- Ama-primate akha uhlelo oluhlukahlukene lwezilwane ezincelisayo ezinobuchopho obukhulu, umbono othuthukile, kanye nokuphila okuqinile komphakathi, umphumela womlando omude wokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
- Ukuxhumana nabantu kuletha izinzuzo ezifana nokusekelwa ekuxazululeni izingxabano, ukufunda kwezenhlalo, kanye nokusinda okwandisiwe, kodwa futhi kudala izinselele zokuncintisana, ukuxhumanisa, kanye nokuphathwa kwezingxabano.
- Ukuziphatha okufana nokuhleka, umuzwa wobulungiswa, ukushukuma kwezandla, kanye nezindima "zamaphoyisa" kwembula ukufana okuphawulekayo phakathi kwabantu nezinye izilwane.
- Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwengxenye zezilwane eziphila ezilwaneni zisongelwa ukubhujiswa kwendawo yokuhlala kanye nokuzingela, okwenza ukulondolozwa kwemvelo kuphuthume ukuze kulondolozwe lokhu kuhlukahluka kokuziphatha kanye nokwezinto eziphilayo.
Ama-primate angenye yezinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo ezithakazelisa kakhulu uma kukhulunywa ngokuziphatha nokuphila komphakathi.hhayi nje ngoba izihlobo zethu eziseduze kakhulu zitholakala lapho, kodwa futhi ngoba zibonisa amasu ahlukahlukene kakhulu ukuhlala ndawonye nokubambisanaukuncintisana nokufundana. Kusukela kuma-lemur amancane kuya kuma-gorilla anesisindo esingaphezu kwama-200 kg, okuhlanganisa nezinkawu ze-New and Old World, ama-gibbons kanye nama-great apes, wonke abelana ngeqoqo lezici zomzimba nezokuqonda eziwavumela ukuba aphile ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi nezinobungane kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lokuziphatha kwezinkawu lukhanyisa kakhulu izinhlobo zethu.Indlela esihleka ngayo, indlela esisabela ngayo ekungalungini, indlela esisebenzisa ngayo izenzo, indlela esizihlela ngayo ngamaqembu, indlela esifunda ngayo ngokubuka, ngisho nendlela esilawula ngayo izingxabano inokufana okucacile kuma-chimpanzee, ama-bonobo, izinkawu, kanye nezinye izilwane ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-primatology. Yingakho i-primatology, ehlanganisa ukubonwa kwensimu, izifundo ezithunjiwe, kanye nokuhlaziywa kokuziphendukela kwemvelo, isibe yinsimu eyinhloko yokuqonda kokubili ukuvela kokuxhumana kanye nezinsongo zokulondolozwa ezibeka ingxenye enkulu yaleli qembu engozini namuhla.
Kusho ukuthini ukuba yi-primate: imvelaphi, i-taxonomy, kanye nezici ezijwayelekile.
Ama-primate angowakwa- oda ama-PrimateLezi yizilwane ezincelisayo ezihlala endaweni yokuzala, futhi zifaka phakathi ama-lemur, ama-lorise, ama-tarsier, izinkawu, ama-gibbons, izinkawu ezinkulu, kanye nabantu.Igama lesayensi IziboshwaLeli gama, elaqanjwa nguLinnaeus ngo-1758, livela esiLatinini. abazala ("okokuqala" ngomqondo "oyinhloko"), okubonisa umqondo wokuthi lezi zilwane zisesikhundleni esivelele phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo. Nakuba amasiko ahlukene esebenzisa amagama avamile njengelithi "inkawu" kanye nelithi "inkawu" ngokunganaki, ngokwe-taxonomically ukuhleleka kuchazwe kahle futhi kuyafana.
Ngokombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ama-primate okuqala avele phakathi kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-65 nezingama-85 edlule....mhlawumbe zivela ezincelisayo ezincane zezihlahla ezazihlala emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo. Izinsalela ezifana I-Purgatorius e I-Plesiadapis Lezi zimelela izinhlobo zakudala kakhulu ezixhumene neqembu, kuyilapho ukuhlukahluka okucacile kwezinhlobo "zeqiniso" (ama-Euprimates) kwahlanganiswa ku-Paleocene kanye ne-Eocene. Izifundo "zewashi lama-molecular" zibeka ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwamagatsha amabili amakhulu amanje - i-Strepsirrhini kanye ne-Haplorrhini - ekuqaleni kwe-Eocene.
Namuhla, i-oda le-Primates lihlukaniswe ngama-suborder amabili amakhulu: i-Strepsirrhini kanye ne-Haplorrhini.Phakathi kwe-Strepsirrhini sithola ama-lemur avela eMadagascar, ama-lorise nama-galago avela e-Afrika nase-Asia, anezici ezifana nekhala elimanzi (i-rhinary), udebe olungaphezulu olungashukumi kahle, futhi ezinhlotsheni eziningi, "ikamu lamazinyo" lama-incisor aphansi abheke emaphethelweni e-ancisal. Ama-Haplorrhini ("impumulo eyomile") afaka phakathi ama-tarsier, izinkawu ze-New World (Platyrrhini), izinkawu ze-Old World kanye nezinkawu (Catarrhini), iqembu elihlanganisa nabantu.
Ngaphakathi kweHaplorrhini, i-infraorder Simiiformes ibaluleke kakhulu.Lokhu kufaka phakathi zonke izinkawu zanamuhla nezinkawu, ezihlukaniswe ngama-parvord amabili: i-Platyrrhini (izinkawu ze-New World, ezinekhala eliseceleni kanye nemisila evame ukuba yi-prehensile) kanye ne-Catarrhini (izinkawu ze-Old World nama-hominoids, ezinekhala elibheke phansi). Phakathi kwama-hominoids, ama-gibbons (umndeni wakwa-Hylobatidae) nama-hominid (umndeni wama-Hominidae) ahlukile, ahlanganisa ama-orangutan, ama-gorilla, ama-chimpanzee, ama-bonobo, kanye nabantu.
Naphezu kokwehlukahluka okukhulu ngesimo, ubukhulu, kanye nemvelo, izilwane ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-primates zabelana ngeqoqo lezimpawu zomzimba kanye nokusebenza kwazo.: izinyawo ze-plantigrade, izinzwane ezinhlanu (ezifana ne-pentadactyly), izinzipho ezisicaba esikhundleni sezinzipho ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi, ngokuvamile isithupha esiphikisanayo, ama-clavicle akhule kahle, kanye nokuhamba okukhulu kwebhande lamahlombe. Amazinyo awekho okukhethekile kakhulu, anama-cusp molars ayindilinga (ama-bunodonts) kanye nefomula yamazinyo ezinzile, yize kunomehluko phakathi kwamaqembu e-New and Old World.
Esinye isici esihlukile usayizi wobuchopho obukhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nosayizi womzimba.Ubuchopho, ikakhulukazi i-neocortex, buhlotshaniswa nokucubungula izinzwa okuyinkimbinkimbi, ukuxhumanisa ukunyakaza komzimba, ukwenza izinqumo, kanye nolimi kubantu. Amehlo makhulu futhi abheke phambili, okuvumela ukubona ngeso lengqondo kanye nokuqonda okujulile—okubalulekile endleleni yokuphila yezihlahla kanye nokubala amabanga ngokunembile lapho ugxuma phakathi kwamagatsha. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, kukhona nombono wombala othuthuke kahle, ovame ukuba nama-trichromatic kuma-catarrhine.
Ngokuphathelene nokuhamba, ama-primates abonisa amaphethini ahlukahlukene. kusukela ekugxumeni kwezihlahla (njengezinkawu ze-sifaka nezinkawu ze-squirrel), ukugxuma ngezinyawo ezine emagatsheni noma phansi (izinkawu, ama-mandrill, izinkawu ze-capuchin), ukuhamba ngezinyawo okune-suspensory nge-brachiation (ama-gibbons, ama-orangutan, ezinye izinkawu ze-New World ezinemisila e-prehensile), kanye nokugxuma ngezinyawo okugcwele kuphela ku- Homo sapiensnakuba ezinye izinhlobo zingase zithathe ukuma okuhamba ngezinyawo ezimbili ngezikhathi ezithile, isibonelo lapho ziwela emanzini angajulile noma zithwele izinto.
Impilo yomphakathi ezinkalweni: ukuhlelwa kweqembu kanye nokuguquguquka
Esinye sezici eziphawuleka kakhulu zezinkawu ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezinhlelo zomphakathi.Kunezinhlobo ezicishe zibe zodwa, njengama-orangutan amaduna amaningi amadala, izinhlobo ezihlala zodwa ngamabili azinzile, njengama-gibbons, amaqembu endoda eyodwa enabesifazane abaningana (ama-gorilla harenees), kanye nemiphakathi emikhulu enamadoda amaningi nabesifazane abaningi njengama-chimpanzee, ngokuvamile ene-fission-fusion dynamics lapho iqembu elikhulu lihlukana khona libe amaqembu amancane ahlukahlukene usuku lonke.
Ngisho nangaphakathi kohlobo olujwayelekile lwenhlangano, ukubekezelelana komphakathi kungahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo.Ezinye izinkawu zinezinhlelo zokulingana, ezinolaka oluncane kakhulu kanye nenkululeko eyanele yokusebenzisana phakathi kwabantu ngabanye; ezinye zinobushiqela obuphawulekayo, zinezigaba eziqinile, ulaka oluqinile, kanye nokusebenzisana okugxile kakhulu phakathi kwezihlobo zikamama. Lolu hlu lwezindlela zomphakathi luhlotshaniswa nezici zemvelo (ukusatshalaliswa kokudla, ingozi yokudla ezinye izilwane), umlando, kanye nezici zofuzo.
Ukuziphatha komphakathi kuyahlukahluka hhayi nje phakathi kwezinhlobo, kodwa naphakathi kwabantu kanye nabantu bohlobo olufanayo.Amaqembu ahlala ezindaweni ezinezinsiza eziningi kanye nengcindezi ephansi yezilwane ezidla ezinye abhekene nezinselele ezahlukene kunalawo asezindaweni ezingenakudla noma ezidla ezinye izilwane, okubonakaliswa ngobukhulu beqembu, izinga lokubumbana, kanye nokuqina komncintiswano wangaphakathi. Lapho eboshiwe, isibonelo, izilwane ezidla ezinye zivame ukuthola ukudla okuvamile, azidingi ukuqapha izilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane, futhi zinesikhala esincane; ngenxa yalokho, zingase zibekezelele kakhulu izinsiza futhi zinikele isikhathi sazo esikhulu ekuxhumaneni nabantu kunalezo zasendle.
Ngaphakathi kweqembu ngalinye, umehluko ngobulili, ubudala, ubuntu, kanye nesikhundla sobungcweti nakho kuthonya kakhulu ubudlelwano.Abantu abanesikhundla esiphakeme bavame ukuthola ukunakwa okwengeziwe komphakathi, ukukhuthazwa okwengeziwe, kanye nokusekelwa okwengeziwe ezingxabanweni, kuyilapho abangaphansi kwabo kudingeka batshale isikhathi esiningi kanye nokuziphatha okunesu ukuze balondoloze ubudlelwano. Abesifazane, ezinhlotsheni eziningi, banikela ngomzamo omkhulu kunabesilisa ekunakekelweni okujulile kwabazali, okwakha inethiwekhi yabo yobudlelwano. Kuyo yonke intuthuko, abantu abasha kancane kancane bandisa ukuvama kanye nokuhlukahluka kokuxhumana, bakhe amanethiwekhi okuxhumana nabantu abazowagcina baze babe badala.
Izifundo zakudala nezanamuhla ku-primatology, ezenziwa abacwaningi abanjengoJane Goodall, uDian Fossey, uChristophe Boesch, uRobin Dunbar, uCarel van Schaik, uJeanne Altmann, noJoan Silk.Lezi zifundo ngokuvamile zisekelwe ekuqaphelweni okuhlelekile kwensimu. Besebenzisa amabhuku, ama-recorders, noma amathebhulethi, ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo baqopha ukuthi ubani oxhumana nobani, isikhathi esingakanani, kusiphi isimo, nokuthi lokhu kunamiphi imiphumela maqondana nokondla, ukuzala, ukwesekwa ezingxabanweni, kanye nokusinda.
Ukuxhumana komphakathi: okune-agonist kanye nokuhambisana
Ukuxhumana komphakathi phakathi kwezilwane ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-primates kuvame ukuhlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-agonistic kanye ne-affiliative.Ukuxhumana okunobudlova kuhlanganisa izinsongo, ulaka olungokomzimba, ukushushiswa, kanye nokuziphatha kokuzithoba. Ngokuvamile kuvela lapho abantu abaningana bencintisana ngezinsiza ezilinganiselwe, njengokudla okuseqophelweni eliphezulu, izindawo zokuphumula, noma ukufinyelela kubalingani bocansi, futhi kubalulekile ekusunguleni nasekulondolozeni amazinga okubusa eqenjini.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuxhumana okuhlobene kuhlanganisa ukuziphatha okunobungane nokungasongeli. Lokhu kusebenza ekudaleni, ekuqiniseni, noma ekulungiseni izibopho zomphakathi. Phakathi kwazo, ukusondelana ngokomzimba ngokuzithandela, ukuthintana okumnene, ukwangana, ukuthintana, ukucula ngobungane, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuzilungisa kuyagqama, lapho umuntu ehlanza khona uboya bomunye esebenzisa izandla noma umlomo. Ukudlala komphakathi, okuvame ukujabula, okunokunyakaza okweqile kanye nokushintsha kwendima okusheshayo, nakho kuhlukaniswa njengokuxhumana kobudlelwano, yize kungakhula kalula kube ulaka uma izimpawu "zokudlala" zingacacile.
Ukuqina kwemisipha kungenye yezindlela zokuziphatha ezifundwa kakhulu ngenxa yendima yayo yokusebenza okuningi.Ngaphezu kokususa izimuncagazi zangaphandle kanye nokungcola, ukuzilungisa kukhuthaza ukukhishwa kwama-endorphin ohlelweni lwezinzwa oluphakathi, okukhuthaza ukuphumula kanye nenhlalakahle. Ngakho-ke, kuba "imali yezenhlalo" enamandla: abantu bachitha isikhathi beqeqesha abanye hhayi nje kuphela ngenxa yokuhlanzeka, kodwa futhi nokuqinisa ubudlelwano bokwethembana, ukudala izibopho ezifanayo, nokuqinisekisa ukwesekwa lapho kuvela izingxabano noma amathuba okufinyelela izinsiza ezibalulekile.
Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, izinsikazi zivame ukuheha ezinye izinsikazi ezinesimo esifanayo.ukubeka phambili abalingani ababelana nabo ngezivumelwano eziwusizo. Abesifazane abasezingeni eliphezulu bavame ukuthola ukulungiswa okuningi kunalokho abakunikezayo, okuphakamisa ukuthi abantu abasezingeni eliphansi "bakhokhela" ukulungiswa ngokushintshana nokuvikelwa, ukwesekwa ngesikhathi sokulwa, ukufinyelela okukhethekile kokudla, usizo ekunakekeleni abantwana, noma ukubekezelelana okukhulu eduze kwemithombo yamanzi. Kuma-chimpanzee, isibonelo, ngokuvamile ngabesilisa abahlala khona—labo abahlala eqenjini lokuzalwa—abasungula ubudlelwano obuqinile kakhulu komunye nomunye, ngokusekelwe ekulungisweni okuhambisanayo, ukuzingela, kanye nokuvikela indawo ndawonye.
Ukusebenzisana kobudlelwano nakho kuyasiza ekulungiseni umonakalo ngemva kwezingxabano ezibangelwa ukucindezeleka.Ukuziphatha kokubuyisana (njengokuxhumana okunobungane phakathi kwezitha zangaphambilini ngokushesha ngemva kokulwa) kanye nenduduzo (ukunikeza ukuzilungisa, ukugona, noma ukusondelana nesisulu sokuhlaselwa ngumuntu wesithathu) kusiza ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka, ukubuyisela ukwethembana, nokuqinisa ubumbano lweqembu. Lawa maphethini akhomba amakhono ayinkimbinkimbi okuqonda umphakathi, okuhlanganisa ukuzwela isimo sengqondo sabanye abantu kanye nokuqonda ubudlelwano beqembu lesithathu.
Ukudlala komphakathi, ukufunda, kanye namasiko ezinhlotsheni zezilwane
Ukudlala ngokuxhumana nabantu kungenye insika yokuphila kwezilwane eziningi ezizimelayo, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sobuntwana kanye nokuthomba.Izikhathi zokudlala zingabandakanya abahlanganyeli ababili noma amaqembu amancane, anezindlela ezahlukahlukene kusukela ekuxosheni nasekucasheni kuya ekulweni okuhlekisayo kanye nemidlalo ye-branch acrobatics. Ukuze kuncishiswe ukungaqondani nokuvimbela ukudlala ukuthi kuphenduke ukulwa kwangempela, izilwane ezincane zisebenzisa izimpawu ezithile—njengokubonakaliswa kobuso “obudlalayo” kanye nemisindo evamile—ezibonisa ngokucacile inhloso yokudlala.
Isikhathi eside, umsebenzi wokuguquguquka kwemidlalo wawuyimfihlakalo.Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, ekuqaleni nje, kubonakala kungenalo umgomo ocacile osheshayo futhi kungase kuhilele izingozi (ukuwa, ukulimala okuncane, ukuchayeka ezitheni). Namuhla, umbono ovamile uwukuthi ukudlala kunegalelo ekuthuthukisweni kwamakhono abalulekile okunyakaza, okuqonda, kanye nokuxhumana nabantu, okunikeza "indawo yokuqeqesha" ephephile yokuzama amasu amasha, ukuhlola imingcele yomzimba, ukuzijwayeza izindima zomphakathi, nokuqinisa izibopho nabalingani.
Impilo yokuhlalisana nabantu inikeza amathuba amaningi okufunda ngokuhlalisana nabantu.Ukusiza abantu ukuthi baphathe kahle kuyisethi yezinqubo lapho ukuziphatha komuntu kuthonywa khona ukubuka noma ukusebenzisana nabanye. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezilwane, kutholakale ukuthi noma yisiphi isenzo esithile—isibonelo, ukuphatha uhlobo lokudla noma ukuhlola indawo entsha—siba sivame kakhulu kumuntu uma sesivele siboniswe ngamalungu eqembu. Lokhu kungenzeka ngokusebenzisa ukusiza abantu (ukuba khona nje kwabanye kwandisa amathuba okwenza isenzo), ukuthuthukisa indawo (ukunaka kuqondiswa ezindaweni lapho abanye bekhona), noma ukuthuthukisa izinto (isithakazelo ezintweni abanye abazisingathayo).
Ezinye izinhlobo ziyakwazi ukukopisha ngendlela enembile kakhulu futhi eyinkimbinkimbi, zisondela ekulingiseni kwangempela.Kulesi simo, akugcini nje ngomphumela wokugcina kodwa nendlela umsebenzi owenziwa ngayo iyaphindwa. Izinkawu ze-chimpanzee kanye ne-capuchin, isibonelo, zingathola amasu athile okusebenzisa amathuluzi (njengokuqhekeza izithelo ngamatshe noma ukusebenzisa izinti ukukhipha izinambuzane) ngokubheka ontanga abanolwazi. Lolu hlobo lokudluliselwa kokuziphatha okuthembekile luvame ukucashunwa njengesisekelo sokuvela kwamasiko, futhi kwezinye izimo, amasiko ezilwane.
Kukhona impikiswano enkulu mayelana nokuthi la masiko athembele kangakanani ekukopisheni okuyinkimbinkimbi noma ezinqubweni ezilula.Abanye abacwaningi bathi izilwane zasolwandle ziyahlangabezana nezimfuneko zesiko ngomqondo oqinile, njengoba abantu abahlukene bengabonisa “izilimi zolimi” ezizinzile zokuziphatha, njengezindlela zokudla, izimpawu zokuxhumana, kanye nezindlela zokuzilungisa ezingenakucaciswa yizici zemvelo kuphela. Abanye bathi izinguquko zemvelo kanye nokufunda komuntu ngamunye okuqondiswa yizinhlobo ezilula zokufunda kwezenhlalo kwanele ukukhiqiza lokhu kuhlukahluka, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokulingisa ngokwethembeka okukhulu.
Izinzuzo zebhayoloji zokuhlalisana nabantu
Ukuhlala ngamaqembu kuletha izinzuzo eziningana eziqondile nezingaqondile, okuhlanganisa izinhlobo [zegama elingekho - okungenzeka ukuthi "ukuvikelwa" noma "intuthuko"], ukuze izilwane eziphila kahle. Ngamanye amazwi, kunegalelo empumelelweni yazo ekusindeni nasekushiyeni inzalo. Ngokombono osheshayo, ukusebenzisana kobudlelwano kunikeza ukuphumula, ukwesekwa ngesikhathi sezingxabano, kanye nokufinyelela okungcono ezinsizeni. Ubudlelwano besikhathi eside, buhlotshaniswa nokuphila isikhathi eside, amathuba aphezulu okuzala okuphumelelayo, kanye nokusinda kwenzalo enkulu ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene.
Izifundo ngezimfene (I-Papio cynocephalus ursinusUcwaningo lubonisa ukuthi abesifazane abanezibopho zenhlalo eziqinile nezihlala njalo nabanye besifazane Banezingane ezisinda ngaphezu kwezingane zabesifazane abanezinkundla zokuxhumana ezibuthakathaka. Lezi zinhlangano zingaqinisekisa ukwesekwa okubalulekile ezingxabanweni zangaphakathi kwamaqembu, ukufinyelela ukudla okuseqophelweni eliphezulu, kanye nokuvikelwa ezitheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenzisana okuhle kubonakala kunciphisa imiphumela yokucindezeleka ngokomzimba, okunomthelela omuhle ohlelweni lokuzivikela komzimba, futhi ngenxa yalokho, empilweni nasekuphileni isikhathi eside.
Amanethiwekhi omphakathi nawo enza kube lula ukusabalala okusheshayo kwezindlela ezintsha zokuziphatha.Isibonelo, izindlela ezintsha zokuvula izithelo eziqinile, ukuhlola imithombo yokudla engalindelekile, noma ukusebenzisa amathuluzi. Ezindaweni eziguquguqukayo, ezincike ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kanye nokwehlukahluka kwabantu (ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukuzingela, ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo zokuhlala), leli khono lokulungisa ngokushesha ukuziphatha ngenxa yokufunda ngokuhlanganyela kwezenhlalo kungaba yinzuzo eyinhloko yokuphikelela kweqembu.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubudlelwano bezenhlalo budinga amandla nesikhathi esiningi.Ama-primate achitha ingxenye enkulu yosuku ekulungiseni, ekulawuleni abalingani kanye nezimbangi, ekuqapheni abalingani bokuzala, nasekuphatheni izingxabano. Lo "mnotho wezenhlalo" udala izingcindezi eziqinile zokukhetha ekuqondeni, okuholela abanye ababhali ekwakheni lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-social intelligence hypothesis": umqondo wokuthi ubuchopho obukhulu kanye namakhono okuqonda athuthukile kwavela ngokuyinhloko ekuphenduleni izidingo zokuphila emaqenjini ayinkimbinkimbi, kunokuxazulula izinkinga zemvelo kuphela.
Izinselele zokuphila kweqembu: ukuncintisana, ukuxhumanisa, kanye nokuziphatha okusha.
Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo eziningi, ukuhlalisana nabantu nakho kuletha izingozi nezinselele ezinkulu.Amaqembu amakhulu abonakala kakhulu ezitha futhi enza kube lula ukudluliselwa kwezifo. Abantu ngabanye badinga ukuncintisana ngokudla, ozakwabo, izindawo zokuphumula, kanye nokunakwa emphakathini. Ezinhlotsheni zezilwane ezinezikhundla eziphawulekayo, abantu ababusayo bavame ukuzama ukulawula izinsiza, bephoqa abantu abangaphansi kwabo ukuba bathuthukise amasu ayimfihlo okuthola isabelo sabo, kungaba ngokugwema ukubuka abantu ababusayo noma ngokusebenzisa izikhathi zokuphazamiseka.
Ngokusho kombono wobuhlakani bezenhlalo, ukubheka izenzo, izinhloso, kanye nobudlelwano bontanga abaningi ngasikhathi sinye kwakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono okuqonda ayinkimbinkimbi....njengombono wengqondo (ikhono lokufaka izifiso, izinkolelo, nolwazi kwabanye) kanye nezinhlobo ezicebile zokuxhumana ngokunyakaza nangezwi. Ngokukhula kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho, izilwane eziningi ezizimelayo zikhetha kakhulu izimpawu ezizikhiphayo, zifunda ukuthi yiziphi izimpawu eziveza izimpendulo ezifiselekayo, futhi zithuthukise amasu okuphatha umphakathi.
Isibonelo esimangalisayo sokuxhumana kwangaphakathi kanye nokulawula sivela ezifundweni ngama-chimpanzee ayesekuboshweni.Lezi zimpawu zibonisa ukuba khona kwabantu abadlala into efana nendima "yamaphoyisa" eqenjini. Lezi zimfene zingenelela ngokuzenzekelayo ezingxabanweni phakathi kwabanye, ngokuvamile ngokungakhethi, zihlukanisa abalwi futhi zithulise ukungezwani. Abanye ososayensi bendabuko bachaza lolu hlobo lokuziphatha njengesinyathelo sokuqala sokuziphatha okuyisisekelo, lapho ukuzinza kweqembu kuba yinani okufanele lilondolozwe.
Ukuhlolwa kubonise nokuthi ezinye izilwane ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-primate zisabela ngokuqinile ezimweni ezibhekwa njengezingalungile.Ezivivinyweni zakudala, abantu ababili banikeza itshe kumhloli bese bethola imivuzo ehlukene: omunye uthola amagilebhisi (aziswa kakhulu), omunye ukhukhamba kuphela. Uma enye yezinkawu ibona ukuthi umlingani wayo uthola okuthile okungcono ngomzamo ofanayo, ingase iphathe itshe ngokucasuka, yenqabe ukhukhamba, noma iliphonse emuva, njengophawu olucacile lokunganeliseki ngokungalingani. Lo "mqondo wobulungiswa" oyisisekelo ungaba yisisekelo sokugcina ubudlelwano obuzinzile bokubambisana esikhathini eside.
Izimpawu zomzimba, imizwa, kanye nokuziphatha okumangalisayo ngabantu.
Uma sibheka impilo yansuku zonke yezilwane ezihlukene, kunzima ukungaziboni izinto ezifanayo nezimpilo zethu.Iningi labo lisabela ekukitazeni ngemisindo enesigqi efana nokuhleka, okuhambisana nokuphefumula kanye nokunyakaza komzimba okuvamile komuntu othola okuthile okuhlekisayo. Imisindo ihlukile ekuhlekeni komuntu, kodwa umsebenzi womphakathi—ukuqinisa izibopho, okubonisa izimo ezinhle zemizwa—ubonakala uhambisana.
Ezinye izibonelo zokuziphatha "komuntu ojwayelekile" zifaka phakathi izenzo zokwenqaba, izicelo, kanye nokudla okududuzayo.Kuma-bonobo (ama-chimpanzee amancane), ukunyakaza kokunikina ikhanda kusuka kolunye uhlangothi kuye kwaqoshwa ngenxa yokuziphatha okungafanele ezinganeni, njengokudlala ngokudla esikhundleni sokukudla. Nakuba singenakuqinisekisa ukuthi kusho "cha" ngendlela efanayo nathi, umphumela osebenzayo ukuthi izingane zivame ukuphazamisa ukuziphatha, okuphakamisa uhlobo lokwenqaba kwesisu oluvela ebuntwaneni.
Ekufuneni kwazo ukudla, izinkawu eziningi zisebenzisa izenzo zokuncenga ezifana ngokumangalisayo nezomuntu.Isibonelo, ukwelula isandla esivulekile komunye umuntu noma kumuntu, belingisa isenzo sokubuza. Bangase futhi bagone, bathinte, badonse kancane, noma bakhulume ngokuphikelela ukuze bathole ukudla noma ukwesekwa, okuqinisa umqondo wokuthi ukuxhumana ngezandla kwandulela, ohlwini lwethu, intuthuko ephelele yolimi olukhulunywayo.
Ngisho nokudla "okungenamsoco" ezimweni ezicindezelayo kuye kwabhalwa ngokuhlolwa.Kwezinye izifundo, izinkawu ezibusayo nezingaphansi kwazo zingakhetha phakathi kokudla okunempilo (izithelo) kanye nezinketho ezinamandla aphezulu, ezinamafutha amaningi. Abantu abangaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu yomphakathi kanye nokucindezeleka bavame ukukhetha ukudla okunama-calorie amaningi ngokulinganayo futhi badle kakhulu, ngendlela ekhumbuza ukusetshenziswa kwabantu kwamaswidi nokudla okulula njengendlela yokulawula ngokomzwelo ngemva kokukhungatheka noma izingxabano.
Ukudla, imvelo kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezindawo zezinkawu
Ukudla kwezilwane ezincelisayo kuhlukahlukene kakhulu, futhi izici eziningi zomzimba zivela ekuzivumelaniseni nokudla okuthile.Iningi lifaka izithelo njengomthombo oyinhloko wama-carbohydrate agayeka kalula, anezelwa ngamaqabunga, izimbali, imbewu, umpe, izinambuzane, futhi, kwezinye izimo, izilwane ezincane ezinomgogodla. Izinhlobo ze-folivorous njengezinkawu ze-colobus, ezinye i-langur, kanye ne-monosaulladores zinamathumbu amade noma amakamelo okugaya akhethekile azivumela ukuthi zihlukanise i-cellulose emaqabunga aqinile.
Ezinye izilwane zasendle ziye zathuthukisa izindlela eziphawulekayo zokusebenzisa izinsiza ezithile.Isibonelo, ama-marmoset (Callitrichidae) anezinsika eziqinile eziwavumela ukuthi avule amagxolo esihlahla ukuze akhiphe ujusi nezinsini, kanye nezinzipho ezifana nezinzipho zokubamba iziqu zesihlahla. I-aye-aye yaseMadagascar ihlanganisa amazinyo akhula njalo afana nalawo amagundane kanye nomunwe ophakathi omude kakhulu, osetshenziselwa ukukhipha izibungu zezinambuzane ezifihliwe emigodini ehlathini.
Ngokuphathelene nobuchwepheshe obukhulu, kufanelekile ukukhuluma nge-gelada, cishe okuwukuphela kwesilwane esinobuthi esivame ukuba yi-gramivorous primate.Inqe, elidla otshanini ezindaweni eziphakeme zase-Ethiopia, kanye nama-tarsier, okuyiwona kuphela ama-primates adla inyama ngokugcwele, adla kuphela izinambuzane, izilwane ezincane ezinomgogodla, ama-crustacean, ngisho nezinyoka ezinobuthi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinkawu zama-Capuchin nama-chimpanzee zilandela ukudla okuvamile, okuhlanganisa konke kusukela ezithelweni namaqabunga kuya ezilwaneni ezincane ezinomgogodla, futhi uma kwenzeka ama-chimpanzee, ukuzingela ngezinye izikhathi ezinye izilwane ezinjengezinkawu zama-colobus abomvu.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwamanje kwezilwane ezingezona ezomuntu kunqunyelwe kakhulu kunasezikhathini ezidlule.Namuhla, zihlala emahlathini nasezindaweni ezishisayo zaseCentral naseNingizimu Melika, e-Afrika, eMadagascar, kanye nase-Asia enkulu, ngaphandle kwenani elincane lezinkawu ezilethwe eGibraltar. Ukukhukhuleka kwezwekazi, isimo sezulu, imvula, kanye nohlobo lwezitshalo kuye kwabumba lokhu kusabalala eminyakeni eyizigidi, kanti iMadagascar isebenza njengelabhorethri eyedwa yokuhlukahluka kwama-lemur, kanye neWallace Line e-Indonesia ebeka imingcele ekukhuleni kwezizukulwane ezithile zase-Asia.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, i-phylogeny, kanye nobudlelwano bezilwane eziphila ndawonye.
Ngaphakathi komongo obanzi wezilwane ezincelisayo, izilwane ezincane, kanye nama-colugos (Dermoptera) kanye nezihlahla ezincane (Scandentia), zakha i-clade Euarchonta.Uma kungezwa amagundane (iRodentia) kanye nama-lagomorphe (iLagomorpha), kutholakala ama-clade Euarchontoglires, elinye lamagatsha amakhulu ngaphakathi kwe- izilwane ezincelisayo ezihlala endaweni yokubelethaIzifundo zofuzo ziqinisekisile ukuthi ama-colugo ahlobene kakhulu nama-primates kunama-tree shrews, yize wonke ahlanganyela ukhokho ofanayo muva nje.
Umlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo wezilwane ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-primates uhlanganisa uhlu lwezinhlobo ezibalulekile zezinsalela zasendulo....njengePlesiadapiformes, Adapiformes, kanye ne-Omomyidae, eyayibusa ingxenye enkulu yeNyakatho Yenkabazwe ngesikhathi se-Eocene. Ama-Adapiformes ngokuvamile ahlotshaniswa nozalo lwe-Strepsirrhini, kanti ama-Omomyidae asondelene kakhulu nama-tarsier kanye namanye ama-Haplorrhini, yize imininingwane yobudlelwano isaphikiswana ngayo. Kuyo yonke i-Oligocene kanye ne-Miocene, izinsalela zamathambo ezifana... I-Aegyptopithecus, Umphathi Wesifundazwe, I-Kenyapithecus e I-Pierolapithecus Zibhala phansi izigaba ezibalulekile ekusungulweni kwama-catarrhine nama-hominoids.
Ukwakhiwa kwezifunda ezintsha yizinkawu nakho kwakuhlanganisa nemicimbi exakile, njengeziqephu "zokugibela isikebhe"....lapho amaqembu amancane ezilwane ayezowela ulwandle ngama-mat anezitshalo ezintantayo. Kukholakala ukuthi okhokho bama-lemur bafika eMadagascar kanti okhokho bezinkawu zeNew World bafika eNingizimu Melika ngezenzakalo ezinjalo, lapho i-Atlantic yayisanciphile kakhulu futhi imisinga yolwandle nomoya kwenza ukuwela kube nokwenzeka ezinsukwini noma amasonto.
Endabeni yozalo lwethu, ukuvela kwama-hominin e-bipedal ngesikhathi se-Pliocene ne-Pleistocene. Kwahilela izinguquko ezinkulu zomzimba ethangeni, ezithweni ezingezansi, kanye nasezicutshini zemisipha ye-gluteal, okuvumela ukuhamba kahle uqonde. I-Ardipithecus, I-Australopithecus kanye nabameleli abaningana bohlobo Homo Bahlala ndawonye futhi babelana ngezimo isikhathi eside, beqeda umqondo omdala wokulandelana okulula "kwezixhumanisi" ezithatha indawo yomunye nomunye.
Ukulondolozwa kwemvelo, izinsongo, kanye nobudlelwano bamasiko nezilwane ezincelisayo.
Naphezu kokubaluleka kwazo kwezemvelo kanye nesayensi, cishe izinhlobo ezingama-60% zezinkawu zisengozini yokuphela.Ngokusho kokuhlolwa kwe-IUCN, izingcindezi eziyinhloko zivela ekubhujisweni kwezindawo zokuhlala kanye nokuqhekeka kwazo (ikakhulukazi amahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo), ukuzingela inyama yehlathi, ukuthengiswa kwezilwane ezifuywayo ngokungemthetho, kanye nokubanjwa ukuze kwenziwe ucwaningo lwezokwelapha, yize lokhu kwehlile kwamanye amazwe.
Ukulahlekelwa yihlathi lemvula — okulinganiselwa ezigidini zamahektha ngonyaka — kuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu.Njengoba imigwaqo, amasimu, izimayini, namadolobha anda, inani lezinkawu lihlukaniswa libe yizicucu ezincane kakhulu, lisengozini enkulu yokuzingela futhi linokuhlukahluka okuncane kwezakhi zofuzo. Ezimweni eziningana, izinhlobo zezilwane muva nje kuthiwa ziphelile noma ziphelile ngokuphelele kwezinye izingxenye zohlobo lwazo lokuqala.
Ukuzingela izinyamazane kuhlobene nezinkolelo zamasiko, imithi yendabuko, kanye nokuhweba ngezitho zomzimba.Kwezinye izindawo zase-Asia, inyama yenkawu ithengiswa ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo zokwelapha noma zokuvusa inkanuko; kwezinye, igazi lezinhlobo ezithile liyadliwa ngoba kukholakala ukuthi linikeza amandla. EMadagascar, izinkolelo-ze ezihlobene ne-aye-aye ziholela abantu bendawo ekubulaleni le lemur, beyibheka njengesibonakaliso esibi, naphezu kokuba iyisilwane esisengozini enkulu yokuqothulwa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amasiko amaningi anikeza ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-primates isikhundla esikhethekile nesingcwele.ENdiya, unkulunkulu wezinkawu uHanuman unendawo ebalulekile kubuHindu, evikela kancane abantu bendawo ezinkawini. Ezinganekwaneni zaseShayina, iNkosi yezinkawu uSun Wukong idlala indima yobuqhawe ezindabeni zakudala ezifana nokuthi "Uhambo oluya eNtshonalanga," kanti inkawu nayo ingenye yezimpawu zezinkanyezi zaseShayina. Abantu base-Afrika nabaseMdabu baseMelika balandisa izinganekwane lapho abantu beguqulwa khona babe izinkawu njengesijeziso noma ngenxa yezingxabano phakathi konkulunkulu.
Ubuhlobo besimanje phakathi kwabantu nezinye izilwane eziphila ezilwaneni buhlanganise nezigameko eziphawulekayo kumongo wesayensi nobuchwepheshe.Isibonelo esiphawulekayo kwakuwukundiza kwe-chimpanzee Ham ngo-1961, ohlelweni lwe-Mercury, okwamenza waba yi-primate yokuqala eya emkhathini yabuya iphila, okubonisa ukuthi izinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi zingasinda ekusheshiseni nasekungeneni kabusha kwamandla ahlobene nokuhlola isikhala.
Sekukonke, ucwaningo lokuziphatha kwezinkawu—kusukela kubhayoloji yazo, i-ecology, kanye namasiko ezinto ezibonakalayo kuya ekuxhumaneni okucashile kakhulu kwezenhlalo— Lokhu akugcini nje ngokujulisa ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi ubuchopho obukhulu, imiphakathi eyinkimbinkimbi, kanye namakhono okuziphatha ayisisekelo kwavela kanjani, kodwa futhi kuqinisa ukuphuthuma kokuvikela lezi zilwane kanye nezindawo ezihlala kuzo. Njengoba sifunda kabanzi ngokufana nomehluko phakathi kwabantu nezinye izilwane ezincane, kuba nzima kakhulu ukunganaki umthwalo wemfanelo wokuziphatha ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ziyaqhubeka nokuba khona, kuzo zonke izinhlobo zazo, ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
