenzi lapho amakhono omuntu ngamunye azalwa esetshenziswa khona.
Ngenxa yokutholwa okuningi kwe-psychology enhle kanye nomsebenzi wokuzikhandla ka-Martin Seligman kulo mkhakha, lo mkhakha usuzuze abalandeli abaningi ngokwengeziwe.
Nakuba ukucindezeleka, enye yezinkinga i-psychology enhle efuna ukubhekana nayo, okwamanje kuthinta cishe abantu abayizigidi ezingu-350 emhlabeni wonke, inzuzo ukuthi akhona amathuluzi nezindlela zokusebenza kwengqondo zokusiza kule mpi.