- Ukuvela komqondo wenganekwane, kusukela embonweni kaPlato ogxekayo kuya ekwamukelweni kwawo njengethuluzi lokudala ezincwadini zanamuhla.
- Umehluko wokufundisa phakathi komcabango owakhayo kanye nenganekwane njengendlela yokubalekela iqiniso, ikakhulukazi endleleni kaMontessori.
- Ithonya lababhali abanjengoCervantes kanye nokuguquka kusuka ezithombeni ezithinta imizwa kuya ekudalweni kwezwe eliyinkimbinkimbi eliqanjiwe.
Uma sikhuluma ngekhono lokudala imihlaba, sivame ukuxuba imiqondo yokuthi umcabango kanye nenganekwane sengathi ziyinto efanayo. Kodwa-ke, uma sihlola umlando wemicabango yabantu, kusukela eGrisi Yasendulo kuya emibonweni yokufundisa yanamuhla, siyaqaphela ukuthi kukhona inethiwekhi ephithizelayo yezincazelo okuchaza indlela esibona ngayo okungokoqobo nokuthi yini ewumkhiqizo wezingqondo zethu.
Lolu hambo lusithatha ngezindlela ezingaqondakali, sidlula phakathi kwezazi zefilosofi ezazisaba imibono ekhohlisayo yengqondo kanye nababhali abaguqula... okungajwayelekile futhi okungenakwenzeka esisekelweni sezinhlobo zonke zezincwadi. Ukuqonda lokhu kuguquguquka akuyona nje into yokufunda, kodwa kuyindlela yokuqonda ukuthi kanjani Siveza izifiso zethu, ukwesaba kwethu, namaphupho ethu. ngezithombe, nakuba zingekho ngokoqobo, ezinethonya elikhulu engqondweni yethu.
Umsuka Wefilosofi: Kusukela KuPlato Kuya Ku-Aristotle
Ukuze siqonde ukuthi konke kwaqala kuphi, sidinga ukubuyela kuPlato, owasebenzisa leli gama i-phantasmata ukuchaza izethulo ezingazange ziphinde zikhiqize iqiniso ngokwethembeka. Kuye, inganekwane yayihlotshaniswa nesizinda se kubonakala (phainesthai), ezibeka endaweni yombono kunokuba ibe yiqiniso eliphelele. Kulo mongo, lo mdwebi wayebhekwa njengomuntu owadala i-simulacra, ehlukanisa umuntu nengqikithi yokuba khona.
Nokho, u-Aristotle waletha umbono olinganiselayo, ebona inganekwane njengomuntu ophakathi nendawo. Kuye, akukho ukucabanga ngaphandle kwemizwa, noma ukwahlulela ngaphandle kwemicabango. Kusebenza njenge- ibhuloho phakathi kwemizwa nokucabangaukuvumela izithombe zezinto ezingekho ukuthi zihlale ezingqondweni zethu, into ebalulekile ekusindeni kwezilwane kanye ukuqonda komuntu.
Lesi sisekelo sakudala sathonya kakhulu iRenaissance. Ababhali abanjengoFernando de Herrera bagcizelele ukuthi ukucabanga kuyisici amandla emvelo omphefumulo, ekwazi ukwakha izithombe eziyiqiniso noma ezingamanga ngokwentando yomuntu, ihlanganise umqondo wokuthi ingqondo ingakwazi ukupenda imidwebo yangaphakathi ngokusekelwe ezinkumbulweni zemizwa.
UCervantes kanye nokwakhiwa koMhlaba Wezincwadi
UMiguel de Cervantes waphakamisa le ngxoxo ngokuguqula inganekwane ibe amandla ashukumisayo omsebenzi wakhe. KuDon Quixote, i- ukudideka phakathi kokufunda kanye neqiniso Yilelo iphuzu eliyinhloko. Umlingiswa oyinhloko akacabangi nje kuphela; Ucwile emcabangweni. kukhulu kangangokuthi ukusungulwa kwezincwadi zobuqhawe kuba yiqiniso kuphela kuye.
UCervantes usebenzisa umcabango njengento ithuluzi lokuphrojekthaIsibonelo esicacile kakhulu yisithombe sikaDulcinea, ongumuntu ongokoqobo intokazi emangalisayo, ebunjwe yisifiso nesidingo seqhawe. Lapha, umcabango uyayeka ukuba nje ukwamukela (ukukhumbula okuthile) bese uba okukhiqizayo nokuqamba izinto ezintsha, ukudala ubunjalo kanye nemihlaba, nakuba kuyinganekwane, eyenzeka ngamandla angempela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, emisebenzini efana nePersiles, uCervantes uhlola umqondo wokuthi izincwadi zingaba kudlule umcabango, eveza amaqiniso angavamile kangangokuthi abonakala engewona ayiqiniso, kodwa aphonsela inselele umbono womfundi ngalokho okungenzeka, ehlanganisa Amanga ezincwadi aneqiniso elingokomzwelo.
Umbono Wezemfundo Nowengqondo
Uma sisuka ezincwadini siye emkhakheni wezemfundo, sithola imibono ehlukene kakhulu. Endleleni kaMontessori, isibonelo, kukhona ukuhlukana okuqinile. Inganekwane ibhekwa njengesifo esingaba khona. Kuthinta ubuntu bomntwana uma kumvimbela ekugxileni ezweni langempela. Lapho ingqondo izulazula ingalawulwa ezindaweni ezingekho, ingahlukaniswa neqiniso. umsebenzi ojwayelekile wokuqonda kanye nokucabanga okujulile.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i- Ukucabanga kubhekwa njengenqubo yokudala engcono kakhulu.Nakuba iphupho lingaba yiphupho elingenzi lutho, ukucabanga kuqala kusukela eqinisweni kuya phatha ulwazi futhi udale izixazululo. Isibonelo esisebenzayo kungaba umehluko phakathi kokuphupha ukuthi amawashi e-alamu ayandiza (iphupho) kanye cabanga ukuthi ungawathuthukisa kanjani amagiya yewashi (umcabango wokudala).
Lo mehluko usikisela ukuthi ukuhlakanipha kukhula ngokusebenzisa ukuthintana nokhonkoloKungemva kokuhlanganisa isisekelo sabo ezweni langempela kuphela lapho umuntu angasebenzisa khona umcabango wakhe ukuze... ukudlula okubonakalayo kanye nokuthuthukisa izinto ezintsha, ukuguqula ilukuluku elizulazulayo libe ukuphishekela ulwazi kwangempela.
Ukuvela Kohlobo Lwenganekwane Kwesimanje
Izincwadi zenganekwane, njengomkhuba, ziye zathuthuka kakhulu. Ekhulwini le-19, ababhali abanjengoPoe noShelley bachitha umbono kaPlato, baguqula akunakwenzeka ezintweni zobuciko zokusetshenziswaELatin America, lokhu kwafinyelela esicongweni ngeMagical Realism, lapho ababhali abanjengoGabriel García Márquez noJorge Luis Borges basebenzisa khona... umcabango omuhle kakhulu ukuzindla ngeqiniso lakho lezenhlalo nelokuphila.
Nokho, muva nje, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi igama elithi "fantasy" liye lasetshenziswa ngendlela ethile. ukucindezelwa yizindinganiso zezentengiselwanoNamuhla, abaningi bahlobanisa inganekwane nama-dragons, abathakathi, kanye nezindawo zasendulo kuphela, bengayinaki... inganekwane engavamile kanye nezinye izinhlobo zezincwadi eziqanjiwe ezifuna ukuhlola ingaphakathi lomuntu, izifiso zakhe namaphupho amabi, kude nezindaba ezivamile emakethe.
Njengamanje, ukuvezwa kobuciko nakho kuyanda ezindleleni zokwelapha, njengezincwadi zokufaka imibala ezigxile... izidalwa kumnandi, ezisebenzisa indlela yokubona ukuze zithuthukise inhlalakahle yengqondo kanye nokuxhumana kwemisipha, okufakazela ukuthi ukusebenzisana nomcabango kubalulekile ku- ukulinganisela ngokomzwelo yabantu bayo yonke iminyaka.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokusebenzisa izingxoxo zefilosofi mayelana i-mimesisKungakhathaliseki ukuthi uDon Quixote wayeneziphithiphithi ezinhle, izindlela zokufunda eziqinile, noma indlela yokubhala, ikhono lokucabanga lihlala linjalo... insika yesipiliyoni somuntuokusivumela ukuthi siguqule umbono wethu ngomhlaba futhi sithole izindlela ezintsha zokuzwa iqiniso lethu.