Umsebenzi, ukungalingani, kanye nempilo: imiphumela, ubufakazi, kanye nezinselele.

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Ubudlelwano phakathi komsebenzi, ukungalingani kanye nempilo sebube ngenye yezihloko ezishisa kakhulu empilweni yomphakathi yanamuhla., ikakhulukazi ezweni elibhekene nenkinga yezomnotho, ukungavikeleki kwemisebenzi kanye nokwanda kwezikhala zomphakathi. Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule, ucwaningo lwamazwe ngamazwe lukwenze kwacaca ukuthi akwanele ukubheka okwenzekayo endaweni yokusebenza: kufanele sibheke uhlobo lomsebenzi, ukuphepha okunikezwayo, ukuvikelwa komphakathi okuhlobene kanye nemodeli yezomnotho echaza lokho.

Nakuba kukhona umkhiqizo wesayensi ocebile kakhulu ngempilo yabasebenzi, ukungalingani kanye izinqumo zenhlalo yezempiloNokho, kusalokhu kusele izikhala ezibalulekile: kuncane okufundwayo ngalokho okwenzekayo emazweni anemali engenayo ephansi kanye nalawo anemali engenayo ephansi, kunokujula okuncane kunalokho okudingekayo ezimbangela zokungalingani kanye nokuhlaziywa okunganele kwezinqubomgomo zomphakathi ezikwazi ukunciphisa ukungalingani empilweni. Lesi sihloko sihlanganisa lolu lwazi ngokuningiliziwe, siluhlanganisa nezibonelo eziqondile ezivela eMexico naseSpain futhi sinikeza umbono obanzi wokuthi umsebenzi kanye nokuvikelwa komphakathi kwakheka kanjani impilo nokuphila kwansuku zonke.

Ukuguqulwa komhlaba wonke, ukuqashwa, kanye nokungalingani kwezempilo.

Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, inqubo yokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, eqhutshwa yizinqubomgomo ze-neoliberal, ishintshe kakhulu umhlaba womsebenzi....kusukela ezinkomba zomnotho omkhulu kuya empilweni yansuku zonke yesisebenzi ngasinye. Ukukhululeka kwezimakethe, ukuguquguquka kwamalungelo, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezimakethe zezabasebenzi kanye ukuhlukaniswa kwabasebenzi Badale izimo ezihlukene kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe, kodwa ngento eyodwa efanayo: ukwanda kokungalingani kwemali engenayo, ukuphepha kwemisebenzi, kanye nokufinyelela ekuvikelweni komphakathi.

Izifundo eziqondiswa amanethiwekhi aphesheya kwezilwandle, njenge-Employment Conditions Network (EMCONET), esekelwa yi-WHO kanye ne-ILO.Izifundo zikhombisile ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuqonda ukungalingani kwezempilo ngokubheka kuphela izinto eziyingozi emsebenzini (umsindo, izinto ezibangela amakhemikhali, i-ergonomics, njll.). Kubalulekile ukufaka uhlaka lomqondo oluhlanganisa uhlobo lomsebenzi, ukuzinza, amalungelo abasebenzi, ukuvikelwa komphakathi, ubulili, isigaba senhlalo, kanye nezinqubomgomo zezomnotho nokugula, ukufa, kanye nekhwalithi yephrofayili yokuphila emazweni ahlukene.

Lo mkhawulo womhlaba wonke uhlukanisa amazwe ngokwezici zezimakethe zawo zomsebenzi. – isibonelo, izinhlelo ezinezivikelo zomphakathi eziqinile kanye nezinyunyana ezisebenzayo uma kuqhathaniswa nezimo eziphawulwe ukungahleleki okukhulu kanye nokuntuleka kwamalungelo – futhi zahlaziya ukuthi lezi zimiso zihumusha kanjani zibe yizingozi ezingalingani zokugula nokufa. Izifundo zamacala emazwenikazi amaningana zivumele ukubhalwa kwezimo ezihlukene kakhulu: kusukela kubasebenzi abavikelwe kakhulu kwezomnotho wezenhlalakahle oqinile kuya emaqenjini amakhulu angenazo izinkontileka, angenazo izimpesheni, futhi angenazo ukufinyelela njalo ezinsizakalweni zezempilo.

Iphuzu eliyinhloko lalezi zifundo ukuthi indlela umsebenzi ohlelwe ngayo isebenza njengesici esiyinhloko sempilo yomphakathi.Izimakethe zezisebenzi ezihlukene – ezinemisebenzi “ephakeme” ezinzile nevikelwe kanye nenqwaba yezikhundla ezingaqinisekile nezingekho emthethweni – zivame ukukhiqiza kabusha futhi zijulise ukungalingani okukhona kwesigaba, ubulili, uhlanga, kanye nendawo. Lokhu kubonakaliswa kokubili ngomehluko wobude besikhathi sokuphila kanye nokufa, kanye nokwanda kwezifo ezithelelanayo, izifo ezingamahlalakhona ezingathelelani, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, kanye nezingozi zomsebenzi.

Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "Ukwehla Komnotho Okukhulu" kanye nezinkinga zomnotho ezalandela kwaba yisivivinyo sokucindezeleka kulezi zinhlelo.Lokhu kugqamisa indlela ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali kwezenhlalo, izinguquko zomsebenzi ezihlehlayo, kanye nokungabi sesimweni esihle kobudlelwano bezisebenzi okwandisa ngayo ukungazethembi kwemali engenayo kanye nokucindezeleka kwengqondo, kanye nokwandisa izikhala ekufinyeleleni izinsizakalo zezempilo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinkinga ezinjalo zivule izingxoxo mayelana nezinguquko zezikhungo kanye nezinqubomgomo zomphakathi ezikwazi ukunciphisa ukungalingani kwezempilo, ziqinisa ukubaluleka kwezifundazwe eziqinile zenhlalakahle kanye nezinqubomgomo zokuqashwa ezifanele.

Izinkinga zomphakathi, ukungalingani, kanye nezinqubo zokunakekelwa kwempilo nezifo.

Umbuzo wezenhlalo – okungukuthi, ukuthi imiphakathi ibhekana kanjani nobumpofu, ukubandlululwa, kanye nokungalingani kwesakhiwo – uhlobene kakhulu nezinqubo zempilo, ukugula, ukunakwa, kanye nokunakekelwa.Ukubuyekezwa okubanzi kwedokhumentari, okugxile ekukhiqizweni komhlaba wonke eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, kusenza sikwazi ukuxazulula imibuzo emibili eyisisekelo: ukungalingani kubonakaliswa kanjani ekusatshalalisweni kwezehlakalo zezempilo-ukugula-ukunakekelwa? Futhi umsebenzi kanye nokuvikelwa komphakathi kuzithinta kanjani lezi zinqubo ezifanayo?

Ngokombono wokungalingani kwanamuhla, ukuhlobana okucacile kungabonakala phakathi kwamazinga okungalingani kwezenhlalo nezomnotho kanye nezinkomba zezempilo., njengokulindeleke kokuphila, ukufa okuphelele kanye nezimbangela ezithile, ukwanda kwezifo ezithathelwanayo, kanye nokusabalala kwezifo ezingamahlalakhona ezingathathelwana. Imiphakathi engalingani kakhulu ivame ukubonisa imiphumela emibi kuzo zonke lezi zindawo, ikakhulukazi kumaqembu asengozini kakhulu.

Izikhala ekufinyeleleni ubulungu kanye nokunakekelwa kwempilo zingenye yezindlela eziyinhloko eziguqula ukungalingani kwezenhlalo kube ukungalingani kwezempilo.Izinhlelo ezisekelwe kumshuwalense ohambisana nomsebenzi osemthethweni azibandakanyi izingxenye ezinkulu zabantu abanemisebenzi engaqinisekile, engahlelekile, noma eyenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile. Lokhu kudala amaqembu aphelele athembele kumanethiwekhi omphakathi angaxhaswa ngokugcwele noma izinsizakalo zangasese ezisezingeni eliphansi, okuholela ekuxilongweni okulibazisekayo, ukuntuleka kokunakekelwa okuqhubekayo, kanye nomthwalo omkhulu wokuhlupheka okungagwenywa.

Izinguquko zakamuva emakethe yezabasebenzi - njengokuguquguquka, ukukhishwa kwemisebenzi ngaphandle, "ukwenziwa kwe-PJ" (ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi ngokusebenzisa osonkontileka abazimele), kanye nokwandiswa kwezinkontileka ezisekelwe emalini. – Bahlela kabusha ukuchayeka ezingozini zempilo. ingcindezi yokufinyelela imigomoLokhu, futhi, kugcina abesifazane begxile emisebenzini engabalulekile, evame ukuhlotshaniswa nokunakekela, eneholo eliphansi, izinkontileka eziyingozi kakhulu, kanye namashifu amabili noma amathathu, okuhlobene namazinga aphezulu okucindezeleka kwengqondo, ukukhathala okungapheli, kanye nezifo ezithile.

Lezi zinguquko zithinta ngqo izinkomba ezifana nezingozi zasemsebenzini, ukulimala kokucindezeleka okuphindaphindiwe, kanye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuhlobene nomsebenzi.Ukwanda kwesivinini sokukhiqiza, ukuxinana kwemisebenzi, kanye nengcindezi yokuhlangabezana nemigomo ezimweni ezingenalo ukuvikelwa komphakathi kuba yindawo evundile yokukhathala, ukukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka, kanye nokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa, okuvame ukungabonakali yizibalo ezisemthethweni.

Umsebenzi kwezempilo: umsebenzi omuhle, umsebenzi oyingozi, kanye nezingozi.

Umkhakha wezempilo unikeza isibonelo esihle kakhulu sokuhlangana phakathi komsebenzi, ukungalingani, kanye nempilo.Nakuba ochwepheshe bezempilo beyizisebenzi eziyinhloko zokunakekelwa, bona ngokwabo bahlushwa izimo zokusebenza eziyingozi, amahora anzima, kanye nokuntuleka kokuvikelwa komphakathi okwanele.

Leli cala libonisa izendlalelo ezimbili zokungalingani: lokho okubhekene nochwepheshe bezempilo, abanemali engenayo ephansi, ukungavikeleki kwabasebenzi kanye nokuntuleka kwamalungelo, kanye nalokho kweziguli, ezibhekana nokubambezeleka ezinqubweni ezibalulekile ngenxa yamaphutha esakhiwo ohlelweni.. Umuzwa wokungabi namandla kwalabo abafunde bathatha isikhathi eside kangangokuthi bangakwazi ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele amakhono abo okuhlinza uhumusha ukuthi ubungozi buthinta kanjani isisebenzi kanye nabasebenzisi benkonzo.

Ngokusho kwe-International Labor Organization (ILO), umsebenzi ubhekwa “njengofanele” uma uqinisekisa imali engenayo eyanele yokumboza izidingo eziyisisekelo, ukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono, unikeza ukuzinza, ukuvikelwa komphakathi kanye nezimo zokusebenza eziphephile.Ukuba khona kwenkontileka esemthethweni kanye nezindlela zokuvikela umphakathi kunciphisa ukungaqiniseki kanye nokuguquguquka kwemali engenayo yomndeni, kanye nokukhuthaza ukuqhubeka kwezifundo zezingane kanye nokwandisa amandla emindeni okubhekana nezinkinga zezimali noma izinkinga zempilo.

Kodwa-ke, emazweni amaningi anengeniso ephakathi nendawo, imisebenzi emihle isalokhu iyinto engavamile emkhakheni wezempilo.Ezimweni ezifana neMexico, naphezu kokuqashelwa okusemthethweni kokubaluleka kokuqinisa uhlelo nokwandisa izinsiza zokwakha izindawo zokubeka izikhala kanye nokulungisa abasebenzi ukuze bathole amaholo, ukunyakaza okubalulekile kwabasebenzi bezempilo kuyaqhubeka, njengemibhikisho ka-2023 ezifundeni eziningana, egxeka amaholo aphansi, ukuntuleka kweminikelo, ukugcwala ngokweqile kanye nokungavikeleki.

Ukuntuleka kochwepheshe, ukugcwala ngokweqile, kanye nokungalingani kwezindawo.

Ngokuphathelene nokutholakala kwezinsizakusebenza zabantu, amazwe amaningi aseLatin America anokuntuleka kwabasebenzi bezempilo uma kuqhathaniswa nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke.Isibonelo, eMexico, kwakunabantu abangaba ngu-9,4 abasebenza ekunakekelweni kwezempilo kanye nasemisebenzini eyengeziwe yezenhlalo kubantu abayinkulungwane, inani elingaphansi kakhulu kwelamazwe angomakhelwane njengeColombia (16,3) kanye neCosta Rica (16).

Ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kubaluleke kakhulu ekunakekeleni abahlengikazi.Ngo-2020, iMexico yayinabahlengikazi ababalelwa ku-2,9 kubantu abayinkulungwane, kanti isilinganiso se-OECD sasingu-8,8 kubantu abayinkulungwane. Kalula nje, lokhu kusho ukuthi izwe linabasebenzi abangaphezulu kwengxenye yesithathu ababhekwa njengabanele, okuholela enanini eliphezulu leziguli ngochwepheshe ngamunye, isikhathi esincane sesiguli ngasinye, kanye namazinga aphezulu okukhathala.

Lokhu kushoda kunemiphumela eqondile ekuphepheni kanye nekhwalithi yokunakekelwa.Uma sicabanga ukuthi uthisha uthola abafundi abaningi ngokuphindwe kathathu noma umthengisi wezitolo ezinkulu okhonza amakhasimende amaningi ngokuphindwe kathathu, bekuzobonakala sengathi isimo siyinkimbinkimbi kakade; nokho, kwezempilo, lokhu "okuthathu" kungasho amaphutha emithi, ukubambezeleka ekutholeni izimo eziba zimbi kakhulu, kanye nokwehluleka ekuqapheni iziguli ezigula kakhulu, kanye nengozi yangempela yokulahlekelwa yimpilo.

Ngaphezu komsebenzi wobuningi, umsebenzi wobuhlengikazi uhilela imisebenzi eyingozi kakhulu kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu.Ukunikeza imithi, ukuqapha izimpawu ezibalulekile, ukwenza nokufundisa izinqubo zokuhlanzeka, ukuqopha ulwazi kumashadi eziguli, ukubhekana nezifo ezithelelanayo kanye neziguli ezigula kakhulu. Ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19 lwaveza lesi simo, lwabeka laba ochwepheshe engcupheni yokutheleleka, ukucindezeleka kwengqondo, kanye namahora okusebenza aqatha.

Ukusabalala kwezindawo kwabasebenzi bezempilo kwenza kube nzima nakakhulu ukungalingani.EMexico, ngo-2017, izifundazwe eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili azizange zifinyelele inani lochwepheshe abanconywe yi-WHO. Ngokwezinto ezingokoqobo, lokhu kusho ukuthi izifunda ezinkulu azinawo amandla okuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezanele kubantu bazo. Umehluko mkhulu phakathi kwezindawo zasemadolobheni nezasemakhaya: cishe ama-6,5% kuphela abahlengikazi abasebenza ezindaweni zasemakhaya, naphezu kwesidingo esisobala sokunakekelwa kulezi zindawo.

Umehluko wemiholo, izinhlelo ezingaphansi kanye nezinkontileka zomsebenzi ezingaqinisekile

Imiholo yochwepheshe bezempilo iyahlukahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe nangaphakathi kwezinhlelo zezwe ngokwazo.Uma kuqhathaniswa nozakwabo emazweni afana neChile neCosta Rica, odokotela abajwayelekile baseMexico kanye nochwepheshe bathola imali encane, futhi okufanayo kubonakala emkhakheni wobuhlengikazi, lapho umhlengikazi wesibhedlela eMexico athola khona, ngo-2020, cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zomholo wochwepheshe waseChile.

Ngaphakathi kohlelo lwaseMexico, imali engenayo incike ezingeni lesisebenzi (A, B, noma C) kanye nohlelo olungaphansi abaxhumene nalo (isb., i-IMSS, i-ISSSTE, noma izakhiwo ezilandela i-Insabi).Ngo-2021, abasebenzi be-IMSS babevame ukuba namaholo aphansi kunalawo akwezinye izinhlelo ezincane, yize babenezinzuzo eziningi zokuphepha komphakathi, njengempesheni enhle yomhlalaphansi.

Umehluko awukho phakathi kwezinhlelo ezincane kuphela, kodwa futhi ungaphakathi esibhedlela esifanayo.Ngesikhathi semibhikisho yango-2023, kwavela ukuthi odokotela ababulala izinzwa abanemisebenzi efanayo, abasebenza esibhedlela seHhovisi likaNobhala Wezempilo laseMexico City, bangathola ama-peso aphakathi kwezinkulungwane eziyishumi nambili nezinkulungwane eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili, kuye ngohlobo lwenkontileka. Labo ababehola kancane ngokuvamile babengebona abangamalungu enhlangano futhi babenezinzuzo ezimbalwa, okwembula inqubo yokwahlukaniswa kwangaphakathi ngokusekelwe ezinhlotsheni ezihlukile zenkontileka.

Ngokomlando, kuze kube sekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-2000, izikhundla ezihlala njalo ezinezinzuzo ezinkulu kanye namalungelo okusebenza amisiwe zazivame kakhulu emkhakheni womphakathi.Kodwa-ke, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, umqondo wokuxoxisana ngenkontileka yomuntu ngamunye waba yinto esakazekile, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza okuphumelelayo kwezinyunyana, kwavula ithuba lokungabi sengozini enkulu: izinkontileka zesikhashana, ukuntuleka kokuphepha komphakathi, ukuvikeleka okuncane uma kwenzeka ukugula, kanye nokuthatha umhlalaphansi okungaqinisekile.

Phakathi kuka-2019 no-2020, cishe ingxenye yesihlanu yabasebenzi bezokwelapha eMexico bathola amaholo afinyelela kwamabili aphansi, futhi cishe oyedwa kwabayishumi wayengenazo izinzuzo zomphakathi noma umshwalense wezempilo.Lokhu kubonisa indida yochwepheshe abanomthwalo wemfanelo wezempilo yomphakathi, nokho, abangenazo iziqinisekiso ezincane zokuphepha komphakathi kwabo.

Ukwanda komkhakha ozimele kanye nokungaqiniseki okungabonakali.

Esinye isenzakalo esibalulekile ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kwezinsizakalo zokunakekelwa kwempilo ezizimele, ikakhulukazi njengempendulo yemikhawulo kanye nohlu lokulinda olude lomkhakha kahulumeni.Ngo-2021, cishe abantu abayisithupha kwabayishumi eMexico bafuna ukunakekelwa kubahlinzeki abazimele, njengamahhovisi odokotela, imitholampilo exhunywe kumakhemisi, izibhedlela ezizimele noma izakhiwo ezinamahhovisi azimele.

Kulesi simo, imisebenzi eyingozi ivame kakhulu kunasemkhakheni kahulumeni.Idatha evela ku-National Occupational and Employment Survey (2019-2020) ikhombisa ukuthi odokotela abangaphezu kwengxenye babesebenza emkhakheni kahulumeni, kanti abanye babesebenza emkhakheni ozimele. Phakathi kwalaba, cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezinhlanu yathola amaholo afinyelela kwamabili ngaphandle kwenkontileka ebhaliwe, ingxenye yesine yayingenazo izinzuzo zomphakathi, kanti cishe ingxenye yayingenawo umshwalense wezempilo.

Ukwanda kwemitholampilo emakhemisi, isibonelo, kuhlanganisa ukufinyelela okusheshayo kwabasebenzisi kanye nezimo ezibuthakathaka kochwepheshe.Amaholo aphansi, imigomo yokukhiqiza engacacile ehlobene nokuthengiswa kwezidakamizwa, ukuzimela okuncane kwezokwelapha, kanye nokungabi nasiqinisekiso somsebenzi. Lawa malungiselelo aqinisa ukuhlukaniswa: labo abakwaziyo ukukhokhela izinhlelo noma imitholampilo esezingeni eliphezulu; labo abangakwazi ukusebenzisa izinsizakalo zangasese ezishibhile nezingenabungozi noma ababhekene nemigqa emide ohlelweni lomphakathi.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuqashwa kwabantu abangaphandle kanye nokwanda kwemisebenzi ngesikhathi esisodwa kuholela ochwepheshe abaningi ekuqongeleleni imisebenzi.kanye nokushintshana okuqhubeka kuze kube sebusuku, ukushintshana, kanye nesikhathi esincane sokuphumula, okuthinta kokubili impilo yomzimba (izinkinga zokulala, izifo zenhliziyo) kanye nempilo yengqondo (ukukhathazeka, ukucasuka, ukukhathala ngokomzwelo).

Lo mqondo wemisebenzi eminingi kanye nokuntuleka kokuzinza nakho kuphazamisa ukuhlelwa kweqembu.Lokhu kwenza buthaka izinyunyana kanye nezinhlangano zobungcweti, ezilahlekelwa amandla azo okuxoxisana nezikhungo zomphakathi kanye nezinkampani ezizimele. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlukana kwezivumelwano kuba yindlela enamandla yokukhiqiza ukungalingani ngaphakathi kwemisebenzi yezempilo ngokwayo.

Ubudlova, ukungazethembi, kanye nomkhuba womsebenzi.

Ubudlova obuhlobene nobugebengu obuhleliwe bunezela ungqimba olukhulu ezimweni zokusebenza kwezempilo. Emazweni aphawulwe yizingxabano kanye nokuba khona okukhulu kwamaqembu ahlomile, eMexico, kusukela okungenani ngo-2011, odokotela nabanye ochwepheshe bebeshiya imiphakathi yonke ngenxa yokwesaba ukuphangwa, ukuthunjwa, noma ukubulawa.

Kwakukhona ukukhuthazwa okuningana yinhlangano yezokwelapha emazweni afana neChihuahua (isibonelo, iCiudad Juárez), iMorelos, iDurango, iVeracruz, iJalisco, kanye naseMexico City uqobo....nemashi nemibhikisho efuna izimo zokuphepha eziphansi ukuze kuqhutshwe lo msebenzi. Lezi ziqephu zikwenza kucace ukuthi, ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso sobuqotho obungokomzimba, ayikho inqubomgomo yokuthutha ochwepheshe baye ngaphakathi kwezwe esebenza ngendlela eqhubekayo.

Ngo-2022, uhulumeni wobumbano waseMexico wazama ukubhekana nalesi simo ngokunikeza imisebenzi ezindaweni zasemakhaya enokuqashwa okusheshayo kanye namaholo aphezulu.Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe abaningi bathi ukungazethembi, okuhambisana nokuntuleka kwezinto zokwakha kanye nemishini, kuhlale kuyisithiyo esinamandla ekwamukeleni izikhundla ezinjalo. Umbono uwukuthi ukukhokha okwengeziwe akwanele uma impilo yesisebenzi kanye nemindeni yaso isengozini.

Ubudlova buphinde buthinte ukunakekelwa kwempilo ngendlela engaqondile.Amayunithi ayavala noma anciphisa amahora okusebenza, ama-ambulensi ayagwema imizila ethile, futhi amaqembu ayayeka ukuvakashela emakhaya ezindaweni eziyingozi. Konke lokhu kuhumusha ukufinyelela okubi kakhulu ekunakekelweni kwabantu asebevele besengozini, okwenza umjikelezo omubi phakathi kokungalingani komphakathi, ukungavikeleki, kanye nokuntuleka kokuvikelwa kwezempilo.

Kwabaningi ochwepheshe, ikakhulukazi abasebasha, inhlanganisela yezinkontileka zomsebenzi ezingaqinisekile, umthwalo womsebenzi omningi, kanye nokwesaba ubudlova kuholela ekuthutheleni kwangaphakathi ezindaweni ezinkulu zasemadolobheni noma ngisho nasekuthutheleni kwamanye amazwe.Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukuphuma kobuchopho ezindaweni ezingaphandle, okushiya izindawo zonke zisesimweni sokunganakwa okungapheli.

Ukungalingani ngokobulili emsebenzini wezempilo kanye nokufinyelela ekunakekelweni.

Esimweni saseMexico, odokotela besifazane banezinga eliphansi lokuqashwa (cishe ama-68,2%) uma kuqhathaniswa nodokotela besilisa (77%).Ingxenye enkulu yabo igcina izinikela isikhathi esigcwele emsebenzini wasekhaya nowokunakekelwa ongakhokhelwa (cishe u-14,5% wodokotela besifazane, uma kuqhathaniswa no-5,3% wabesilisa). Umthwalo wokuba ngumama kanye nokwahlukaniswa okungalingani kwemisebenzi yasekhaya kuholela ochwepheshe abaningi ukuba bakhethe umsebenzi wesikhashana noma bashiye imakethe yemisebenzi esemthethweni ngokuphelele.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesifazane babhekene nezingqinamba ezithile zokungena kochwepheshe abanjengokuhlinzwa okuvamile kanye ne-traumatology.Izindawo ezihambisana namashifti amade, amashifti asebusuku, kanye nokutholakala okuhlala njalo kubhekwa njengokungahambisani nokulindelwe umphakathi ukuthi abesifazane kufanele banakekele ikhaya nezingane. Umbono wokuthi lezi zindawo "azizona ezabesifazane" usebenza njengesithiyo esingenaphutha kanye nesithinta ingqondo, okuvimbela abafundi kusukela ezifundweni ze-undergraduate kuya phambili.

Emkhakheni ozimele, ukungalingani ngokobulili kusobala nakakhulu.Cishe ingxenye yodokotela besifazane (cishe u-49,9%) bathola imali engaphansi kwemiholo emibili, kuyilapho cishe u-10,9% kuphela wodokotela besilisa abakulelo zinga lomholo. Ngokuphathelene namahora okusebenza, cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zabesifazane zithola umsebenzi wesikhashana noma amahora amaningi, uma kuqhathaniswa nengxenye eyodwa kwezinhlanu yamadoda, okugqamisa iphethini yokungazethembi okukhulu kanye nokuxinana kakhulu kwabo.

Imibono ephambene ngobulili nayo ithinta amadoda asebenza ekunakekeleni.Abahlengikazi besilisa bavame ukuba namathuba omsebenzi aphansi kunabozakwabo besifazane, mhlawumbe ngoba imibono eyiphutha iyaqhubeka yokuthi ubuhlengikazi "buwumsebenzi wesifazane." Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani lodokotela nabahlengikazi besifazane abafuna umsebenzi noma abasebenza emisebenzini engaphandle kwensimu yezempilo likhulu kunenani lodokotela nabahlengikazi besilisa abasesimweni esifanayo, okuveza izithiyo ezengeziwe kumaqembu ahluka kumodeli yendabuko yodokotela wesilisa/umhlengikazi wesifazane.

Ngokuphathelene nokufinyelela ezinsizakalweni, ukungalingani ngokobulili nakho kudlala indima, njengoba icala laseSpain libonisa.Ucwaningo lwamuva lubonise ukuthi abesifazane bavame ukuyeka ukwelashwa ngenxa yezizathu zomnotho, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingambozwanga ngokuphelele ohlelweni lomphakathi, njengodokotela bamazinyo, ukwelashwa ngokomzimba, kanye nempilo yengqondo. Cishe ingxenye yabesifazane ababuziwe bathi babengenakukwazi ukuya kudokotela wamazinyo, uma kuqhathaniswa nesilinganiso esiphansi kakhulu phakathi kwabesilisa.

Ukungalingani kwezomnotho, impilo, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwansuku zonke eSpain.

Iqiniso eSpain libonisa ngokusobala ukuthi ukungalingani kwezomnotho kanye nezenhlalo kubonakala kanjani empilweni yomzimba neyengqondo.Ngokusho kombiko othi "Vivir la desigualdad 2025" (Ukuphila Nokungalingani 2025), olungiselelwe yinhlangano ehamba phambili kwezobulungiswa bezenhlalo, umbono wezempilo kanye nokufinyelela ekunakekelweni kuyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokuya ngezinga lemali engenayo kanye nezinye izimpawu zomphakathi.

Iningi labantu ababuziwe libike ukuthi linombono omuhle ngempilo yabo yomzimba neyengqondo.Kodwa-ke, phakathi kwabantu "abangakwazi ukuziphilisa," okusho labo abalwela ukukhokhela izindleko zabo eziyisisekelo, cishe ama-21,3% alinganisa impilo yabo engokomzimba "njengempofu," isilinganiso esiphindwe kabili kunesilinganiso sesampula. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukuntuleka kwezinsizakusebenza zezimali kuhlotshaniswa ngqo nomuzwa wenhlalakahle engokomzimba empofu.

Ukushiywa kokunakekelwa ngenxa yezizathu zomnotho kubonakala kakhulu ezindaweni ezifana nempilo yengqondo, ukunakekelwa kwamazinyo, kanye nokwelashwa ngokuzivocavoca.Ukwelashwa kwengqondo, isibonelo, kuvame ukudinga inkokhelo eqondile noma umshwalense owengeziwe, okwenza kungatholakali kulabo abaphila ngesabelomali esincane. Lesi simo sikhathaza kakhulu esimweni sokwanda kwezinkinga zokukhathazeka nokucindezeleka.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, cishe abantu abane kwabayishumi abaxoxiswene nabo eSpain banomshuwalense wezempilo ozimele, kanti cishe ingxenye yesine banomshuwalense wamazinyo....izilinganiso eziye zanda uma kuqhathaniswa neminyaka edlule. Lo mkhuba ubonisa ukuba khona kwezinhlelo ezimbili zokunakekelwa kwempilo ndawonye: eyodwa yomphakathi, ecindezelwa uhlu lokulinda, kanye nenye yangasese, efinyeleleka kulabo abanemali eyanele yokuthenga izinhlelo, okuqinisa ukungalingani okwakukhona ngaphambilini.

Ukungalingani akugcini nje ngokuphathelene nemali engenayo, kodwa futhi nokuphathelene nezenhlalo kanye nobuhlanga.Abantu abansundu, isibonelo, bavame ukubika ukuthi kufanele banciphise ukudla kwabo okusha, njengenyama, inhlanzi, izithelo, nemifino (cishe u-49%) uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu abansundu (cishe u-36,7%). Lo mehluko, nakuba ubonakala uyinto encane kwisabelomali semindeni, unemiphumela ebalulekile ekudleni okunempilo, ingozi yezifo ezingamahlalakhona, kanye nenhlalakahle iyonke.

Ukungalingani ngokobulili kanye nokufinyelela ekunakekelweni kwezempilo eSpain

Emongweni waseSpain, ukungalingani ngokobulili nakho kuphawula kakhulu ulwazi lwezempilo.Abesifazane banamathuba amaningi okuyekela ukwelashwa okuthile ngoba bengenakukwazi ukukukhokhela. Cishe abesifazane abangu-44,9% bathi babengenakukwazi ukuya kudokotela wamazinyo ngenxa yobunzima bezezimali, uma kuqhathaniswa nabesilisa abangu-37,4%, okuveza umehluko omkhulu.

Lo mqondo ofanayo uyaphindwa kwezinye izinsizakalo ezikhethekile.Abesifazane banamathuba amaningi okuyeka ukwelashwa nge-physiotherapy, ukwesekwa kwengqondo, noma ezinye izindlela zokwelapha ezibhekwa “njengokwengeza,” kodwa empeleni ezibalulekile ekugcineni ikhwalithi yokuphila, ikakhulukazi ezimweni zobuhlungu obungapheli, ukunakekelwa komndeni ngokweqile, noma ukucindezeleka ngokomzwelo.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwemali engenayo ephansi, umthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu wokunakekela izingane nokunakekela abantu abadala, kanye nemisebenzi eyingozi kakhulu kushukumisela abesifazane abaningi ukuba babeke impilo yamanye amalungu omndeni phambili kuneyabo.Lokhu kuholela ekuxilongweni sekwephuzile, ukulawulwa kabi kwezifo ezingamahlalakhona, kanye nokuhlupheka okukhulu buthule, okuthinta kokubili impilo yomuntu siqu kanye nokubamba iqhaza emakethe yezabasebenzi.

Ukwanda kokumbozwa komshuwalense wangasese phakathi kwezigaba zabantu abahola imali ephakathi kanye nabaphezulu, ngesikhathi esifanayo namaqembu ampofu aqoqa ukulahlekelwa ekunakekelweni kwezempilo.Lokhu kubonisa indlela ukunakekelwa kwezempilo okuba ngayo ukubonakaliswa okuqondile kokungalingani kwezenhlalo. Ukuba khona kohlelo lomphakathi oluhlanganisa wonke umuntu kuyisiqalo esiyisisekelo, kodwa ngaphandle kwezinqubomgomo zokusabalalisa kabusha kanye nezindlela eziqinisekisa ukufinyelela okusebenzayo nokufika ngesikhathi kubo bonke, izikhala zivame ukwanda.

Izinhlangano ezifana ne-Oxfam Intermón zigcizelela ukuthi ukubhekana nobumpofu kuhilela ukubhekana nokungalingani okububangelayo., okuhlanganisa nalezo ezibonakala emkhakheni wezempilo. Lokhu kusho ukusebenza ngasikhathi sinye ngezinqubomgomo zezimali, imakethe yezabasebenzi, ukuvikelwa komphakathi, kanye nokuqinisa izinsizakalo zomphakathi, njalo kuxoxiswana nezinhlangano zomphakathi kanye nabantu abathinteka ngqo.

Ngokuqoqa ubufakazi obuvela emazweni nasezimweni ezahlukene, kuba sobala ukuthi umsebenzi, ukungalingani, kanye nempilo kwakha unxantathu ongenakuhlukaniswa.Izimakethe zezisebenzi ezingazinzile, ukuvikelwa komphakathi okubuthakathaka, ukungalingani ngokobulili nangokohlanga, ubudlova, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlelo zezempilo kuhlangene ukukhiqiza amaphethini okugula angenabulungisa kakhulu. Ukubhekana nalesi simo kudinga izinqubomgomo zokuqashwa ezifanele, ukuqinisa impilo yomphakathi, ukunciphisa ukungalingani kwezomnotho, kanye nokukhuthaza ukulingana ngokobulili nangokohlanga, ukuze ochwepheshe kanye nabasebenzisi bakwazi, empeleni, ukwakha izimpilo ezinempilo nezihloniphekile.