I-Positive Psychology igatsha lepsychology eligxile ocwaningweni lwenhlalakahle yomuntu, injabulo, namandla omuntu ngamunye anomthelela ekuchumeni komuntu. Kwavela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 nesazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uMartin Seligman futhi ihlose ukuqonda nokukhuthaza imizwa eyakhayo, ubudlelwano obunempilo, impumelelo yomuntu siqu, kanye nokukhula komuntu siqu. Izicelo zayo zihlukahlukene, kusukela ekukhuthazeni inhlalakahle nempilo yengqondo kuya ekukhuliseni umkhiqizo nenjabulo emsebenzini. I-Positive Psychology ibonakale iyindlela ephumelelayo nentsha yokugqugquzela ukuthuthukiswa komuntu kanye nokwenza ngcono izinga lempilo yabantu.
Iyini I-Positive Psychology: imiqondo kanye nezindlela zokuphila kahle ngokomzwelo.
I-Positive Psychology igatsha lesayikholoji eligxile ocwaningweni nasekukhuthazeni inhlalakahle engokomzwelo futhi kusuka injabuloNgokungafani nezindlela zendabuko ezigxile ezicini ze-pathological kanye nezifo zengqondo, I-Positive Psychology ifuna ukuqonda nokukhuthaza izici ezinhle zokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu.
Le ndlela yavela ngawo-1990, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo u-Martin Seligman njengomunye wabadali bayo abakhulu. Seligman wahlongoza ukuthi i-psychology akufanele igxile ekuxazululeni izinkinga kuphela kodwa futhi nasekuhlakuleleni izimfanelo ezinhle nasekuqiniseni izimfanelo ezinhle zabantu.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Positive Psychology kuhlukene, okuhlanganisa ukukhuthazwa kwe ithemba, lapho ukubonga Kuvela umshado ngempilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uyazinikezela futhi ekutadisheni imizwelo eyakhayo, njenge injabulo kanye ithemba, futhi sikhuthaze ubudlelwano obunempilo nobunenjongo.
Ngokugxila ekuthuthukiseni amandla omuntu kanye nokukhuthaza inhlalakahle engokomzwelo, le ndlela igqama njengethuluzi elibalulekile lokuthuthukisa impilo yengqondo kanye nezinga lempilo.
Ukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwe-Positive Psychology: amasu okuthuthukisa inhlalakahle nenjabulo.
I-Positive Psychology yindlela yokusebenza kwengqondo egxile ekutadisheni izici ezinhle zabantu, njengenjabulo, inhlalakahle, kanye nezinga lempilo. Ngokuphambene nengqondo yendabuko, evame ukugxila ezinkingeni kanye nama-pathologies, i-Positive Psychology ifuna ukuqonda nokukhuthaza izici ezinhle zabantu.
Okunye okusebenzayo kwe-Positive Psychology ukuthuthukiswa kwamasu okuthuthukisa inhlalakahle nenjabulo. Ngokungenelela kwengqondo, ochwepheshe bangasiza abantu bahlakulele imizwa eyakhayo, baqinise ubudlelwano babo nabanye abantu, bathole amandla abo, futhi bathole injongo nenjongo ekuphileni kwabo.
Kunamasu amaningana angasetshenziswa ukukhuthaza inhlalakahle nenjabulo. Ngokwesibonelo, umkhuba wokubonga uye wahlotshaniswa namazinga aphezulu enjabulo nenhlalakahle. Ukukhuthaza abantu ukuthi bagcine ijenali yokubonga, lapho beqopha khona njalo lokho abakubongayo, kungabasiza bashintshe ukugxila kwabo kokuhle futhi bazise izinto ezinhle ezimpilweni zabo.
Elinye isu eliphumelelayo ukuhlakulela imizwelo eyakhayo, njengenjabulo, uthando nethemba. Imisebenzi efana nokuphrakthiza izenzo zomusa kanye nokuhlanganyela emisebenzini ejabulisayo kungasiza abantu ukuba babe nemizwa eyakhayo eyengeziwe ekuphileni kwabo kwansuku zonke, okunomthelela enhlalakahleni engokwengqondo enkulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqinisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni inhlalakahle nenjabulo. Ukwakha izixhumanisi ezinengqondo nabanye abantu nokuzijwayeza uzwela nobubele kungathuthukisa ikhwalithi yobudlelwano futhi kube nengxenye ekuphileni okwanelisa kakhudlwana.
Ngamaqhinga asekelwe ebufakazini besayensi, ochwepheshe bangasiza abantu ukuba bathuthukise izinsiza zengqondo ezibenza baqine kakhudlwana futhi bakwazi ukubhekana nezinselele zokuphila ngokuqiniseka nangokuzethemba.
Izisekelo ze-Positive Psychology: thola izinsika ezi-3 ezibalulekile zokuphila kahle.
I-Positive Psychology iwumkhakha we-psychology ogxile ekutadisheni imizwelo eyakhayo, amandla omuntu siqu, nobuhle bomuntu. Ngokungafani nendlela evamile, egxile ezinkingeni zengqondo nasezifo, i-Positive Psychology ifuna ukukhuthaza inhlalakahle nenjabulo yabantu.
Izisekelo ze-Positive Psychology zisekelwe ezinsikeni ezintathu ezibalulekile zokuphila kahle: imizwelo eyakhayo, umshado e ingqondo empilweni. Imizwelo eyakhayo ibhekisela emizweni efana nenjabulo, ukubonga, nethemba, enengxenye ekuphileni okujabulisayo nokwanelisa kakhudlwana. Ukuzibandakanya kuhlobene nolwazi lokugeleza, isimo sokugxila kanye nokucwiliswa ngokuphelele emsebenzini. Injongo ekuphileni ihilela ukufuna injongo nenjongo, okwenza izenzo zethu zibe nenjongo futhi zisisize sibhekane nezinselele zansuku zonke.
I-Positive Psychology yavela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uMartin Seligman engomunye wamavulandlela aphambili kulo mkhakha. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, indlela enhle iye yasetshenziswa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, njengemfundo, umsebenzi, nempilo yengqondo. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukuzijwayeza ukuvivinya umzimba kokubonga, ukufuna imisebenzi enikeza injabulo nenjongo, nokuthuthukisa ubudlelwano obuhle amasu asebenzayo okuthuthukisa inhlalakahle kanye nezinga lempilo.
Ngokuqonda izisekelo ze-Positive Psychology futhi siyisebenzise ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke, singahlakulela ukuphila okugcwele nokujabulisayo.
Umsuka we-Positive Psychology: qonda ukuthi le ndlela yokusungula yavela kanjani.
I-Positive Psychology iyindlela entsha eyavela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, okuhloswe ngayo ukufunda inhlalakahle yabantu nokukhuthaza ukuchuma komuntu siqu. Umsuka wale ndlela ungalandelwa kusazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uMartin Seligman, owathi desenvolveu umqondo ngesikhathi sobumongameli be-American Psychological Association ngo-1998.
U-Seligman waqaphela ukuthi i-psychology yendabuko igxile ngokuyinhloko ezinkingeni kanye ne-pathologies, ishaya indiva izici ezinhle zokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu. Wayekholelwa ukuthi kwakudingeka khulisa ukugxila kwePsychology ukufaka isifundo senjabulo, ukwaneliseka, kanye nokuphila kahle.
Ngakho-ke, i-Positive Psychology yazalwa njengendlela entsha efuna ukuqonda amabutho kanye nobuhle bomuntu, kanye nokukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono nezimo zengqondo eziholela abantu ekuphileni okugcwele nokwanelisayo.
Kusukela lapho, i-Positive Psychology iye yanda futhi yazuza indawo eyengeziwe ku-Psychology yesimanje, ithonya izindawo ezimbalwa ezifana nePsychology yomtholampilo, yenhlangano neyokufundisa. okwamanje, ingenye yezindlela ezidume kakhulu nezithembisayo ngaphakathi kwe-Psychology, efaka isandla ekuthuthukisweni kolwazi ngalokho okusenza sijabule futhi sigcwaliseke.
I-Positive Psychology: umqondo, umlando kanye nezicelo
A I-Positive Psychology Indlela entsha ngaphakathi kwengqondo esivumela ukuthi sifunde ubukhulu bomuntu ojwayelekile, ongenazo izifo futhi sihlole amandla akhe nobuthakathaka. Iwucwaningo lwesayensi lokusebenza okuphelele komuntu, okushintsha ukugxila kwayo kwezempilo, inhlalakahle, impumelelo, kanye nezinga lempilo.
Kwachazwa ngu Seligman e Csikscentmihalyhi ngo-2000 njengomkhakha wesayensi wokufunda okuhlangenwe nakho okuhle, izici ezinhle zomuntu ngamunye, nezinhlelo ezisiza abantu ukuba bathuthukise izinga labo lempilo. Abasunguli be-Positive Psychology bahlongoza futhi bagcizelele izici ezinhle zabantu.
Kuyigatsha lesayensi yokusebenza kwengqondo osekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwengu-15 likhona futhi elifuna ukuthola nokuqonda, ngocwaningo lwesayensi, izici nezinqubo ezilele ngemuva kwezimfanelo ezinhle zabantu.
Bafuna ukufunda amandla, imizwelo eyakhayo kanye nobuhle babantu kanye nemiphumela yabo yokuphila, izici eziye zathonywa imodeli yezokwelapha evelele iminyaka.
Isibonelo, ekuhlaziyweni okwenziwa ukuze kubonwe inani lokushicilelwe okuhle nokubi (phakathi kuka-1872 no-2003), bekungenzeka ukuthi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ucwaningo lwabantu abangalungile lwaluphindwe kabili inani lokushicilelwe okuhle.
Izinsika ezintathu eziyisisekelo ze-Positive Psychology (Seligman, 2009) zimi kanje:
1. Ukufunda ngemizwa eyakhayo (impilo ejabulisayo)
2. Ukufunda amandla nezimfanelo ezinhle (impilo yomshado)
3. Ukufunda ngezikhungo ezinhle (impilo enenjongo)
Umlando we-positive psychology
Ukuqala okusemthethweni kwePositive Psychology kusanda kwenzeka, futhi uMartin Seligman ukusungula engqungqutheleni ayibambe ukuze aqale isikhathi sakhe njengomongameli we I-American Psychological Association , ngo-1999. Uneminyaka engaphezudlwana nje kweshumi ubudala.
Nokho kuyiqiniso ukuthi uma sikhuluma ngemvelaphi yayo singabuyela emuva kude.
Iqiniso liwukuthi inhlalakahle ikhona ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ifilosofi yaseNtshonalanga, isibonelo, ibilokhu izama ukuhlaziya izimo zokufinyelela inhlalakahle.
Futhi ababhali abahlukahlukene, esingagqamisa phakathi kwabo u-Aristotle, Spinoza noma Schopenhauer, babonisa injabulo.
Kupsychology, siphinde sithole ababhali abanjengo James , Allport , Rogers ou UMaslow .
Injabulo kanye nokusebenza okwanele nokusebenza kahle komuntu kwacwaningwa, isibonelo, ngezandla zikaMaslow, ngokuzibonela noma yi-Allport ngokuvuthwa ngokwengqondo.
I-Psychology isanda kuqala ukucabangela inhlalakahle ye-subjective, amandla omuntu, nokuthi yiziphi izici ezenza abantu bajabule njengezinto zocwaningo lwayo.
Kwakungonyaka ka-2000 lapho inkulumo ethi “Positive Psychology” (Positive Psychology) yabhalwa okokuqala, ngezandla zikaSeligman noCsikszentmihalyi, bephikisana ngokuthi lesi mhlawumbe kwakuyisiqalo esisemthethweni.
Konke kuvela emhlanganweni ongakahleleki laba bacwaningi ababili ababa nawo eholidini, nalapho uSeligman ebuka khona, ebuka indodakazi yakhe eneminyaka engu-5 ubudala, ukuthi i-psychology ibilokhu isekelwe ekuguleni futhi ayizange ikhathazeke ngezici ezinhle.
U-Seligman uyaqaphela ukuthi i-psychology igxile ekuvimbeleni, ekuxilongweni nasekulapheni ingqondo yomuntu, ngokusekelwe kumodeli yezokwelapha yokunciphisa umzimba kanye nokunganaki amandla omuntu.
Lo mbono waqala ukushintsha phakathi nekhulu lama-20, futhi ngokusekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi impilo yayingasabhekwa njengokungabikho kwezifo.
Ukuze umuntu abe nempilo enhle futhi aphile, akumelwe nje akhululeke ezifweni kodwa futhi abe nempilo ephelele. Indlela iya isiba yi-salutogenic.
Ukwenza lokhu, udinga ukufunda izinsiza ezinhle abantu abanazo futhi ukhuthaze amandla ethu ngamunye.
Ababhali bayo, u-Seligman no-Csikszentmihalyi, bakuchaza njengocwaningo lomlingiswa wesayensi wamandla omuntu, ukwamukelwa kwemibono evulekile, egxile emandleni abantu, ixwayisa ngezisusa nezici zabo.
Isiyalo esihle sibhekwa njengesidingo ngoba eqinisweni elingokwengqondo kudingekile ukunganaki izici ezingezinhle kuphela kodwa nezinhle ukuze uqonde kangcono abantu ngokomtholampilo.
Inkulumompikiswano kuPositive Psychology
Kwaqubuka impikiswano mayelana nokuba khona kwePositive Psychology njengegatsha elizimele ngaphakathi kwengqondo, elinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlaziya izici ezinhle zabantu.
Leli gatsha elisha lizoba nesibopho sokufunda injabulo nokuphila kahle futhi ngeke ligxile ku-psychopathology kanye nokushoda.
Impikiswano yaphakama ngoba abanye abacwaningi bathi le ndawo yesayensi yezengqondo ayiyona entsha, njengoba i-psychology, ngokwencazelo, nayo inesibopho salezi zici.
Kodwa-ke, abanye abaningi baneqhaza lokuthi akuyona into entsha ngokuphelele akusho ukuthi ayikwazi ukunikezwa ngesakhiwo somuntu ngamunye, lapho singacutshungulwa ngokujulile nangokuvulelekayo, kutholwe kabusha lokho esingakunikeza.
Okuyiqiniso ukuthi i-psychology igxile, iminyaka eminingi, ekutadisheni kwe-pathological nokuthi yini eyenza abantu bangajabuli.
Kangangoba isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo siqhubeka nokuba, namuhla, uchwepheshe ongaphendukela kuye ekwelapheni izimpawu, i-psychopathology kanye ne-psychotherapy.
I-Positive Psychology ihlose:
- Nweba umbono we-psychology ukuze uyeke ukugxila ekulimaleni nasengqondweni futhi ugxile emandleni, ubuhle, namandla omuntu.
- Yabelana ngolimi olufanayo ngazo zonke izici ezinhle zokuba umuntu.
- Nikeza ukuqina kwesayensi ocwaningweni oluhle lwabantu.
- Thuthukisa inhlalakahle nokugcwaliseka kubo bonke abantu.
- Phenya konke okuhlobene nokuphila kahle kwengqondo yomuntu ngamunye.
Futhi ngakho konke lokhu, wakwazi ukubeka etafuleni isifundo sezindawo ezintsha ze-psychology ngaphambili ezazibhekwa njengezingenamsebenzi.
Izakhiwo ezifanele kakhulu ze-Positive Psychology
1. Injabulo
Ukwakhiwa kwenjabulo kungenye yezici eziyinhloko ze-psychology enhle. Akuwona umqondo omusha, njengoba injabulo iyingxenye yakho kokubili izikole zefilosofi ze-hedonic ne-eudaimonic.
Umbono wenjabulo ye-hedonic umelelwa "inhlalakahle ye-subjective", okungukuthi, izinga lokwaneliseka komuntu maqondana nempilo yakhe, yiliphi izinga lokuthinta okuhle nokubi abanalo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sithola umbono we-eudaimonic, oqalwe ngu I-Aristotle , ekhuluma ngenjabulo njengenhlalakahle yomuntu siqu.
2. Inhlalakahle yesihloko
Njengoba sishilo ekwakheni injabulo, inhlalakahle ye-subjective ivela kumbono we-hedonic, ngoba abalobi bathola ukuthi yakhiwa: ukwaneliseka ngokuphila, umthelela omuhle kanye nomthelela omubi.
Kunezinhlaka ezintathu ezihlukene phakathi kwazo, nakuba zihlobene, ngakho-ke, lokhu kwakhiwa kwakhiwe okuhlanganisa zonke ezintathu.
3. Inhlalakahle yomuntu siqu
Kulo mbono, amamodeli ahlukene afakiwe. Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kuzoba ekaRyff.
Le modeli ibheka ukuthi kunezizinda ezihlukene ekuthuthukisweni komuntu okwanele, okuhlanganisa ukuzimela, ukulawula, ukwamukelwa komuntu siqu, ukukhula kanye nobudlelwano obuhle nomgomo).
Abanye ababhali, abanjengoRyan noDeci, baphikisa ngokuthi kunezici ezimbili: okokuqala, umuntu wenelisa izidingo zakhe eziyisisekelo bese imigomo ihambisana nempilo yakhe.
Seligman noPeterson, isibonelo, bahlongoza imodeli ehlanganisa amandla angama-24, okuhlanganisa: ilukuluku, uthando lokufunda, ukucabanga okujulile, ubuciko, ukubekezela, ukwethembeka, uthando.
4. Imizwa emihle
Esinye sezakhiwo ezifanele kakhulu yimizwa eyakhayo, njengothando noma amahlaya, isibonelo.
Esinye isibonelo esinjalo yi- flow ka-Csikszentmihalyi (1997), okuwumuzwa wenjabulo noma inhlalakahle yangaphakathi eba khona lapho umuntu egxile emsebenzini owenzayo futhi elahlekelwa umkhondo wesikhathi.
5. Ukuqina
Esinye isici esithakazelisayo se-Positive Psychology ukusebenza kahle kwabantu, kanye nokuguquguquka okuhlobene nakho.
Isibonelo, i-psychology yendabuko ifunde ukuthi yiziphi izici eziholela ekuphenduleni okuthile kwe-pathological ukuze kungenelele futhi kuvinjwe.
Nokho, ngokwalo mbono, kuzogxilwa kwabasindile noma labo abangagcini ngokuba nezinkinga, okungukuthi, labo abangenazo iziyaluyalu. Sasizokhuluma ngabantu abaqinile.
Ukuqina kungachazwa njengekhono labantu lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezibuhlungu futhi babe namandla ngenxa yokuhlangenwe nakho.
6. Ukuba nethemba
Intshisekelo ocwaningweni lokuba nethemba futhi ivela ku-Seligman, ohlongoza Ufunde Ithiyori Yokungabi Nakuzisiza futhi kamuva uba nesithakazelo, ngoba kungase futhi kube ithemba.
I-Optimism yisici esingokwengqondo esenza abantu babone futhi bahlulele ikusasa ngendlela eyakhayo.
Ukulindela okuhle kubhekwa njengenye yezakhiwo ezithakazelisa kakhulu ukukhuthaza inhlalakahle yabantu ngabanye.
Ukulindela okuhle kungase kusebenze njengesici esilinganiselayo empilweni yomuntu nokuziphatha, njengoba kungabakhuthaza ukuba bahlanganyele ekuziphatheni okukhuthaza ushintsho.
7. Ukudala
Ucwaningo lokusungula luphinde lwaqalwa kabusha ngale ndlela, njengekhono lokukhiqiza nokudala izinto ezintsha, kungaba imisebenzi yobuciko, imicabango noma izixazululo zezinkinga ezintsha.
Okuthakazelisayo ukuthi ubuciko butholakala njengento engafundwa futhi ithuthukiswe.
8. Amandla
Lawa amandla atholakala kumuntu ngamunye: izici ezingokwengqondo ezenzeka ezimweni ezehlukene ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi ezinemiphumela emihle.
Amandla abangela imizwa eyakhayo futhi ayizithiyo ezivikela izifo.
Eminye imiqondo efundwe kuPositive Psychology ihlanganisa inhlalakahle, ukwaneliseka kwempilo kanye nezinga lempilo.
Ikalwa kanjani i-Positive Psychology constructs?
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubusha be-Positive Psychology buyatholakala futhi ocwaningweni lwesayensi, ukuchaza nokusebenzisa imiqondo emisha ehlobene nomkhakha wenjabulo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ziyasetshenziswa ukuze zikwazi ukukalwa, futhi amathuluzi okulinganisa nemiklamo yokuhlola kukhiqizwa engakala ngokuthembekile nangokufanelekile imiqondo ehlukene, efana nethemba noma inhlalakahle eqondile.
Kukhona amathuluzi okulinganisa ukwaneliseka kwempilo kanye nomthelela omuhle noma omubi, konke kusekelwe kumbono we-hedonic wenjabulo. Isibonelo, isikali sePANAS (Watson, Clark, and Tellegen, 1988).
Isibonelo, ukukala izimfanelo ezihlongozwe nguSeligman noPeterson, sithola i-Strengths Inventory (VIA, Amanani Esenzo) , enezinto ezingama-240 ezinezimpendulo ezingaba ngu-5, lapho kungenzeka khona ukuhlola izinga lomuntu kulowo nalowo kubo.
Uchaza amandla angama-24 emikhakheni eyisithupha, okuyilezi: ukuhlakanipha nolwazi, isibindi, ubuntu nothando, ukulunga, ukuzithiba kanye nokweqa.
Ukuze kukale ithemba, kukhona i-Life Orientation Test (LOT), ka-Scheier no-Carver, ehlola okulindelekile ngekusasa.
Izicelo ezifanele kakhulu ze-Positive Psychology
I-positive psychology ivula izindawo eziningi zocwaningo nokwelashwa, hhayi nje emkhakheni wocwaningo kanye nokwelashwa kwengqondo, kodwa futhi ibe nomthelela ekufundiseni kanye nezinga lempilo yomuntu.
Kwahlolwa amasu ahlukene, abonakala esebenza ngempumelelo, ngezifundo zokuhlola kanye nezinguquko eziphawulekayo emaqenjini abasebenza kuwo ku-Positive Psychology.
Lezi zindlela zihlose ukukhulisa inhlalakahle nenjabulo yabantu ngokuba nethemba, umusa, ukuthethelela noma ukubonga, isibonelo.
Wasebenza ku-psychology yezokwelapha, kodwa futhi emkhakheni we-psychology yenhlangano kanye ne-psychology yezemfundo.
Ucwaningo oluhlukene luye lwaphetha ngokuthi, isibonelo, ukuhlonza amandla kuhlotshaniswa nenjabulo enkulu kanye nezimpawu ezimbalwa zokucindezeleka.
Ithemba libikezela nemiphumela yamaphrojekthi abantu.
Amandla abuye ahlotshaniswe nempilo engcono nokusebenza okuphezulu kubaphathi.
Ingabe i-positive psychology ibalulekile?
I-Positive psychology ibalulekile ngoba iyinkambu engaphakathi kwesayikholoji ehlose ukuthuthukisa izinga lempilo yabantu ngokugxila ezintweni zabo ezinhle.
I-Positive psychology yintsha, kodwa iqinile ngokwesayensi, inezifundo eziqinile kanye nezinguquko ezinhle ezimpilweni zabantu.
Lesi sinqumo sihlose ukuhlinzeka ngolwazi olusha mayelana nengqondo yomuntu, ukungaxazululi izinkinga eziningi zomuntu, kodwa ukuzuza izinga lempilo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umbono wendlela yesayensi.
Ihlose ukuchaza ukuthi yini eyenza ukuphila kuzuze, izici ezisiholela ekujabuleni, ekuchumeni nasekuphileni ukuphila okugcwele nokunenjongo.
Futhi wena, ucabanga ukuthi i-psychology enhle ibalulekile?
Izinkomba
- Ikolishi Elisemthethweni Lochwepheshe Bezengqondo yaseCatalonia. I-Positive Psychology Coaching.
- Contreras, F. kanye no-Esguerra, G. (2006). I-Positive psychology: umbono omusha ku-psychology. Ijenali ye-Diversitas, 2 (2).
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