Ukulondolozwa kobuciko: ithiyori, umkhuba kanye nezinselele zamanje

Inicio » Ukukhangisa » Ukulondolozwa kobuciko: ithiyori, umkhuba kanye nezinselele zamanje

Ukulondolozwa kobuciko kungaphezu nje kokugcinwa kwemidwebo nezithombe.Kuwukuzibophezela okujulile enkumbulweni ehlangene, emlandweni wobuciko, kanye nobunikazi bamasiko abantu. Umsebenzi ngamunye, kungaba umdwebo weRenaissance, isithombe seBaroque, noma ukufakwa kwesimanje, uqukethe izendlalelo zesikhathi, ubuchwepheshe, izinkolelo, kanye nezindinganiso ezisinda kuphela uma zinakekelwa ngezindinganiso eziqinile.

Emisebenzini yansuku zonke yeminyuziyamu, imibukiso, izikhungo, kanye namaqoqo azimele, ukulondoloza ubuciko kusho ukulawula imvelo, ukuvimbela izingozi, kanye nokungenelela okuncane ngangokunokwenzeka.Ngokusebenzisa isayensi, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nolwazi lomlando, umgomo awukona “ukwenza konke kube kusha sha,” kodwa ukuvumela umphakathi ukuthi ubone umsebenzi. eduze ngangokunokwenzeka nenhloso yokuqala yomculi., kuyilapho kuhlonishwa ukudlula kwesikhathi, izimpawu zomlando, kanye nokuthembeka kwezinto ezibonakalayo.

Kungani ukulondolozwa kobuciko kubaluleke kangaka?

Ukunakekela imisebenzi yobuciko kusho ukuvikela ifa elinobuhle, umlando, kanye nezomnotho ngasikhathi sinye.Umdwebo wemyuziyamu, i-altare lesonto, umbhalo oseqoqweni langasese, noma umsebenzi wamuva nje we-multimedia umelela ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, kuwubufakazi obungenakuguqulwa bokusungula izinto kwabantu.

Uma ukulondolozwa kwehluleka, umonakalo uvame ukungalungiseki.Ukuqhekeka kwezingqimba zopende, ukugoba kwamaphaneli ezinkuni, ukufiphala kwama-varnish, ukutheleleka yizinambuzane ezisekelweni zephepha noma zokhuni, ukulahleka kwe-polychromy eziqoshweni, ukushintsha kombala wezithombe neminwe. Konke lokhu kushintsha unomphela incazelo yobuhle nomlando wale ngxenye.

Inqubomgomo enhle yokonga futhi, ngokwemibono engokoqobo, isu elihlakaniphile lezomnotho.Imisebenzi yobuciko egcinwe kahle ivame ukugcina noma ukwandisa inani layo emakethe, iphephile ukusakazwa emibukisweni, ihehe izethameli, futhi ingafundwa ngokujulile ngabacwaningi, okuqinisa udumo lwezikhungo ezihlala kuzo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhula kokuqwashisa komhlaba wonke ngefa lamasiko eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule kuholele ekudalweni kwemithetho, izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke, kanye nezinhlangano ezikhethekile., ezichaza izindlela zokulondolozwa nokubuyiselwa, ziqondise ukungenelela, futhi zilawule ukuvikelwa kwempahla yamasiko, ephathekayo nengaphatheki.

Izimo zemvelo ezifanele zokulondoloza imisebenzi yobuciko.

Isinyathelo sokuqala sokulondoloza kahle iqoqo ukuzinzisa indawo lapho kugcinwa khona imisebenzi yobuciko.Izinga lokushisa, umswakama ohlobene, ukukhanya, kanye nokungcola komoya konke kusebenza ndawonye ukusheshisa noma ukubambezela ukuguga kwezinto. Akunamsebenzi ukwenza ukulungiswa okungenaphutha uma ingxenye ibuyela endaweni engalawulwa kahle.

Ukushisa okuzinzile kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukwanda nokufinyela kwezinto.Ngokuvamile, emisebenzini eminingi yobuciko yasemyuziyamu, izinga lokushisa elilinganiselwa ku-18-24 °C liyanconywa, ngaphandle kokushintshashintsha okungazelelwe. Izinguquko ezisheshayo kusukela ekushiseni kuya ekubandeni noma okuphambene nalokho kubangela ukuthi izisekelo zokhuni, izendlalelo zopende, izinhlayiya, nama-varnish zisebenze ngendlela ehlukile, okukhuthaza ukuqhekeka, ukwahlukana, kanye nokuguquka.

Umswakama ohlobene ungenye into ebalulekile ekulondolozweni kobuciko.Amanani acishe abe ngu-40-55% avame ukwanela izinhlobo eziningi zomsebenzi, kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu kunenani eliqondile ukugwema ukuguquguquka okuqhubekayo. Umswakama ophezulu usiza ekubonakaleni kwesikhunta, isikhunta, ukugqwala kwezinsimbi kanye nokuvuvukala kwezisekelo zezinto eziphilayo; umswakama ophansi kakhulu ushiya izinto ziqhekeka, zithambekele ekuqhekekeni nasekuqhekekeni.

Ukukhanya, ikakhulukazi imisebe ye-ultraviolet (UV), kubangela ukubola kwe-photo. – inqubo eqoqanayo efiphaza imibala, amaphepha aphuzi kanye nama-varnish, futhi ishintsha ukuzinza kwezinto eziningi zesimanje. Ngakho-ke, kusetshenziswa ukukhanya okuhlungiwe ngokulawulwa kwe-UV, okugwema ukukhanya kwelanga okuqondile kanye nokunciphisa isikhathi sokuchayeka kwezinto ezibucayi njengemidwebo, amaphrinta, nezithombe.

Ukungcola komoya, njengothuli, intuthu, amagesi angcolisayo, kanye nezinto ezincane, nakho kunomthelela oqondile ekulondolozweni.Zingasabela ngamakhemikhali ezindaweni, amabala, zigqwale, noma zimane zakhe izingqimba zokungcola okunzima ukuzisusa ngaphandle kwengozi. Ukugcina izindawo zihlanzekile, zivaliwe kahle, futhi zinezinhlelo zokuhlunga kuyingxenye ebalulekile yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukulungiswa kokuvimbela.

Okokugcina, ukuphathwa kahle kanye nokugcinwa okufanele kuqeda le nkinga yezimo ezifanele.Ukusebenzisa amagilavu ​​ahlanzekile, ukusekela izingcezu ngokusekelwa kwazo kwesakhiwo, ukugwema ukuthintana ngqo nezindawo ezipendiwe, ukuzithutha ngamaphakethe anezindwangu, nokuzigcina ezindaweni zokugcina ezilawulwa yisimo sezulu kuyimikhuba evimbela izingozi kanye nomonakalo wemishini.

Amasu athuthukile okugcina nokunakekela imisebenzi yobuciko.

Uma sikhuluma ngokulondolozwa kobuciko namuhla, akukhona nje "ikhono lezandla" noma "iso eliqeqeshwe kahle."...kodwa kusukela emkhakheni ohlanganisa ubuciko obuhle, umlando, ikhemistri, ifiziksi, i-biology, ubuchwepheshe bezinto zokwakha, ngisho nesayensi yolwazi. Ukungenelela ngakunye kucatshangwa ngokombono... ukungenelela okuncane, ukushintshwa, kanye nenhlonipho ngobuqotho bomsebenzi wobuciko..

Ukuhlanza indawo yokwakha kungenye yezigaba ezibucayi kakhulu.Ngoba, lapho kususwa ukungcola kanye nezendlalelo ezonakele, isilondolozi sithintana ngqo nendawo yokuqala. Esikhathini esidlule, ukusetshenziswa kwezinyibilikisi ezinamandla kanye nokupenda kabusha okubanzi kwakuvame kakhulu; namuhla, izindlela ezilawulwayo ziyathandwa: izixazululo zamanzi ezilinganisiwe, izinyibilikisi eziphansi, amajeli, ama-nanogel, kanye nama-microemulsions anciphisa ukungena kwezingqimba zokuqala.

Ukulungiswa ngokwako, okungukuthi, ukulungiswa komonakalo obonakalayo, kulandela izimiso ezichazwe kahle.Uma kunezikhala ezintweni ezibonakalayo – izingxenye zomdwebo ezilahlekile, izingcezu zesithombe esiqoshiwe zingekho – lezo zindawo kuphela ezigcwaliswayo, ngaphandle kokumboza lokho okuseseyisiqalo. Ukuhlanganiswa kabusha kwe-chromatic kwenziwa ngamasu avumela umuntu ukuhlukanisa eduze lokho okusha, kodwa okuthi, ngebanga elijwayelekile lokubuka, kubuyisele ukufundwa okubonakalayo komsebenzi.

Ubuchwepheshe bokuxilonga obungangenisi umthelela buye bashintsha kakhulu lo mkhakha.Amathuluzi anjenge-radiography, i-infrared reflectography, i-X-ray fluorescence, i-spectroscopy, kanye ne-ultra-high-resolution macro photography asenza sikwazi ukufunda "ingaphakathi" lezendlalelo zomsebenzi, ukuhlonza ukupenda kabusha okudala, ukubona imifantu yangaphakathi, ukubuka imidwebo yokulungiselela, nokuqonda inqubo yomculi ngaphambi kokungenelela kwanoma yikuphi.

Ukulondolozwa kokuvimbela sekuvele kuvelele ukuze kuncishiswe isidingo sokuvuselelwa kabusha okukhulu.Ukuklama ama-screen cases avaliwe, ukulawula izimo zezulu ezincane, ukuhlela imizila yezivakashi ukuze kugwenywe ukuthintwa nokushayisana, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-flash emibukisweni, kanye nokwenza ukuhlolwa okuvamile kuyizindlela ezilondoloza imisebenzi ngaphandle kokushintsha izinto zayo.

Izinto ezintsha namasu amasha ahlala evela ukuze enze ukungenelela kube lula futhi kuguquke kalula.Ama-consolidant angangeni kakhulu, ama-glue angaqinisi i-substrate, izinto zokugcwalisa ezisuswa kalula, ama-varnish azinzile futhi ahambisanayo, izindlela zokuhlanza ezisekelwe emanzini ngama-gel noma ama-nanogel, kanye nama-microemulsions ancishisiwe yizibonelo zalokhu kuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe.

Akukho kulokhu okwenzeka kukodwa: ukulondolozwa nokuvuselelwa ngokwemvelo kuyizinto ezihlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukene.Ama-Conservative axoxisana nezazi-mlando zobuciko, izazi zefiziksi, izazi zamakhemikhali, izazi zezinto eziphilayo, onjiniyela, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, futhi, uma kungenzeka, nabaculi ngokwabo (uma kwenzeka imisebenzi yanamuhla), ukuze banqume ukuthi yisiphi isinqumo esilinganisela kangcono ukuchazwa kobuhle, ubuqiniso bomlando, kanye nokuphepha kwezinto ezibonakalayo.

Umlando kanye nenkolelo-mbono yokulondolozwa nokubuyiselwa kobuciko.

Indlela esiqonda ngayo ubuciko "bokulondoloza" kanye "nokubuyisela" ishintshe kakhulu phakathi namakhulu eminyaka.Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuya kwezobuciko besimanje, kube nokushintshashintsha okuqhubekayo phakathi kwesifiso "sokudala kabusha" umsebenzi ngokwendlela okwakuthandwa ngayo ngaleso sikhathi kanye nokukhathazeka ngokuhlonipha lokho okusindile kowokuqala.

Imikhuba yokulondoloza imvelo yayivele ikhona ezweni lamaGreki namaRoma. Kusukela emifanekisweni yodonga nemifanekiso eqoshiwe kuya ezintweni zokunethezeka kanye nezakhiwo, izakhiwo zalungiswa, izithombe zaqedwa, futhi izindawo zapendwa kabusha ukuze kulondolozwe ukubukeka kobuqotho. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, ngokubusa kobuKristu, izithombe eziningi zakudala zasetshenziswa kabusha, zaguqulwa, noma zaqothulwa, futhi izithombe ezingcwele zazivame ukupendwa kabusha ukuze zivumelane nezimo ezintsha zokukhulekela.

I-Renaissance yamelela uguquko ngokwazisa umsebenzi wobuciko njengendalo eyingqayizivele.Kuvela ukucabanga okuhlelekile okwengeziwe mayelana nendlela yokulondoloza ama-fresco, imidwebo yamaphaneli, kanye nemifanekiso yasendulo. Incwadi edumile kaRaphael eya kuPapa yembula ukukhathazeka ngesimo sezikhumbuzo kanye nesidingo sokuzivikela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-polyptych e-Gothic "ayethuthukiswa," echithwa, futhi evunyelaniswa nokunambitheka kwe-Renaissance.

Phakathi kwekhulu le-16 nele-17, ngesikhathi sokuphakama kwenkathi yamaBaroque, ukuqoqa kwaqhuma.Kwakhiwa amagalari amakhulu, futhi ukunakekelwa kwemidwebo kanye nemijikelezo yefresco kwaba yinto evamile. Imithetho yenkolo, njengoMkhandlu waseTrent ngezithombe ezingcwele, yathonya indlela yokungenelela: umgomo "wokuhlobisa" wavumela izinguquko ukuze kulungiswe imisebenzi ukuze ivumelane nemfundiso, njengasezingxoxweni eziphikisanayo ku-Michelangelo's Last Judgment.

Ekuguqukeni kusukela ekhulwini le-17 kuya kwele-18, kwavela amasu ayisisekelo. njengokuhlela kabusha, ukuhlobisa phansi ngama-parquet, kanye nokudluliselwa kwezisekelo, ikakhulukazi eFrance nase-Italy, ukuze kuqiniswe imidwebo futhi kuvunyelwe ukusakazwa kwayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abalungisi bezithombe zasendulo, njengo-Orfeo Boselli, banegalelo ekuchazeni umsebenzi osafufusa.

Ingxenye yesibili yekhulu le-18, esimweni sezulu se-neoclassical, yaletha olunye ushintsho olufana nolwesimanje.I-Chemistry kanye ne-physics kwaqala ukuxoxisana ngokubuyiselwa kwemidwebo; izingxoxo zaseFrance mayelana nokuhlanza nokuvanisha ziyingqophamlando. I-French Revolution, ngenkathi ibhubhisa ifa eliningi, yakhuthaza ukudalwa kweminyuziyamu kazwelonke, izinhlelo zokuvikela, kanye nokwakhiwa kokulondolozwa kwemvelo.

Ngisho nangesikhathi sobuRomantic, ngekhulu le-19, umbuzo ophikisanayo othi "ukulondoloza noma ukubuyisela?" wafinyelela esicongweni sawo.Ngokwesibonelo, kwezezakhiwo, uViollet-le-Duc wayekhuthaza ukuvuselelwa ngokufuna "ubunye besitayela," eqedela izikhumbuzo ngokwesiko, kuyilapho uJohn Ruskin eshumayela ukungabi nakuphambuka, emukela amanxiwa njengengxenye yomjikelezo wokuphila kwesakhiwo. Abacwaningi bemibono ye-positivist, njengoCamillo Boito noLuca Beltrami, bazama ukuvumelanisa isayensi, imibhalo, kanye nenhlonipho yomlando.

Ukubuyiselwa kwemidwebo nezithombe ngekhulu le-19 nakho kwashintshashintsha phakathi kokuhlanza okunamandla nokupenda kabusha okubanzi. kanye nesimo sengqondo esibucayi kakhulu. Izincwadi ezikhuluma ngokubuyiselwa kwemisebenzi eSpain nakwamanye amazwe zibonisa umzamo wokuhlehlisa imikhuba, kodwa zisenomkhuba onamandla wokungenelela okuhlangene, ngezinye izikhathi okungekuhle emehlweni anamuhla.

Ekhulwini lama-20, inkolelo-mbono yokulondolozwa kwemvelo yajula futhi yaba yinkomba yomhlaba wonke.U-Alois Riegl wethula umqondo "wezindinganiso" ezihlotshaniswa nezikhumbuzo (inani lasendulo, inani lomlando, inani lokusetshenziswa, inani lesimanje), ezithonya izinqumo zokungenelela. UGustavo Giovannoni wathuthukisa umqondo "wokubuyiselwa kwesayensi" kwezakhiwo, efuna ibhalansi phakathi kokulondolozwa nokusetshenziswa.

UCesare Brandi, ngethi "Theory of Restoration" yakhe, wakha omunye wemibhalo enethonya elikhulu emkhakheni.Uchaza ukubuyiselwa njengomzuzu wendlela yokuqaphela umsebenzi wobuciko ngesimo sawo esibonakalayo kanye nokwahlukana kwawo okubili - ubuhle kanye nomlando - okuhlose ukudluliselwa kwawo esikhathini esizayo. Imibono efana nobunye obungaba khona bomsebenzi, ukuphathwa kwezikhala, indima yama-patinas, kanye nesisindo sesikhathi kube yizinsika zemfundiso.

Kuyo yonke ikhulu lama-20 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke zasungula amazinga.I-Athens Charter (1931), i-Venice Charter (1964), i-Toledo Charter (1986) yamadolobha asendulo, kanye nemibhalo yaseYurophu efana ne-Amsterdam Charter, i-Granada Convention, kanye ne-Krakow Charter. Le mibhalo, kanye nomthetho kazwelonke nowesifunda, ihlinzeka ngesisekelo sezomthetho nesendlela yokungenelela ezimpahleni zamasiko.

Izikhungo ezikhethekile kanye nama-laboratory sekuphenduke izikhungo zocwaningo nokuqeqeshwa., ukusabalalisa inkolelo-mbono kanye nomkhuba wokulondolozwa nokubuyiselwa, kuyilapho ukwenziwa kokuvikelwa kwefa emhlabeni wonke kubeke izinhlangano ezifana ne-UNESCO kanye ne-ICOMOS enkabeni yezingxoxo zomhlaba wonke mayelana nokuvikelwa kwefa lobuciko namasiko.

Izinselele ezithile: ubuciko besimanje nobesimanje, kanye nemisebenzi esengozini.

Nakuba ukulondoloza i-altare le-Baroque kuyinkimbinkimbi, ukulondoloza ubuciko besimanje nobesimanje kungaba yinselele nakakhulu.Izinto zokwakha zezimboni zokuhlola, amapulasitiki angazinzile, upende wokwenziwa, amavidiyo, ukufakwa kwezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi, kanye nemisebenzi yesikhashana kudinga izindlela ezintsha, njengoba izindlela zendabuko zivame ukungasebenzi noma zingaba yingozi.

Ama-Conservative asebenza ngamaqoqo obuciko ekhulu lama-20 nelama-21 abhekene nezinkinga eziningi ezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili.Uyishintsha kanjani ingxenye ye-elekthronikhi esiphelelwe yisikhathi? Kunini lapho kwamukeleka khona ukwenza kabusha ingxenye eyonakele? Ubhekana kanjani nemisebenzi eyenzelwe ukuhlala isikhathi esifushane noma ukushintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi? Le mibuzo ivuselela impikiswano ephilayo yemfundiso ehambisana nezisekelo zakudala zokulondolozwa kwemvelo.

Amacala abonisa ithonya lemikhuba emihle.Ukuvuselelwa kophahla lweSistine Chapel, isibonelo, kuhlanganise amashumi eminyaka ocwaningo kanye namasu okuhlanza alawulwa kakhulu, kwembula imibala eqinile eyayifihliwe ngaphansi kwensila kanye nezendlalelo ze-varnish e-oxidized. Kwakukhona impikiswano enkulu emphakathini wamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa lo msebenzi waba yisilinganiso esikhulu.

Esinye isibonelo ukulondolozwa kwe-"Guernica" kaPicasso.Eminyakeni edlule, lo mdwebo odongeni ube yisihloko semikhankaso yokutadisha izithombe ethuthukisiwe, eye yavumela ukudwetshwa kwemephu yemifantu, ukupenda kabusha okudala, kanye nezindawo ezibuthakathaka ngaphandle kokuthintana ngqo. Lokhu kuhlaziya kwazisa izinqumo zesikhathi esizayo, kunciphisa ingozi yokungenelela okungadingekile.

Izimo zezinhlekelele, njengezikhukhula, imililo, noma izingxabano ezihlomile, zidinga izimpendulo ezisheshayo kanye nokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe.Izikhukhula zaseFlorence zango-1966, ezalimaza izinkulungwane zemisebenzi yobuciko - okuhlanganisa nezincwadi nemibhalo yesandla - zaholela ekuthuthukisweni kokumiswa okuphuthumayo, ukuzinzisa, kanye nezindlela zokuvuselela, eziningi zazo ezisaqondisa izindlela zokusindisa.

I-nanotechnology namuhla iyindawo ethembisayo.Ama-nanoparticles nama-nanogel asetshenziswe ezinqubweni ezithile zokuhlanza nokuhlanganisa ngokulawula okukhulu kanye nobudlova obuncane, njengasemafrescoes emasontweni omlando. Lezi zixazululo zivumela isenzo ngezinga elincane, zihlonipha kangcono isakhiwo sokuqala sezinto.

Ukunakekelwa kokuvimbela, inqubo kanye nemikhuba emihle yansuku zonke

Nakuba ukucabanga okuthandwayo kugxile "ekubuyiselweni okukhulu," iningi lomsebenzi wokulondoloza obalulekile awuthuli futhi uyaqhubeka.Yizenzo ezivamile - ukuhlola, ukuhlanza okulinganiselwe, ukuqapha imvelo - okuvimbela umonakalo omkhulu futhi kwandise isikhathi sokuphila kwezakhiwo.

Izinkinga ezivame kakhulu zihlanganisa ukushintsha kombala, ukuphuzi, ukuqhekeka, kanye nokuqhekeka.Amabala alahlekelwa amandla ngokukhanya okukhulu, amaphepha nezinto eziphilayo ziphenduka zibe phuzi ngenxa yama-asidi angaphakathi, futhi izendlalelo zopende zingaqhekeka futhi ziqale ukuqhekeka. Ukuthola lezi zimpawu kusenesikhathi kubalulekile ekunciphiseni ukungenelela.

Ukulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama ezindaweni zokugcina izinto kanye nezindawo zokubonisa akukwazi ukubhekwa njengento encane.Izinhlelo zokupholisa umoya, ama-dehumidifier, ama-humidifier, kanye nama-data logger asiza ukugcina izinombolo ezizinzile, kuyilapho umoya omuhle uvimbela ukwanda kwesikhunta ezindaweni ezinenkinga.

Ukuphatha ukuchayeka ekukhanyeni kuhilela ukukhetha izibani, izihlungi ze-UV, amakhethini, kanye nokubeka imikhawulo yesikhathi sokuchayeka.Ezinye izikhungo zijikeleza amaqoqo ezikhabetheni zokubonisa nasezindongeni ukuze imisebenzi ebucayi kakhulu ichithe ingxenye yonyaka igcinwe ezimweni ezinhle, okunciphisa umthelela wokukhanya oqongelelekayo.

Ukuphatha ngokuqaphela kuqala ngezimpawu ezincane.Sebenzisa amagilavu ​​​​ahlanzekile kakotini noma e-nitrile; sekela imidwebo ngezandla zombili, uyibambe ezinhlangothini zesakhiwo esikhundleni sengxenye ephezulu yohlaka; ungafaki ama-canvas ngaphandle kokuvikelwa; gwema ukuthintana ngqo kwendawo nezinye izinto; ungalokothi ubeke imisebenzi yobuciko emakhoneni lapho ingaguqa khona.

Embukisweni, ukukhetha indawo efanele kubalulekile.Izindawo ezinezimoto eziningi lapho kunengozi yokushayisana khona, ukubhaxabula iminyango okudala ukudlidliza, izindonga ezinelanga eliqondile, kanye nokuba seduze nemithombo yokushisa noma yomswakama kuyagwenywa. Izinhlelo zokubopha eziqinile zivimbela ukuwa uma kwenzeka ukuthintana ngengozi.

Ukuhlelwa kwemisebenzi ephepheni nasezithombeni kudinga ukunakwa okukhethekile.Kusetshenziswa ama-pass-partout angena-asidi kanye nama-backups, ingilazi noma i-acrylic ene-UV filter, kanye nama-mountings avumela ukuhlukaniswa kwesikhathi esizayo ngaphandle kokulimaza ingxenye. Uhlaka ngokwalo luba "yimvelo encane" evikelayo.

Ukuze kugcinwe, umthetho ukunikeza ukwesekwa okuzinzile kanye nezinto ezingathathi hlangothi.Ama-canvas amakhulu avame ukugcinwa eqonde phezulu, kumaphaneli ashelelayo noma emashalofini amakhulu; imisebenzi ephepheni igcinwa ngokuvundlile, kumakhabethe emephu noma emabhokisini ayisicaba; izithombe eziqoshiwe zigcinwa emashalofini aqinile anezingcezu ukuze kuvinjelwe ukudlidliza.

Izinto zokupakisha kumele zingabi ne-asidi futhi zifaneleke ukuthintana isikhathi eside.Iphepha lezicubu elingathathi hlangothi, amabhokisi okulondoloza, izimvilophu ezikhethekile, kanye namagwebu asezingeni lomnyuziyamu kunciphisa ingozi yokudaya, ukuphuzi, kanye nokuwohloka kwamakhemikhali okubangelwa yindawo yokugcina izinto ngokwayo.

Ukuhlanza okuvamile kufanele kwenziwe kancane kakhulu.Uthuli oluxegayo lungasuswa ngamabhulashi athambile noma izindwangu ezomile kakhulu, njalo ugweme amakhemikhali ajwayelekile, ipholishi yefenisha, insipho yasekhaya, noma yisiphi isisombululo "sezimangaliso" esingakaze sihlolwe kulolo hlobo lwendwangu.

Uma kutholakala umonakalo omkhulu, iseluleko sicacile: funa uchwepheshe wokulungisa umonakalo.Ukungenelela kwabaqalayo, njengendaba edumile yomdwebo kaJesu "obuyiselwe" ngowesifazane onezinhloso ezinhle eBorja, eSpain, kubonisa indlela ukupenda kabusha, ukufaka upende ongafanele, noma ukusebenzisa iglue engafanele okungaguqula ngayo umsebenzi womlando ube yi-meme engenakuguqulwa.

Umsebenzi (ocishe ungabonakali) wabalondolozi kanye nabalungisi.

Abalungisi bezinto abangochwepheshe bavame ukuthi umsebenzi wabo ofanele cishe awubonwa muntu.Ngokungafani nomdwebi, umlondolozi akekho lapho ukuze ashiye uphawu lwakhe lokudala, kodwa ukuze abuyisele ukufundeka komsebenzi, ehlonipha konke okusasekuqaleni.

Ochwepheshe abanjengo-Ana Mota, emnyuziyamu wobuciko obungcwele, noMarta Palmeira, enkampanini ezimele egxile kwezobuciko besimanje nobesimanje, babonisa leli qiniso kahle.Bobabili bagcizelela ukuthi ukuvuselelwa "akuphinde kudale" umsebenzi wobuciko: kuhlanganisa umbala kuphela ezikhaleni, kusebenzisa izinto eziguqulwayo, kugwema ukupenda kabusha okuhlanganisa ungqimba lokuqala, futhi kuhlala kufuna ukungenelela okuncane.

Esimweni semyuziyamu, njengeLamas Museum, umlondolozi-umvuseleli uyingxenye yethimba elihlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukahlukene. okuhlanganisa izazi-mlando, ochwepheshe bezokulondolozwa kwemvelo, abagcini bezakhiwo, kanye nabafundisi. Emaqoqweni amadala, izingcezu eziningi azizange zifakwe ohlwini; kuxhomeke kusosayensi wezomlando ukuhlaziya izitayela, izinto zokwakha, kanye ne-iconography, kuyilapho umlungisi ebuka ubuchwepheshe, ukwesekwa, izendlalelo zokupenda kabusha, kanye noshintsho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Izinkampani zokulungisa ezizimele, njengethimba eliholwa nguMarta, zivame ukusebenza ngaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu maqondana nezinsuku zokugcina kanye nesabelomali.Ngaphambi kwanoma yikuphi ukungenelela, kwenziwa ukuxilongwa okuningiliziwe, kulungiswa umbiko wesimo sokulondolozwa, bese kwethulwa isiphakamiso sokwelashwa esichaza izindlela, izinto zokwakha, inani lamahora, kanye nezindleko - konke kubhalwe phansi futhi kwethulwa kuklayenti.

Amaphrojekthi amakhulu, njengokuvuselelwa komdwebo omkhulu womlando eyunivesithi, angadinga izinyanga zomsebenzi wabantu abaningi.Izinyathelo ezijwayelekile zifaka phakathi ukuhlanza okulawulwayo, ukuhlanganiswa kwezingqimba ezingazinzile, ukugcwaliswa kwezikhala, ukuhlanganiswa kabusha kwe-chromatic ngokucophelela, futhi uma kudingeka, ukungenelela ekusekelweni, njengokulungiswa kokucindezeleka kwendwangu noma ukulungiswa kwesakhiwo kufreyimu.

Emamyuziyamu, inqubo ihlanganisa "ukujikeleza" okuvamile emakamelweni nasezindaweni zokugcina izinto. ukuhlola izimpawu zokutheleleka (izintuthwane, izikelemu zokhuni, amabhungane), insimbi egqwalile, amabala amanzi, imifantu emincane, noma izinguquko ekukhanyeni kwama-varnish. Ama-glue amadala enziwe ngeprotheyini yezilwane, avame kakhulu emisebenzini yomlando, akhanga kakhulu izinambuzane futhi adinga ukubhekwa njalo.

Ukuthintana komuntu kungenye into embi ethule.Amafutha emvelo avela eminweni afaka i-oxidize kuma-varnish, afaka ubuso obungangenisi, futhi asheshise ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okungafuneki. I-flash yezithombe, ngokukhanya kwayo okunamandla nokugxilile, inegalelo ekuboleni kwe-photogradation kwama-pigment azwelayo, yingakho iminyuziyamu eminingi ivimbela noma ivimbela ukusetshenziswa kwayo.

Ukusimama nakho sekungene ngokuphelele ohlelweni lokulondolozwa kwemvelo.Izinyibilikisi ezinobuthi ezazisetshenziswa esikhathini esidlule zithathelwa indawo ezinye izindlela ezingalimazi kakhulu impilo kanye nemvelo. Amajeli nama-nanogel asekelwe emanzini, ama-microemulsion ancishisiwe, kanye nezindlela zokusebenzisa ezilawulwa kakhulu kunciphisa ukuvezwa kwabasebenzi futhi kunciphisa inani lezinto ezisele ezindaweni zokwakha.

Ngaphandle kwemishini yokuzivikela yomuntu siqu, njengemaski namagilavu, ucwaningo ngezinto ezingenabo ubuthi luyinto eza kuqala.Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi emaqenjini akhiwe kakhulu ngabesifazane, abake bezwa ngokomlando ukuthi ukuvuselelwa "kuyingozi" ekukhulelweni noma empilweni yokuzala ngenxa yezincibilikisi kanye nombala osindayo.

Izindlela namasu athakazelisayo okulawula izinambuzane.

Ukulondolozwa kwemvelo akukhona nje ngama-microscope nama-gel: amanye amasu okulawula izinambuzane abonakala sengathi ayinto evela ebhayisikobho.Kodwa-ke, ziyasebenza futhi ziyasebenza ekuvikeleni amaqoqo abucayi, ikakhulukazi izincwadi, imibhalo, kanye nefenisha yasendulo.

Isibonelo esidumile ukusetshenziswa kwamalulwane emitatsheni yomlando.Ngokwesibonelo, eMtatsheni Wezincwadi iJoananina eCoimbra, amalulwane akhululwa ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo ebusuku: awadli izincwadi, kodwa adla izinambuzane ezihlasela iphepha, okudala isithiyo sebhayoloji ngokumelene nezinambuzane ezingabhubhisa amavolumu asebekhulile amakhulu eminyaka.

Enye indlela esetshenziswa kabanzi i-anoxia elawulwayo.Into ethelelekile ifakwa esikhwameni sepulasitiki esingangeni moya, bese umoya ususwa noma ufakwe igesi engasebenzi. Ngaphandle komoya-mpilo owanele, izinambuzane azikwazi ukusinda futhi azinandawo yokuphunyuka. Le ndlela iwusizo kakhulu ezintweni ezingenakwelashwa ngezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali.

Kukhona nezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu, njenge-"battalion" yamakati eHermitage Museum eSt. Petersburg.Kusukela ngekhulu le-18, amakati abehlala futhi ezulazula ezindaweni ezingemuva kwesiteji semyuziyamu, esiza ekulawuleni inani lamagundane angahlasela amaqoqo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingafinyeleleki kalula.

Zonke lezi zindlela zibonisa isimiso esiyinhloko sokulondolozwa kokuvimbela.Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa imikhiqizo enamandla, kwenziwa imizamo yokulawula izimo ezivumela izinambuzane ukuba zivele, kusetshenziswa izindlela zomzimba, zebhayoloji noma zezemvelo, njalo ngaphandle komthelela omkhulu emsebenzini wokwakha.

Izixazululo zedijithali, izici zomthetho kanye nenani lezomnotho lokongiwa kwemvelo.

Ezweni eliya ngokuya likhula ngedijithali, ukulondoloza ulwazi mayelana nemisebenzi yobuciko kubaluleke kakhulu njengokulondoloza izinto ezibonakalayo.Ukwenziwa kwedijithali okunezinqumo eziphezulu, izizindalwazi eziqinile, kanye nemibhalo ehlelekile kuba abalingani abanamandla ekulondolozweni.

Ukufaka imidwebo, amaphrinta, imidwebo, izithombe eziqoshiwe kanye nokufakwa kwedijithali ngokusebenzisa izithombe noma ukuskena kuvumela ukudalwa kwamakhophi okubhekisela kuwo.Lokhu kunciphisa isidingo sokuphatha njalo okwangempela. Amarekhodi edijithali nawo abalulekile ekuqapheni ukuvela kwesimo sokulondolozwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukulondolozwa kwedijithali kudinga amasu okusekelayo ngezindlela eziningi.Amaseva angaphakathi, isitoreji samafu, amadrayivu angaphandle, kanye nama-backups asatshalaliswe ngokwendawo konke kubalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukugcina imethadatha ephelele kucezu ngalunye - umbhali, usuku, ubuchwepheshe, imvelaphi, umlando wokungenelela, kanye nokuhlolwa kokulinganisa.

Ngokombono wezomthetho nowezezimali, ukuqoqwa okukhulu kudinga umshwalense owanele.Izinqubomgomo zomshuwalense wobuciko ezithile zicabangela izingozi ezihlobene nezokuthutha, umbukiso, izinhlekelele zemvelo, kanye nomonakalo ongengozi. Ukuvuselela njalo ukuhlolwa kwenani lemakethe kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukumbozwa kubonakalisa iqiniso.

Ukubhalwa kwemibhalo yemvelaphi – amarekhodi okuthenga, izitifiketi, iminikelo, imali mboleko, amakhathalogi – kubaluleke njengomshuwalense uqobo.Ivumela umuntu ukuthi akhe kabusha umlando womsebenzi, enze ubunikazi bube semthethweni, agweme ukuqulwa kwecala, futhi, ezimweni eziningi, kuyadingeka ngokomthetho ezinqubweni zokuthumela ngaphandle, zokubuyisela, noma zokusabalalisa kwamanye amazwe.

Izinkinga ze-copyright nazo ziyathinteka.Ngisho noma into ebonakalayo ingeyomqoqi noma isikhungo, ukukopishwa kwezithombe zomsebenzi kungavikelwa ngumthetho we-copyright, ikakhulukazi emisebenzini yanamuhla. Ukuqonda lezi zici ezicacile kugwema izinkinga zomthetho futhi kusiza ekuhleleni imibukiso, amakhathalogi, kanye nezincwadi.

Ekugcineni, ukutshala imali ekulondolozweni kwemvelo, ngendlela ecacile, kusho ukutshala imali esikhathini esizayo seqoqo ngokwalo.Imisebenzi egcinwe kahle iyaqhubeka nokuheha izethameli, isekela izinhlelo zemfundo, ikhuthaza ucwaningo lwezemfundo, futhi, ezimweni zemakethe, igcina inani lezezimali lamaqoqo azimele nawezikhungo.

Ukunakekela umsebenzi wobuciko, kungaba semnyuziyamu omkhulu noma egumbini lokuphumula, kuwukuthatha umthwalo wemfanelo ohlanganyelwe nomdwebi, nomlando, kanye nezizukulwane ezizayo.Ukulawula imvelo, ukuvimbela izinambuzane, ukugwema ukuphathwa ngokunganaki, ukuhlonipha izimiso zokuziphatha zokungenelela okuncane, kanye nokusebenzisa isayensi nobuchwepheshe lapho umonakalo usuvele ukhona yizimo zengqondo, ezihlangene, ezigcina izindaba, imibala, ukuthungwa, kanye nemizwa ezenza ubuciko bube yimpahla engenakuphindwa endaweni yalokho umuntu akubona.