I-Bromophenol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka wudayi wokwenziwa osetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni zokucwaninga ukuze kutholwe ama-nucleic acid namaprotheni. Inombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi iyancibilika emanzini nasetshwaleni. Ukulungiswa kwayo kuhilela ukusabela phakathi kwe-2,4-dibromophenylhydrazide ne-concentrated sulfuric acid.
Ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwayo kumalabhorethri, i-bromophenol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nayo isetshenziswa embonini yokudla njengenkomba ye-pH ezixazululweni ezine-acidic ne-alkaline. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi udayi unezindawo ezinobuthi futhi kufanele uphathwe ngokucophelela, ugweme ukuthintana ngqo nesikhumba kanye nolwelwesi lwamafinyila.
Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukulandela imithetho yokuphepha lapho usebenzisa i-bromophenol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi ulahle kahle imfucuza engcoliswe udayi. Ubuthi bayo bungabangela ukucasuka esikhumbeni, emehlweni, nasendleleni yokuphefumula, ngakho i-PPE efanele ibalulekile lapho uyiphatha.
Igayidi yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo sokulungiselela isisombululo esiluhlaza se-bromophenol ngendlela elula.
I-Bromophenol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka iyinkomba ye-acid-base esetshenziswa kabanzi kumalabhorethri. Kuyinhlanganisela yamakhemikhali ephilayo eshintsha umbala kuye nge-pH yesixazululo esikhona. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngezici ze-bromophenol blue, indlela yokulungisa isisombululo, ukusetshenziswa kwayo, kanye nobuthi bayo.
Izici ze-bromophenol blue:
I-Bromophenol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka wudayi onombala osuka kophuzi uye koluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kuye nge-pH yendawo otholakala kuyo. Iyancibilika emanzini futhi ivamise ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni zokucwaninga ukuze kunqunywe i-pH yesisombululo.
Ukulungiswa kwesisombululo se-bromophenol blue:
Ukuze ulungise isisombululo se-bromophenol blue, landela lezi zinyathelo:
1. Kala u-0,1 g we-bromophenol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uye eflaskini yevolumu.
2. Faka amanzi acwecwe kuze kufike i-flask ku-100 ml.
3. Shake isisombululo kahle ukuze uqinisekise i-homogeneity.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-bromophenol blue:
I-Bromophenol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka isetshenziswa kabanzi kumalabhorethri njengenkomba ye-pH ezixazululweni ezinamanzi. Ingasetshenziselwa ukukhomba ukuthi isixazululo sine-acidic, siyisisekelo, noma singathathi hlangothi, kuye ngombala waso.
Ubuthi obuluhlaza be-Bromophenol:
I-Bromophenol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ayibhekwa njengobuthi obukhulu, kodwa kubalulekile ukuyiphatha ngokucophelela futhi ulandele zonke izinyathelo zokuphepha lapho uyisebenzisa kumalabhorethri. Uma uthinta isikhumba noma amehlo, hlambulula ngokushesha ngamanzi amaningi.
Kafushane, i-bromophenol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka iyinkomba ye-acid-base enemisebenzi eminingi okulula ukuyilungiselela futhi isetshenziswe kabanzi kumalabhorethri. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela izici zayo, indlela yokulungiselela, ukusetshenziswa, nezinyathelo zokuphepha lapho uphatha le nhlanganisela yamakhemikhali.
Bromophenol blue: izici, ukulungiswa, ukusetshenziswa, ubuthi
O i-bromophenol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka Kuyikhemikhali ephilayo ngokwemvelo, futhi ngenxa yokunamathela kwayo okuphansi kumanani athile e-pH, isetshenziselwa ukukala amakhemikhali. Ngamanye amazwi, kuyasiza njengenkomba ye-pH.
Iphinde ihlukaniswe njengodayi we-triphenylmethane. Amakhompiyutha e-Triphenylmethane kanye nokuphuma kwawo kuvame ukusetshenziswa njengodayi ezimbonini zokudla, ezekhemisi, zendwangu, nezokunyathelisa, phakathi kokunye.
Lesi sikhombi se-pH siphuzi ku-pH ≤ 3 kanye ne-purple-violet ku-pH ≥ 4,6. Ngakho-ke, ububanzi benguquko obubonakalayo buphakathi kuka-3 no-4,6.
Le nto yaziwa nangokuthi i-tetrabromophenol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kodwa igama layo lesayensi yi-3,3,5,5-tetrabromophenol sulfonaphthalein; kanye nefomula yayo yamakhemikhali, C 19 H 10 Br 4 O 5 S.
Inkomba ye-pH ye-bromophenol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka inobuthi obuphansi esikhunjeni kanye nolwelwesi lwamafinyila futhi ifakazelwe nokuthi ayiyona i-mutagenic. Njengamanje isetshenziswa kumasu okuhlukanisa amaprotheni kusetshenziswa i-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis kanye ne-electrophoresis enezinhlangothi ezimbili.
Ichazwa njengodayi omuhle ongawusebenzisa vivo ekuhlinzeni kokwelapha ukuze kukhishwe i-vitreous nezinye izakhiwo ze-crystalline esweni lomuntu. Le ndlela yokwenza kube lula ukubonwa kwalezi zakhiwo ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa, iqinisekise ukukhishwa kwazo okulungile.
Izici
I-Bromophenol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka i-crystalline powder enombala onsundu-owolintshi noma obomvu-nsomi. Inephuzu lokubila elingu-279°C kanye nesisindo semolekyuli esingu-669,96 mol/L. Iphuzu lokuncibilika lisukela ku-270 kuya ku-273°C.
Ukulungiselela
Imvamisa, le nkomba ye-pH isetshenziswa ekuhlanganiseni kuka-0,1%, kusetshenziswa i-ethyl alcohol engu-20% njenge-solvent, ngoba iyancibilika kancane emanzini.
Nokho, kunezinye izinto ezisebenza njengezincibilikisi, njenge-acetic acid, i-methyl alcohol, i-benzene, nezinye izixazululo ze-alkaline.
Ngenqubo ye-electrophoresis, isetshenziswa ekugxilweni kuka (0,001%).
Sebenzisa
pH inkomba
Ingenye yezinkomba ze-pH ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kumalabhorethri amakhemikhali we-acid-base titration.
Ukufaka amabala kunqubo ye-electrophoresis
I-Bromothymol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka isetshenziswa njengodayi ongu-0,001% ekuhlukaniseni amaprotheni kusetshenziswa i-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Le ndlela yokusebenza iwusizo ekulawuleni ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezisetshenziswa amaprotheni ahlukahlukene kokunye ukudla okugayiwe, njengamasoseji.
I-0,05% ye-bromophenol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nayo isetshenziswa kunqubo ye-electrophoresis enezinhlangothi ezimbili.
Lolu hlelo lokusebenza lungenzeka ngoba udayi oluhlaza we-bromophenol ushajwa futhi uhamba kalula kujeli, ushiye umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-violet obonakala ngokucacile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lihamba ngokushesha kakhulu kunamaprotheni nama- molecule e-DNA.
Ngakho-ke, i-bromophenol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ihle kakhulu ekumaka ingaphambili elihamba phambili, ivumela i-electrophoresis ukuthi imiswe ngesikhathi esifanele, ngaphandle kwengozi yama-molecule ahlangabezane nayo lapho egijima eshiya ijeli.
Ubuthi
Ubuthi bokuxhumana obuqondile
Ngalo mqondo, i-NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) ihlukanisa le nto njengenobungozi bezempilo (1), ukuvutha (0), kanye nokusebenza kabusha (0). Lokhu kusho ukuthi kubeka engcupheni impilo ephansi futhi, empeleni, abukho ubungozi ezicini ezimbili zokugcina.
Kuyinto ethambile isikhumba esicasulayo. Uma uthintana ngokuqondile, susa ngokushesha izingubo ezingcolile futhi ugeze ngamanzi amaningi. Uma uthintana nolwelwesi lwamafinyila, hlambulula ngokushesha. Uma umuntu othintekile egqoke amalensi okuxhumana, wasuse ngokushesha futhi ufune usizo lwezokwelapha.
Uma uhogela umoya, kufanele kusetshenziswe usizo lokuqala, njengokuphefumula okwenziwayo kanye nokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha ngokushesha.
Uma ungenwa ngephutha, dala ukuhlanza futhi unikeze amanzi angama-200 ml. Ngemva kwalokho, isisulu kufanele siyiswe esikhungweni sezokwelapha esiseduze.
Ucwaningo lwe-Genotoxicity
Ucwaningo lobuthi bofuzo lwe-bromophenol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lwenziwa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, njenge-Ames Salmonella/microsome technique, i-L5178Y TK+/- i-mouse lymphoma test, i-mouse micronucleus test, kanye ne-mitotic recombination assay ene-yeast strain. Saccharomyces cerevisiae D5 .
Ucwaningo luye lwembula ukuthi i-bromophenol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ayinawo umphumela we-genotoxic. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuhlola kunqume ukuthi kwakungekho ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, akukho ukuphazamiseka kwe-chromosomal, futhi akukho monakalo oyinhloko we-DNA.
Izifundo ze-Genotoxicity zazidingeka ngoba izinhlanganisela zesakhiwo ezifanayo ziye zabonisa imiphumela ye-mutagenic. Kodwa-ke, manje sekuyaziwa ukuthi le miphumela ibangelwa ukuba khona kokungcola kwe-mutagenic hhayi i-compound ngokwayo.
Ucwaningo lwe-Histological toxicity
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Haritoglou et al. benze uphenyo lapho behlola umphumela wodayi abasha ababalulekile vivo isikhathi esifushane sokuhlinzwa kwe-intraocular. Phakathi kodayi abahloliwe kwakukhona i-bromophenol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Udayi wawuncibilika kusawoti olinganiselayo.
Abacwaningi benza i-vitrectomy (i-eye vitreous extraction) emehlweni ezingulube ezingu-10 vivo . Base bejova udayi embotsheni bese bewuyeka uhlale umzuzu owodwa, bese bewugeza ngosawoti. Baphinde bangcolisa i-lens capsule yeso elifanayo. Amehlo abe esehlolwa kusetshenziswa i-light and electron microscopy.
Kubo bonke odayi abahloliwe, i-bromophenol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ibonise impendulo engcono kakhulu, ingcolisa ku-2%, 1% no-0,2% futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ngaphandle kokudala izinguquko ze-histological ezethula ubuthi.
Ngakho-ke, kuvela njengekhandidethi elingcono kakhulu elingasetshenziswa kubantu ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa kwe-retinovitreal, okwenza kube lula ukubonakala kwe-vitreous, ulwelwesi lwe-epiretinal kanye nolwelwesi lwangaphakathi olukhawulelayo.
Izinkomba
- "Bromophenol blue." I-Wikipedia, i-encyclopedia yamahhala . Meyi 9, 2019, 09:12 UTC. Meyi 24, 2019, 20:57. I-Wikipedia.
- López L, Greco B, Ronayne P, Valencia E. ALAN [Inthanethi]. Septhemba 2006 [ecashunwe ngo-2019 May 24]; 56 (3): 282–287. Itholakala ku: scielo.org.
- U-Echeverri N, u-Ortiz, u-Blanca L no-Caminos J. (2010). Ukuhlaziywa kwe-proteomic yamasiko e-thyroid eyinhloko.I-Colombian Journal of Chemistry , 39 (3), 343-358. Ibuyiselwe ngoMeyi 24, 2019, ivela ku-scielo.org.
- Lin GH, DJ Brusick. Ucwaningo lwe-Mutagenicity kumadayi amabili e-triphenylmethane, i-bromophenol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye ne-tetrabromophenol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. J Appl Toxicol. 1992 Aug;12(4):267-74.
- I-Haritoglou C, i-Tadayoni R, i-May CA, i-Gass CA, i-Freyer W, i-Priglinger SG, i-Kampik A. Ukuhlolwa kwesikhashana kwe-vivo kodayi abasha ababalulekile bokuhlinzwa kwe-intraocular. I-Retina 2006 Jul-Aug;26(6):673-8.