URichard Sennett isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu saseMelika esaziwayo owazalwa ngo-1943 eChicago. Waziwa ngemisebenzi yakhe ekhuluma ngezihloko ezifana ne-urbanism, umsebenzi, isiko, kanye nesayensi yezenhlalo yomzimba. USennett unguSolwazi Emeritus weSociology eLondon School of Economics kanye naseNyuvesi yaseNew York, futhi uyiFellow Honorary Fellow of King's College, eCambridge. Kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe, uzihlukanisele ukuhlaziya kwakhe okubucayi nokusha komphakathi wangaleso sikhathi, waba umuntu ohamba phambili emkhakheni wezokuhlalisana kwabantu.
Ukucabanga ngemibono ka-Richard Sennett: isimemo sokuzindla ngokujulile.
URichard Sennett isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu saseMelika esidumile esizigqamisile ngemibono yakhe emisha nevusa inkanuko. Emsebenzini wakhe, u-Sennett ukhuluma ngezindaba eziphathelene nomphakathi wangaleso sikhathi, njengobudlelwane phakathi komuntu ngamunye nomsebenzi, ukufudukela emadolobheni, kanye nezinguquko ebudlelwaneni bomphakathi. Ukuzindla kwakhe kusimema ukuba sihlaziye ngokujulile indlela esiphila ngayo futhi sihlobana ngayo ezweni lanamuhla.
Elinye lamagalelo amakhulu kaSennett ukugxeka kwakhe ukuhlukana yobudlelwano babantu emphakathini wanamuhla. Ukuze isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu, ukuntuleka ukubumbana kanye nobumbano phakathi kwabantu seludale isimo sobuntu kanye nokuhlukana. Kusenza sicabange ngokubaluleka kokwakha kabusha ubudlelwano bomphakathi obengeziwe eqinile futhi okunenjongo, okukwazi ukukhuthaza ukuphilisana okunempilo nokusebenzisana okwengeziwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uSennett uphinde akhulume ngodaba lomsebenzi kanye isipiliyoni professional enkathini yesimanje. Ubuza indlela izinkampani eziye zaphatha ngayo abasebenzi bazo, ngokuvamile ezibeka phambili ukukhiqiza kulimaza inhlalakahle kanye nentuthuko yomuntu siqu. Ukucabanga kwakhe kusikhuthaza ukuthi sicabange kabusha inhlangano yomsebenzi futhi sifune amamodeli asebenza kahle kakhulu okwenziwe abantu futhi kubandakanya.
Ngamafuphi, imibono ka-Richard Sennett isimema ukuba sicabangisise ngokujulile ngezinselele kanye nezingqinamba zomphakathi wanamuhla. Ukuhlaziya kwakhe okugxekayo nokunokuqonda kusikhuthaza ukuthi sicabange kabusha imikhuba yethu nezindinganiso zethu, silwele ukwakha umhlaba onobulungisa, onozwelo, futhi ozinzile.
Umbono kaRichard Sennett ngomphakathi kanye nobudlelwano bawo phakathi kwabantu.
Umbono ka-Richard Sennett ngomphakathi kanye nobudlelwano bawo phakathi kwabantu kuthonywa kakhulu ukuqeqeshwa kwakhe njengesazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu kanye nomhleli wedolobha. Wazalelwa eChicago ngo-1943, uSennett wanikela kakhulu emsebenzini wakhe wokufunda esifundweni sokusebenzisana kwabantu kanye nokuguquguquka kwezenhlalo emadolobheni angaleso sikhathi.
Omunye wemibono kaSennett ebalulekile ukubaluleka ukubambisana futhi kusuka ubumbano njengezici ezibalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle komphakathi. Kuye, ikhono lokusebenza ndawonye nokuhlobana ngokuzwelana nabanye kubalulekile ekwakheni izibopho zomphakathi eziqinile nezihlala njalo.
USenett uphinde akhulume ngodaba lwe ukuguquguquka futhi kusuka ukuzivumelanisa nezimo njengamathuluzi ayisisekelo okubhekana nezinguquko eziqhubekayo emphakathini wanamuhla. Kuye, ikhono lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha nokufunda ekwehlukeni libalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ubudlelwano obunempilo nobukhiqizayo phakathi kwabantu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uSennett ugxeka isiko lika ukuzimela Kuvela ukuzithanda evame ukungena ebuhlotsheni bezenhlalo banamuhla. Ukhuthaza ukubaluleka kokwazisa ukuhlukahluka, ukusebenzisana, nokuthembela komunye nomunye njengezindlela zokuqinisa inkundla yezenhlalo kanye nokukhuthaza umuzwa womphakathi osekelayo nobandakanyayo.
URichard Sennett: biography yalesi sazi sezenhlalo saseMelika
Richard Sennett isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu saseMelika esaziwa ngocwaningo lwaso ngobudlelwano benhlalo ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, ngezifundo zaso ngemiphumela yempilo yasedolobheni kubantu ngabanye emphakathini wanamuhla, noma ngemisebenzi yakhe ehlukahlukene yezemfundo ngesimo somsebenzi kanye nenhlalo yabantu yamasiko ahlukene phakathi nesikhathi nomlando.
Kulesi sihloko, sichaza ukuthi ungubani uRichard Sennett futhi sibuyekeze imisebenzi yakhe eyinhloko eshicilelwe.
Ubani uRichard Sennett?
URichard Sennett isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu saseMelika okucabanga kwakhe kungahlelwa ngaphakathi kwesiko lefilosofi yepragmatism. Wazalelwa eChicago ngo-1943 futhi wakhulela ezindlini zaseCabrini-Green zalelo dolobha laseMelika. Eseyingane, waqeqeshelwa umculo futhi wafunda ukudlala i-cello, nakuba ngenxa yokulimala esandleni, kwadingeka ayeke umsebenzi wakhe womculo.
USennett wafunda kafushane eNyuvesi yaseChicago wabe esengena eHarvard , lapho afunda khona umlando no-Oscar Handlin, isayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu noDavid Riesman, kanye nefilosofi noJohn Rawls. Uthole iziqu zakhe zobudokotela eMlandweni Wempucuko YaseMelika ngo-1969 futhi useshicilele imisebenzi eminingana ngesayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu.
Eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu edlule, u-Sennett ubhale ngempilo yenhlalo emadolobheni, ukushintsha izinhlobo zomsebenzi, kanye nezigigaba ezihlobene nomsebenzi wemiphakathi yabantu. Phakathi kwezincwadi zakhe, "I-Corrosion of Character," eyazuza uMklomelo WaseYurophu Wezenhlalakahle, kufanelekile ukusho.
Ubuye waba nomsebenzi oningi womphakathi, okokuqala njengomsunguli we-Humanities Institute eNew York futhi kamuva njengomongameli woMkhandlu Wezabasebenzi waseMelika. Iminyaka engamashumi amathathu, wasebenza njengomeluleki ezinhlanganweni ezihlukahlukene ngaphakathi kweNhlangano Yezizwe; futhi muva nje, ubhale isitatimende semishini ye-Habitat II eNgqungqutheleni Yezindlu kanye Nokuthuthukiswa Kwezindawo Zasemadolobheni Esimeme.
Eminyakeni emihlanu edlule, u-Sennett wadala i-Theatrum Mundi ("Ishashalazi Yomhlaba"), isisekelo esizinikezele ekucwaningeni ngamasiko asemadolobheni, okuyiwona njengamanje ongusihlalo webhodi. Phakathi kweminye imiklomelo, uSennett uthole uMklomelo we-Hegel, uMklomelo we-Spinoza, iziqu zobudokotela ezihlonishwayo e-University of Cambridge, kanye nendondo ye-Centenary Medal yase-Harvard University.
Imisebenzi eshicilelwe
Imisebenzi yezemfundo ka-Richard Sennett ikhuluma ngokuyinhloko nokuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha , uhlobo lomsebenzi emiphakathini yesimanje kanye nenhlalo yabantu yamasiko.
Ngezansi, sethula eminye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu emsebenzini wakhe wezemfundo.
1. Impilo yasemadolobheni kanye nobunikazi bomuntu siqu: ukusetshenziswa kokuphazamiseka
Kule ncwadi, u-Sennett ubonisa ukuthi umphakathi ohleleke ngokweqile uholela kanjani abantu abadala ukuba bathathe izimo zengqondo eziqinile ezithiya ukukhula kwabo siqu. Umbhali uthi umgomo owamukelekile wokuhleleka udala amaphethini okuziphatha adidayo futhi agqugquzele udlame.
I-Sennett iphakamisa amadolobha asebenza kakhudlwana angahlanganisa izici ze-anarchic , ukuhlukahluka okwengeziwe kanye nokuphazamiseka kokudala ukuze uthole abantu abadala abangaphendula futhi babhekane ngokukhululekile nezinselele zempilo.
2. Ukulimala okufihliwe ekilasini
Kulo msebenzi, ekuqaleni owawunesihloko esithi "Amanxeba Afihliwe Ekilasi," u-Richard Sennett uphatha umqondo wekilasi hhayi njengenkinga yezomnotho noma yezibalo, kodwa njengento ehlobene nemizwa. I-Sennett, ngokubambisana no-Jonathan Cobb, ihlukanisa "izimpawu zekilasi ezifihliwe" isisebenzi sanamuhla esikala ngazo ukubaluleka kwaso maqondana nalezo zimpilo nemisebenzi umphakathi wethu oyinikeza incazelo ekhethekile.
Ababhali bahlola imizwa ejulile mayelana nabo bonke ubudlelwano babantu ngaphakathi naphakathi kwezigaba , futhi sibheke ngale, kodwa singawushayi mkhuba umzabalazo wokuphila komnotho. Lo msebenzi uhamba isinyathelo esingaphezu kokugxeka kwezenhlalo yempilo yansuku zonke.
Ababhali bagxeka kokubili isimangalo sokuthi abasebenzi bahlangana emphakathini onobuntu obufanayo kanye nomzamo “wokusindisa” umsebenzi ngokumbeka endimeni yoguquko, njengoba kwenziwa ngendlela evamile ye-socialist.
3. Igunya
Kule ncwadi, uSennett uhlaziya ubunjalo, indima, kanye nobuso begunya empilweni yomuntu siqu kanye nasemkhakheni womphakathi, kanye nomqondo wegunya ngokwalo.
Lo msebenzi uzama ukuphendula imibuzo enjengale elandelayo: kungani silesaba kangaka igunya? Yiziphi izidingo zangempela esinazo zegunya: isiqondiso, ukuzinza, izithombe zamandla? Kwenzekani lapho ukwesaba kwethu nesidingo sethu segunya kungqubuzana?
Ekuhloleni le mibuzo, u-Sennett uhlola izinhlobo zegunya zendabuko (ubaba emndenini, inkosi emphakathini) kanye nezitayela zesikhathi samanje zegunya, futhi ubonisa ukuthi izidingo zethu ezingaphansi kokumelana kwethu negunya ziye zalolongwa kanjani umlando namasiko, kanye nezimo zengqondo.
4. Ukwehla kwendoda yomphakathi
Kulo msebenzi, uRichard Sennett ubonisa ukuthi ukuphila kwethu namuhla kuncishwa kanjani injabulo nokuqiniswa kobudlelwane bomphakathi nabantu esingabazi.
USennett ukhombisa ukuthi, namuhla, umuntu ongamazi ungumuntu osongelayo; ukuthi ukuthula nokubheka sekuphenduke kanjani ukuphela kwezindlela zokuthola impilo yomphakathi, ikakhulukazi impilo yasemgwaqweni, ngaphandle kokuzizwa ukhungathekile; ukuthi umuntu ngamunye ukholelwa kanjani okulungile, esidlangalaleni, ukuhlala yedwa.
Futhi, ngokusho kwakhe, ngenxa yoshintsho ku ukuphila umphakathi , ukuphila kwangasese kuhlanekezelwe, njengoba kudingeka sigxile kakhulu kithi ngokwethu , ezinhlotsheni ze-narcissistic ezikhulayo zokusondelana nokuzibamba.
Ngenxa yalokhu, uSennett uphetha ngokuthi ubuntu bethu abunakuthuthuka ngokugcwele ngenxa yokuthi asinakho lokho kulula, lowo moya wokudlala, kanye nohlobo lokuhlakanipha olungasivumela ukuba sibe nobuhlobo bangempela nobujabulisayo nalabo okungenzeka singabazi ngokuseduze.
5. Ukubola kwesimilo
Ngokusekelwe ezingxoxweni nabaphathi be-IBM abadiliziwe e-Westchester, eNew York, ababhaki ebhikawozi lobuchwepheshe obuphambili e-Boston, uweta waphenduka isikhulu sezokukhangisa, nabanye abaningi, USennett uhlola imiphumela edumazayo ye-capitalism entsha .
Iveza umehluko ocacile nokhanyayo phakathi kwemihlaba emibili yomsebenzi: umhlaba oshabalala wezinhlangano eziqinile, ezilandelanayo, lapho okwakubalulekile kwakuwumqondo womlingiswa womuntu siqu, kanye nomhlaba omusha onesibindi wokwenza kabusha kwezinkampani, ubungozi, ukuguquguquka, amanethiwekhi, nomsebenzi wesikhashana, lapho okubalulekile ukuzivuselela nge-dime.
6. Ingcweti
Ku-"The Craftsman," u-Richard Sennett ubiza idrayivu yomuntu eyisisekelo: isifiso sokuzenzela umsebenzi omuhle . Nakuba leli gama lingase lisikisele indlela yokuphila eyancipha lapho kufika umphakathi wezimboni, uSennett uphikisa ngokuthi indawo yezingcweti zezandla ibanzi kakhulu kunemisebenzi yezandla enekhono.
Ngokusho kwakhe, imisebenzi efana nomhleli wekhompiyutha noma udokotela, abazali nezakhamizi badinga ukufunda amanani wobuciko obuhle namuhla.
7. Ndawonye: amasiko, ubumnandi kanye nepolitiki yokubambisana
Kulo msebenzi, USennett uthi ukubambisana kuwukuhweba , futhi isisekelo sokubambisana okunekhono sisekufundeni ukulalela nokuphikisana, kunokuba siphikisane. USennett uhlola indlela abantu abangabambisana ngayo ku-inthanethi, ezikoleni, emsebenzini, nakwezombusazwe zendawo.
Landelela ukuvela kwemikhuba yokubambisana kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuze kube namuhla, ezimeni ezihlukahlukene njengemiphakathi yezigqila, amaqembu ezenhlalakahle e-Paris, noma abasebenzi ku-Wall Street.
8. Ukwakha nokuphila: izimiso zokuziphatha zedolobha
Kulo msebenzi omkhulu, uRichard Sennett ihlola umehluko phakathi kwendlela amadolobha akhiwa ngayo nendlela abantu abahlala kuwo , kusukela e-Athene yasendulo kuya eShanghai yekhulu lama-21.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulwela “amadolobha avulekile,” lapho izakhamizi zihlola ngokuzimisela ukuhlukana kwazo futhi zihlele ukuhlola ngezindlela zasemadolobheni ezenza kube lula kubahlali ukuthi bazulazule ezimpilweni zabo zansuku zonke.
"I-pragmatism yezinto ezibonakalayo" kaSennett
Richard Sennett ithethelela ukubuyela esikweni lezinto ezibonakalayo eliqondisa kabusha ubudlelwano abantu abanabo nemvelo nendlela okufanele siphile ngayo futhi sihlale emadolobheni ethu. Ku-Sennett, ubunxiwankulu bamanje bunobutha ekwakhiweni kwempilo futhi ngokwengxenye bunembangela yokulahleka kombono wengcweti emsebenzini.
I-Sennett ikhuthaza ukwakhiwa kabusha kobudlelwano phakathi kwempilo nomsebenzi, ikhuthaza abasebenzi ukuthi basuke ekukhiqizeni ngobuningi baye emsebenzini wesikhathi eside, emisebenzini engase ithuthuke kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengezingcweti zasendulo, babe nekhono lokuma kancane futhi bazindle ngalokho okusetshenzwayo.
Ku-Sennett, ubuciko bezandla buxhumanisa abantu neqiniso labo lezinto ezibonakalayo futhi bubavumela ukuba benze amaphutha, bafunde kuwo, futhi bagweme izithiyo—indlela engcono kakhulu yokufinyelela ukwaneliseka okujulile kwangaphakathi nokufuna ukuhlonishwa abanye. Emhlabeni lapho ijubane likhona, isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu saseMelika sisaqhubeka nokukholelwa ezimisweni ezinjengokubekezela, ukusebenza noma ukubaluleka komsebenzi owenziwe kahle .
Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Sennett uphikisana ngokusobala nokwehliswa kwamakhono athile emiphakathini yesimanje, njengoba abanye beklonyeliswa ngendlela ehlelekile ngekhono labo lokwenza imisebenzi ethile, kuyilapho beshiya wonke umphakathi obishini ukuze ulawule lokho ongakwenza ekuphileni okungenanhlonipho nesithunzi.
Nokho, iPragmatism kaSennett yayihlale imholela ekufuneni izixazululo ezingokoqobo kuzo zonke izinkinga aziveza emisebenzini yakhe, futhi wamemezela ukuthi unethemba, nakuba eqaphela ukuthi uma siqhubeka njengoba sinjalo, sizonyamalala kancane kancane.
Izinkomba ze-Bibliographic:
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U-Joas, H., Sennett, R. no-Gimmler, A. (2006). Ubuqambi, i-pragmatism kanye nesayensi yezenhlalo: ingxoxo phakathi kukaHans Joas noRichard Sennett. Ukuhlukaniswa: I-Scandinavian Journal of Social Theory, 7 (2), 5-31.
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USenett, R. (1998). Ukuwohloka Kwesimilo: Imiphumela Yomuntu Siqu Yomsebenzi Ku-Capitalism Entsha. W.W. Norton & Company.
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Sennett, R. (2007). Isiko Le-New Capitalism. Yale University Press.
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Sennett, R. (2017). Ukuwa Komuntu Womphakathi. I-WW Norton & Company.