- Umehluko womqondo phakathi komcabango njengethuluzi lokudala kanye nephupho njengokuphupha emini noma ukuqonda okungeyona into yangempela.
- Ukuvela komlando kwemibono kusukela eGrisi Yasendulo, ngo-Aristotle noPlato, kuya emsebenzini kaCervantes.
- Umbono kaMontessori wokufundisa ngokubaluleka kokuxhumana neqiniso ukuze kuthuthukiswe ubuhlakani bezingane.
- Ubudlelwano obungaphakathi phakathi kwamandla okusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokudalwa kwezwe lezincwadi kanye nelobungcweti.
Wake wama wacabanga ukuthi ukucabanga nokuphupha kuyinto efanayo yini? Abantu abaningi basebenzisa la magama njengokungathi angamagama afanayo, kodwa lapho singena shí efilosofini, kwisayensi yezengqondo, ngisho nasezincwadini, siyaqaphela ukuthi kukhona igebe phakathi kwawo. Ngenkathi elinye lisishukumisela ekusunguleni izinto ezintsha, elinye lingasiyisa ezweni lamaphupho lapho ukucabanga kungenandawo khona.
Ukuze siqonde lesi simo esiyinkimbinkimbi, sidinga ukubheka indlela isintu esichaze ngayo la makhono engqondo. Kusukela kwizazi zefilosofi zamaGreki kuya ezindleleni zemfundo zanamuhla, ukufuna ukuhlukanisa ukukhuthazwa kokudala nokukhohlisa okumsulwa kube yinto ebalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi ubuhlakani bethu bukhula kanjani nokuthi sikwazi kanjani ukudala amaqiniso afanayo, kungaba sezincwadini noma kumaphrojekthi okusungula izinto ezintsha emsebenzini.
Izimpande zakudala: uPlato, u-Aristotle, kanye nefa lesiLatini.
Uma sibuyela emuva esikhathini, sizobona ukuthi igama lesiLatini elithi imaginatio liwukuhunyushwa okuqondile kwegama lesiGreki elithi phantasia . Ezikhathini zakudala, kwakuvamile ukuphatha kokubili ndawonye. KuPlato , inganekwane yayibhekwa njengento ehlobene nokubukeka ( phainesthai ), cishe njengomdwebo womphefumulo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi izithombe ezikhiqizwa yinganekwane aziveli ezeni, kodwa zaziyizingoma ezisekelwe ezinkumbulweni zezinto esezaziwayo kakade, ngokuvamile ezikude neqiniso eliphelele.
Nokho , u-Aristotle wanikeza umbono ohlukile kancane, ebeka umcabango njengendawo ephakathi kwemizwa nomcabango. Kuye, akukho ukwahlulela ngaphandle komcabango, noma umcabango ngaphandle kwemizwa. Wagcizelela ukuthi ikhono lokugcina izithombe zezinto ezingekho liyisisekelo, ehlobanisa lokhu ngisho namaphupho nezimo ezishisayo, lapho isithombe sithatha indawo yokucabanga okufiphele.
NgeNkathi Ephakathi kanye neRenaissance, ababhali abanjengoSanta Thomas Aquinas noFernando de Herrera baqhubeka nale mpikiswano. Bahlukanisa phakathi kwemicabango yezinzwa neyengqondo . Iphuzu elithakazelisayo ngumqondo "wesithombe esiqoshwe enhliziyweni," esivame kakhulu ezinkondlweni zikaPetrarchan, lapho inkumbulo yothandekayo iba uphawu lwengqondo oluqhubekayo olushukumisa intando yesihloko.
Cervantes kanye nokwakhiwa kwezwe elingenzeka.
Akekho owahlola lo mngcele kangcono kunoMiguel de Cervantes. Emisebenzini yakhe, umcabango uvame ukuvezwa njengendawo yokugcina lapho izethulo "zidwetshwa khona." Kodwa-ke, uCervantes uqala ukuhlukanisa lokhu okubili: inganekwane ihlotshaniswa nama-chimera, nento "ehlanyayo" noma "engenangqondo." Lokhu kunjalo ngoDon Quixote, owayegcwele izincwadi zobuqhawe kwaze kwaba seqophelweni lokudideka inganekwane neqiniso.
Kumbhali, umcabango yikhono elivumela umuntu ukuba anqobe imvelo futhi adale imihlaba engaba khona. Umlingiswa uDulcinea uyisibonelo esiphelele: akekho emhlabeni wangempela, kodwa udalwe ngokuqonda kukaQuixote. Leli khono lokwenza amanga abonakale eyiqiniso, kuCervantes, liwumongo wezincwadi ngokwazo, eliguqula umcabango ube ithuluzi elinamandla lokusungula izinto ezintsha.
Umbono weMontessori: Iqiniso vs. I-Daydream
Ukusuka ezincwadini kuya kwezemfundo, indlela kaMaria Montessori inikeza isixwayiso esibalulekile. Kuye, imicabango ingabonakala njengokuphazamiseka komlingiswa uma idlulele ebuntwaneni, njengoba ingaphazamisa ingane emsebenzini wayo ojwayelekile wokugxila ezintweni zangempela. Lapho ingqondo izulazula kuphela ezindaweni ezimangalisayo, ilahlekelwa ukulawula amaphutha kanye nokuhlanganiswa komcabango.
Iphuzu elibalulekile lapha ukuthi ukuhlakanipha kukhula ngokuhlaziywa okubucayi kweqiniso . Uma ingane ivezwa kuphela ezithombeni ezingezona ezangempela (njengokusebenzisa isikhathi esiningi esikrinini ngaphambi kokuba ifinyelele eminyakeni eyisithupha), ingaba nobunzima bokuhlukanisa phakathi kweqiniso nomcabango, okungaholela ekukhathazekeni nasekuziphatheni okungasebenzi kahle . Umqondo uwukuthi impilo yangaphakathi kufanele yakhelwe esisekelweni sezwe elibonakalayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umcabango onempilo uyadunyiswa. Uqala kusukela eqinisweni ukudala izixazululo nokuqamba izinto ezintsha. Nakuba iphupho liwukuphupha emini, umcabango uyinqubo yokudala engcono kakhulu elawula ulwazi lwangempela ukuze ikhiqize izethulo ezintsha. Ingane ecabanga ukuthi ingathuthukisa kanjani iwashi le-alamu isebenzisa ukuhlakanipha; lowo othi iwashi le-alamu kufanele lindize umane usemkhakheni wephupho elizimele.
Ubuciko, Ukusungula Izinto Ezintsha, kanye Nemakethe Yemisebenzi
Ezweni lanamuhla lobuchwepheshe, lo mehluko ubalulekile. Ukucabanga kokudala kusekelwe ezinsikeni ezintathu: umcabango, inganekwane, kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha. Umcabango usebenza njengendlela ebonakalayo eyenza imicabango ibe ngokoqobo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusungula izinto ezintsha kuwukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kwalombono, ukufuna imiphumela esebenzayo newusizo , ngaphandle kokuboshwa ubuhle noma amaphupho.
Emsebenzini, imicabango ingasiza ekuqaliseni ukucabanga , okuvumela ukwakheka kwemibono engenangqondo, ngemva kokuhlungwa ngokusebenzisa ingqondo kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha , iba yimibono ephazamisayo. Ochwepheshe abanekhono lokushintsha phakathi kokuthi "kuthiwani uma..." (iphupho) kanye nokuthi "ukwenza kanjani" (ukusungula izinto ezintsha) bavame ukuba matasa kakhulu futhi bangabi sengozini yokucindezeleka kwenjwayelo.
Ngokukhula koBuhlakaniphi Bokwenziwa, ikhono lomuntu lokushayela izinqubo zokusungula izinto ezintsha ngokusebenzisa umcabango liba yinzuzo yokuncintisana. Akukhona nje ukucubungula idatha, kodwa nokuba nokuzwela kokudala okungakabi khona, kusetshenziswa ulwazi lwezinzwa kanye nenkumbulo njengezinto zokusetshenziswa zalokhu okusha.
Ukuqonda ukuthi inganekwane iwumbuso wamaphupho kanti umcabango uyibhuloho eliya ekudalweni kusenza sikwazise ukudlala kanye nokunemba kobuchwepheshe. Ngokulinganisela ulwazi oluqondile kanye nekhono lokusungula izinto ezintsha , asikwazi nje ukuphupha ngemihlaba engenakwenzeka, kodwa futhi singaba namathuluzi adingekayo okuguqula lokhu kukhanya kube amaqiniso aphathekayo nasha.