Umsuka We-Carnival: Umlando, Incazelo, kanye Nokwanda Komhlaba Wonke

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I-Carnival namuhla ifana namaphathi, umculo onomsindo, imigwaqo enabantu abaningi kanye nezingubo ezijabulisayo.Kodwa ngemuva kwalokhu kuqhuma kwemibala kukhona indaba ende, egcwele... izendlalelo zenkolo, zezombusazwe nezamasikoEsikhathini eside ngaphambi kwemikhosi yama-sambadromes kanye nezixuku ezilandela ama-trio kagesi, abantu abahlukene base bevele begubha amasiko okuguquka komphakathi, ukuzala, kanye nokushintsha kwezinkathi, okwathi kancane kancane, kwakha isimo kulokho esikubiza ngokuthi i-Carnival.

Kusukela eMesopotamiya kuya ezinhloko-dolobha ezinkulu zomhlaba wamaKristu, kudlula eMbusweni wamaRoma, eNkathini Ephakathi yaseYurophu, kanye nasekubusweni kwamakoloni aseMelika.I-Carnival ibilokhu ihunyushwa kabusha njalo: ngezinye izikhathi ihlushwa yiSonto, ngezinye izikhathi ithathwa njengengxenye yekhalenda le-liturgical, iqinisekiswa njalo ngabantu njengendawo yokulawula ukweqa umthetho, ukuhleka, ukugxekwa komphakathi, kanye nokujabula ngaphambi kwezinkathi zokuzila nokuzisola.

Umsuka wegama kanye nezimpande zasendulo zeCarnival

Umsuka wegama elithi "Carnival" ube yisihloko sezincazelo eziningi.I-etymology evame ukucashunwa ixhumanisa leli gama nesiLatini sakamuva, ngezinkulumo ezinjengokuthi u-carnis levare (“susa inyama”) noma ukuthatha inyama, ehlotshaniswa nesibopho samaKristu sokuzila inyama ngesikhathi seLent. Ngakho-ke kuvela nencazelo ethandwayo yalokhu inyama ifanele, okuqondwa ngokuthi “ukuvalelisa inyama,” kokubili ngomqondo ongokoqobo (ukudla) nangomqondo ongokomfanekiso (injabulo yomzimba).

Nokho, izazi zefilosofi ziyaphikisana nobulula balezi zizathu. futhi bakhomba ezinye izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Isazi-mlando saseSwitzerland uJacob Burckhardt, ngekhulu le-19, saphikisana ngokuthi "iCarnival" yavela i-carrus navalis, igama lodwendwe lwamaRoma oluhlobene nomkhosi Navigium Isidis, isiko lokuhlonipha unkulunkulukazi u-Isis, okungenzeka ukuthi wazuza eGibhithe. Kulolu dwendwe, isikebhe esihlotshiswe kahle sasithwalwa odwendweni lwasezweni, sihambisana nezithombe ezimbozwe izifihla-buso — isithombe esihlobene kakhulu nemikhosi yanamuhla yemikhosi.

Eminye imibono isikisela ukuxhumana nonkulunkulu namahlelo obuqaba akude kakhulu., njengonkulunkulukazi wamaCeltic uCarna (ohlotshaniswa nobhontshisi nebhekoni), umuntu waseNdiya uKarna wase Mahabharata noma ngisho nonkulunkulu wamaHindu wesifiso, uKāmadeva. Lezi zinkolelo-mbono zigcizelela ubukhulu bokukhanga kanye nobukaDionysian bomkhosi, ziphakamisa iqembu lamathonya ase-Indo-European, okuthi phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, ahlangane nezincazelo zobuKristu kuphela.

Ngisho nangaphambi kobuKristu, imiphakathi eminingana yayigubha amasiko anezici ezifana kakhulu neCarnival.EMesopotamiya, imikhosi yaseSacaea yayivumela isiboshwa ukuba sithathe indima yenkosi izinsuku ezimbalwa, sigqoke futhi siphile kanjalo, ngaphambi kokuba sibulawe. Komunye umkhuba waseMesopotamiya, inkosi yayihlaziswa obala phambi kwesithombe sikankulunkulu uMarduk, yalahlekelwa izimpawu zayo zamandla kodwa kamuva yazithola. Kuzo zombili izimo, into ebalulekile kwakuwukuguqulwa kwesikhashana kohlelo lomphakathi.

Phakathi kwamaGreki namaRoma, ukuxhumana neCarnival kuqondile nakakhulu.Imikhosi yamaGreki kaDionysian kanye neBacchanalia yamaRoma, eyayinikezelwe kuDionysus/Bacchus, yayiphawulwa ukudakwa, inkanuko, kanye nemidanso yokuhlanya. I-Saturnalia kanye ne-Lupercalia eRoma, eyayigujwa ebusika nangoFebhuwari, yayihlanganisa amadili, imidlalo, ukugconwa kwegunya, kanye nokuguqulwa kwendima okudumile, lapho izigqila zazithatha khona isikhundla samakhosi okwesikhashana.

Ezifundeni zaseJalimane naseCeltic, amasiko okuphela kobusika nawo ayenezici ezifana ne-carnival.Ukuxoshwa kwemimoya ebandayo okungokomfanekiso, imibukiso enezithombe ezimbozwe ngemaski, imibuthano enezintanta ezintantayo ezimise okwemikhumbi, kanye nokuba khona konkulunkulu abahlobene nokuzala, njengonkulunkulukazi uNerto. Abacwaningi abaningi babona kulezi zinkolo zezolimo njengesisekelo esibalulekile somqondo weCarnival njengomkhosi wokudlula ebumnyameni uye ekukhanyeni kanye nokugubha ukuzalwa kabusha kwemvelo.

Kusukela kobuqaba kuya kobuKrestu: ILent, iSonto, kanye nokungacaci.

Ngokukhula kobuKristu eMbusweni wamaRoma naseYurophu, iSonto laqala ukubheka le mikhosi yobuqaba ngokungabaza okukhulu.Le mikhuba yayibhekwa njengezinsongo zokuziphatha kanye nezikhundla zomphakathi. Amasinodi asendulo, amakhansela, kanye nabashumayeli basabela ngokhahlo: balahla izifihla-buso, ukugqoka izingubo eziphambeneyo, imidanso engcolile, ukugconwa ngegunya, nanoma yimuphi umkhuba ohlobene nemikhuba yasendulo.

Kusukela kuMkhandlu waseNicaea (325), kube nemizamo ebhaliwe yokuvimbela imikhosi ebhekwa "njengeyedemoni."Izintshumayelo zabantu abanjengoCaesarius wase-Arles, ngekhulu lesi-6, zilahla ngamandla "ukungcola kukaFebhuwari," imibhalo ekhuthazayo efana... Indiculus superstitionum et paganiarum, uhlu lwamasiko obuqaba okwakumelwe aqedwe. Ama-synod aseLeptines, ngekhulu lesi-8, aphinda ukugxeka, ehlanganisa izifihla-buso zezilwane, ukuwela ubulili, kanye nemikhosi enomsindo nobuqaba.

Nokho, empeleni, ukuvinjelwa ngokuphelele kwabonakala kungenakwenzeka.Abantu basemakhaya nasemadolobheni baqhubeka nokudinga izindawo zokuthola izinsizakalo zokucindezeleka kwansuku zonke, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sasebusika esinzima kanye nokuntuleka kwezinsiza. Kancane kancane, iSonto ngokwalo laqaphela ukuthi kungaba ngcono kakhulu ukwamukela imikhuba enjalo kunokuyiqeda ngokuphelele.

Amasu amabili amakhulu abe esevela: Ukwenziwa kobuKristu kanye nokuhlelwa kwenkonzo.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lesi sikhungo siqala ukuhlanganisa izinto ezithile zemikhosi ekhalendeni elisemthethweni—njengemibuthano, imidlalo yenkolo, nemikhosi yabangcwele—efuna “ukuhlanza” amasiko avela ebuqabeni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sibeka imingcele ngokusobala isikhathi sokuyekelela: ngaphambi kweLente, isikhathi sokuzila ukudla nokuzisola, isikhathi sokweqisa siyabekezelelwa.

Kungalesi simo lapho iCarnival ihlanganiswa khona njengesikhathi esikhulu sekhefu ngaphambi kweLent.UPapa uGregory Omkhulu (590-604) wasungula ukuqala kokuzila ukudla ngoLwesithathu Lomlotha, eshiya izinsuku ezandulelayo njengesikhathi sokudla inyama, ukuphuza, ukudansa, nokudlala ngokukhululeka. Phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, ezindaweni eziningi zamaKatolika, inkathi yemikhosi yayinwebeka cishe kusukela kuKhisimusi kuya ekuqaleni kweLente, isebenzisa wonke amaholide aphakathi ukuze ikhululeke.

Ngokombono wabantu, i-medieval Carnival "iyisiko lokuguqula izinto".Izifihla-buso zivumela umuntu ukuba alahle ubunjalo bakhe bansuku zonke, izindima zomphakathi ziyaguqulwa, amazinga okubusa ayalingiswa, futhi izimiso zokuziphatha nezokuziphatha ziyamiswa. Nokho, lokhu kuguqulwa kungokwesikhashana futhi kulawulwa; ekugcineni, ukuhleleka kuqinisekiswa kabusha ngokuqala kweLent, okufanekisela ukubuyela ekuqondisweni nasekuzinikelweni.

Izinsuku ezinyakazayo, ikhalenda yenyanga kanye nobudlelwano bazo nePhasika.

Isici esiyinhloko se-Christian Carnival usuku lwayo oluhambayo.Ikhalenda lenkonzo lihlelwe ngokuphelele ngePhasika — ngaphandle kukaKhisimusi — elilandela ukubalwa okusekelwe emjikelezweni wenyanga. IPhasika kumele liwele ngeSonto lokuqala ngemva kwenyanga egcwele yokuqala elandela i-equinox yasentwasahlobo eNyakatho Yenkabazwe (noma i-equinox yasekwindla eNingizimu Yenkabazwe).

Kusukela ngalolo suku, bala izinsuku ezingu-47 ubuyele emuva ukuze ufike ku-Carnival Tuesday.ULwesithathu Lomlotha luphawula ukuqala kwezinsuku ezingama-40 zeLent (singabali amaSonto), kuze kube yiSonto Lamasundu, kulandelwe yiSonto Elingcwele kanye neSonto LePhasika. Ngakho-ke, iCarnival ingaba khona ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari noma maphakathi noMashi, ihlukahluka minyaka yonke.

Kuwo wonke amakhulu eminyaka, eminye iminyaka iye yaduma ngesikhathi esibi kakhulu seCarnival.Isibonelo, ekhulwini lama-21, iCarnival yokuqala yayingomhlaka-5 kuNhlolanja 2008, kanti eyakamuva izoba ngoMashi 9, 2038. Izinsuku ezifana noFebhuwari 29 azivamile kakhulu, kodwa kungenzeka, njengoba zenzeka ngo-1876 futhi zizophinde zenzeke ngo-2028.

Lokhu kuncika emjikelezweni wenyanga kusondeza iCarnival kweminye imikhosi enokuqukethwe okunamandla okungokomfanekiso....njengePhasika lamaJuda namaKristu uqobo. Ezindabeni zeBhayibheli, inyanga egcwele idlala indima ebalulekile (njengasekuphumeni kwabantu abangamaHebheru eGibhithe), okuqinisa umqondo wokuthi iCarnival iyingxenye yemikhosi ebanzi yokuphela nokuqala kwemijikelezo, ukufa nokuzalwa kabusha, ubumnyama nokukhanya.

I-carnival yasendulo neyesimanje eYurophu

NgeNkathi Ephakathi, iCarnival yachuma njengokubonakaliswa okujwayelekile kwesiko elidumile laseYurophu.Ngokungafani nemikhosi elawulwa kakhulu yiSonto, njengeCorpus Christi, amadolobha amaningi ahlela imibuthano, ama-farce asezitaladini, imidlalo ye-burlesque, kanye namasiko "enkosi egulayo" noma "inkosi eyisiwula," kamuva okwaphefumulela umfanekiso weNkosi uMomo.

Ezifundeni zaseJalimane, imikhosi efana ne-Fastnacht noma i-Fastelavn yagcina ukuba khona okukhulu kwezifihla-buso ezinyanyekayo kanye nezithombe zezilwane.Emazweni aseLatin, njenge-Italy, iSpain, nePortugal, amasiko e-carnival ayesebenzisana nemikhosi yasendulo ye-Saturnalia kanye ne-Dionysian, ngisho nalapho kungekho mugqa oqondile wokuqhubeka. Izinto eziphindaphindayo—ukuguquka komphakathi, ukulingana kwesikhashana, ukuhleka usulu, inala—zisebenza “njengesitsha samasiko” esasetshenziswa kabusha ezinkathini ezahlukene.

IVenice yasheshe yazibonakalisa njengenye yezikhungo zeCarnival ezidumile kakhulu eYurophu.. Eyakho imaski ecwengekile Futhi imidanso ye-ballroom yaba uphawu lokungaziwa okukhululayo okuhlobene naleso sikhathi. Kodwa-ke, lo mkhosi waqedwa nguNapoleon ngo-1797 futhi waqala kabusha ngokusemthethweni ngo-1979, ngaleso sikhathi njengendawo yokuheha izivakashi emhlabeni jikelele.

IParis yadlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni iCarnival yanamuhla, ngama-parade, ama-floats, kanye nama-public balls.Kuyo yonke ikhulu le-19, imodeli yaseParis yaphefumulela amadolobha afana neNice, iSanta Cruz de Tenerife, iNew Orleans, iToronto, futhi ikakhulukazi iRio de Janeiro. Ukusuka eFrance, iCarnival nayo yaya endaweni eyayiyiNew France (Canada), isiza ekwakheni amasiko endawo.

I-German Rhineland ibone okunye ukuvuselelwa okukhulu kwe-carnival.Ngo-1823, iCologne yahlela umbukiso wokuqala wesimanje weCarnival esifundeni, owahlanganisa umqondo we-"Volksfest" - umkhosi odumile onobuzwe bendawo obuqinile, ukugxekwa kwezepolitiki, kanye nokuba khona kwabahlaya. Amadolobha anjengeDüsseldorf neMainz aduma ngemibukiso yawo emikhulu ethi "Rose Monday".

Ukungacaci kwenkolo, ukuphikisa ubuJuda, kanye nokuhleka okungcwele.

Ubudlelwano phakathi kweSonto neCarnival abukaze bube lula.Nakuba lesi sikhungo sazama ukugcina umkhosi ungaphakathi kwemingcele eyamukelekayo, asizange singabaze ukusebenzisa ingqondo ye-carnival ngokumelene namaqembu abhekwa njengezitha noma "izimbuzi zokucashela." Isibonelo, ubuJuda obumelene nobuKristu, bathole ukufana emikhubeni ehlazisayo eyenziwa ngqo esimweni se-carnival.

Ngekhulu le-15, ngaphansi kobupapa bukaPawulu II, iRoma yavuselela amasiko eSaturnalia, isebenzisa indlela enobudlova kumaJuda.Imibiko ichaza izinhlanga lapho amaJuda ayephoqeleka khona ukuba agijime enqunu emigwaqweni, ngemva kokudla kahle ukuze kwandiswe umzamo kanye nokuhleka kwesixuku. UPapa ngokwakhe wayebukele esemabhalkoni, ehleka, kuyilapho abantu behleka abahlanganyeli. Kuze kube yikhulu le-19, orabi base-ghetto babesaphoqeleka ukuba bamashe begqoke izingubo ezihlekisayo phakathi nalesi sikhathi.

Le mikhuba ihilela isithombe sobuKristu esivele sinengxenye esabekayo ngaphakathi kwaso.I-Passion of Christ, kanye nokuhlushwa kwayo esidlangalaleni, ukugconwa kwayo yibo bonke, kanye nokufa okuhlazisayo, ngokomlando ibilokhu isebenza njengesibonelo sezithombe lapho okungcwele kanye ne-comic kuhlangene khona. Emihlanganweni ethile yeSonto Elingcwele, njengaseSpain, abathembekile baze bafinyelele ezingeni lokuhlambalaza isithombe sikaJesu, ngendlela exakile yokuzinikela nokugconwa.

Ngokombono ongokomfanekiso, ukufana phakathi kukaKristu "neNkosi Yomkhosi" kunamandla kakhulu.Bobabili babonakala njengabantu bomhlatshelo: UKristu unikeza ukuphila okuphakade, kuyilapho iNkosi Yomkhosi Wokujabula, eshisiwe noma "ebulawa" ekupheleni kwemikhosi, ikhumbuza wonke umuntu ngesidingo sokwamukela ukufa njengengxenye yomjikelezo wokuphila. Emasikweni ahlukene, ukufa kwesithixo somkhosi wokugubha kuvala isikhathi sokuphazamiseka futhi kugunyaze ukubuyela esimweni esijwayelekile.

Ukusabalala kweCarnival emhlabeni wonke: eYurophu, e-Afrika naseMelika

Nakuba ngokuyinhloko kuhlotshaniswa nezifunda zesiko lamaKatolika, iCarnival namuhla iwumkhosi womhlaba wonke ngempela.Emazweni amaProthestani, ibizwa ngamanye amagama, njengeFastelavn (Scandinavia) noma iMardi Gras (izindawo zase-Anglican naseMethodist), kodwa igcina isimo somkhosi wangaphambi kweLenten. Ezindaweni ezivame kakhulu ubu-Orthodox, njengezingxenye zaseMpumalanga Yurophu, imikhosi efanayo ivela ngesonto elingaphambi kweLente Elikhulu, njengeSlavic Maslenitsa.

EYurophu, ngaphandle kweVenice, iParis, kanye neRhineland, imikhosi eminingi ivelele ngezimpawu eziqinile nezihlukile.EPortugal, i- "Umkhosi" Kuye kwabhalwa phansi kusukela ngekhulu le-15 futhi ekugcineni kwathunyelwa eBrazil, kwabuya emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva kunethonya elivela kuma-samba kanye nemibuthano yaseBrazil. Imikhosi yasemakhaya, njengaleyo yasePodence naseLazarim, igcina izici zobuqaba ezifanekisweni ezifana nezithombe ezifakwe izifihla-buso.

ESpain, iCarnival ithole imibukiso ecebile yesifunda.Imikhosi yaseCádiz, eSanta Cruz de Tenerife, eLas Palmas de Gran Canaria, e-Águilas, naseBadajoz ithole ukuqashelwa njengeMikhosi Yezintshisekelo Zokuvakasha Zamazwe Ngamazwe. I-murgas ehlekisayo, imincintiswano ye-comparsa, kanye nezingubo zobuciko sekuwuphawu lwabo lokuhweba.

Enyakatho naseYurophu ephakathi, kwavela ezinye izinhlobo.IBelgium iyikhaya lamasiko asendulo amakhulu eminyaka afana neBinche Carnival, lapho "ama-gilles" ayo egqoke izingubo ezimboziwe ephonsa amawolintshi esixukwini, kanye ne-Aalst Carnival, yomibili ebhalwe ohlwini lwe-UNESCO lweGugu Lamasiko Elingabonakali. Enyakatho yeFrance, iDunkirk Carnival iqala ngekhulu le-17 futhi ihlotshaniswa nohambo lwasendulo lokudoba izinhlanzi e-Iceland.

E-Afrika, iCarnival yafika ikakhulukazi ngekoloni lamaPutukezi.Isibonelo, e-Angola, kunemibhalo yemikhosi ye-carnival esukela maphakathi nekhulu le-19. Ngemva kokuphazamiseka ngesikhathi sempi yenkululeko, imikhosi yaqalwa kabusha, yaze yasetshenziswa njengophawu lwezepolitiki, njengasemikhosini ethi "Carnival of Victory," eyasungulwa nguMongameli u-Agostinho Neto ngawo-1970.

ECape Verde, iCarnival igujwa kuzo zonke iziqhingi ezihlalwa ngabantu.Ikakhulukazi, iMindelo (São Vicente) ivelele, ithonywe yizikole ze-samba zaseBrazil, kanye neSão Nicolau, lapho imibuthano yendabuko eminingi ihlanganisa izigubhu, ama-floats, kanye nezingubo eziphefumulelwe yiBrazil. Okwamanje, ePortugal enkulu naseziqhingini, izifunda ezifana neMadeira, i-Azores, i-Ovar, i-Torres Vedras, kanye neSesimbra ziye zakha izifunda ze-carnival eziqinile, zixuba amasiko endawo kanye nezinkomba zaseBrazil.

Ukufika kweCarnival eMelika

I-Carnival yawela i-Atlantic nabanqobi baseSpain nabasePutukezi., abaletha imikhuba yabo ye-carnival, amabhola afake izifihla-buso, kanye nemibukiso ecishe ibe yinto ehleliwe emakoloni aseYurophu. Ngesikhashana esifushane, abantu bomdabu, abantu base-Afrika abagqilaziwe, kanye nabantu bezinhlanga ezixubile baqala chaza kabusha le mikhosi ngenxa yezinhlobo zabo zamasiko.

E-Spain America, izikhungo ezinkulu zasemadolobheni ezazihlala ekoloni zazihlela imigubho yemikhosi kusukela ekuqaleni.Imibhalo ikhuluma ngemikhosi eCartagena, eMompox, emadolobheni aseceleni koMfula iMagdalena, kanye nasezindaweni manje ezingaphansi kwe-Argentina, eChile, ePeru, eBolivia, eMexico, eDominican Republic, phakathi kwezinye. Ezimweni eziningi, izicukuthwane zazama ukulawula noma ukuvimbela ukubandakanyeka kwabantu abamnyama nabomdabu, zivimbela izigubhu noma zikhawulele imibuthano ezindaweni ezivalekile.

Kusukela ngekhulu le-19 kuqhubeke, ngokuzimela kwamazwe aseLatin America, iCarnival yathola izici zayo zesizwe.Isibonelo, eMontevideo, sekuqalile iCarnival ende yezigaba kanye nemincintiswano yama-murga, ama-parodist kanye namaqembu e-candombe, manje abhekwa njengende kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Amadolobha afana neBarranquilla (eColombia), i-Oruro (eBolivia), iVeracruz kanye neMazatlán (eMexico), i-Encarnación (eParaguay), phakathi kwamanye amaningi, aguqula i-carnival yawo ibe yizindawo ezibalulekile zesifunda.

E-United States, iMardi Gras eNew Orleans kanye nemikhosi eMobile, e-Alabama, kwavumelanisa amamodeli aseYurophu nezimo zasendaweni.Ukuhlanganisa imibukiso yezindawo ezintantayo, izinhlangano eziyimfihlo (ama-krewe), amabhola anezifihla-buso, kanye nokuba khona okukhulu komculo wase-Afrika-waseMelika. ECuba, ama-"antruejos" nama-"carnestolendas" asendulo aguquka aba yimikhosi ephawulwa yi-conga, ukushaya okunzima, kanye nama-comparsas asiza abantu abamnyama abagqilaziwe kanye nabantu abampofu abakhululiwe ukulondoloza ubuwena babo kanye nesithunzi sabo.

I-Carnival eBrazil: kusukela emikhosini yangaphambi kweLenten kuya ephathini elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni.

EBrazil, iCarnival yafika ngokusemthethweni ne-Portuguese Entrudo, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16.Amarekhodi akhuluma ngomkhuba wayo ePernambuco cishe ngo-1533, ngemuva nje kokufika kwamakoloni okuqala, nasemadolobheni ahlukahlukene amakoloni, njengeRio de Janeiro, lapho amakhosi nabantu abayizigqila babehlanganyela khona emidlalweni.

I-Carnival yayiqukethe "impi yamanzi" kanye nezinto ezahlukahlukene.Izakhamuzi zaziphonsa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “amalamula anephunga elimnandi”—amabhola amancane e-wax agcwele amanzi anamakha, ngezinye izikhathi axutshwe noketshezi olungathandeki—kusuka emafasiteleni nasemabalcony kubantu abadlulayo. Babefutha nophuphu, ufulawa, nanoma yini enye engabangela ukuphazamiseka. Izikhulu ezifundile zahlukanisa lo mkhuba ngokuthi “ubuqaba,” kodwa wahlala uthandwa phakathi kwezigaba ezimpofu kakhulu nezigqila.

Kusukela ngekhulu le-19 kuqhubeke, kwavela izinhlobo ezintsha futhi kancane kancane zabeka phansi i-carnival yendabuko.Imidanso ye-Ballroom ephefumulelwe yiParis iyavela, kanye namaqembu athi "cordões" kanye "ranchos," ahlelwe omakhelwane noma izinhlangano, kanye nama-corso okuqala: imibuthano yezimoto ezihlotshisiwe, kanye nabantu abagqoke izingubo ezinde bephonsa i-confetti kanye nama-streamer.

Emashumini eminyaka okuqala ekhulu lama-20, iRio de Janeiro yaba yindawo ebalulekile yokucwaninga imodeli entsha ye-carnival.Inhloko-dolobha kahulumeni, ngaleso sikhathi eyayikhula ngokushesha, yahlanganisa ithonya laseYurophu nemizila yase-Afro-Brazil, ikakhulukazi i-samba yasemadolobheni eyayivela emagqumeni nasemaphethelweni. Ngo-1928, kwavela iDeixa Falar, isikole sokuqala se-samba esaziwa kanjalo, savula indlela eya eMangueira, ePortela, eSalgueiro, nakwezinye eziningi.

Umbukiso wesikole se-samba usuzisungule njengombukiso oyinhloko we-Rio's Carnival.Namuhla, njengoba iqashelwa yiGuinness World Records njengombukiso omkhulu we-carnival emhlabeni, idonsela abantu ababalelwa ezigidini ezimbili emigwaqweni nsuku zonke. I-Sambadrome, eyaklanywa ngu-Oscar Niemeyer, isingatha umbukiso wokuncintisana wezikole ze-samba ezingaphezu kuka-30, ngasinye sinesihloko saso, ingoma ye-samba, isenzo sokuqala, izingxenye, kanye nezindawo zokudlala.

Ngaphezu kombukiso osemthethweni, iRio ithola iCarnival yasemgwaqweni ephilayo, ephethwe amaqembu omphakathi namaqembu.Amaphathi angaphezu kuka-400 emigwaqweni—amaningi awo aqukethe izingoma ze-samba ezihlekisayo eziphawula ngezepolitiki namasiko—adonsela izixuku ezinkulu mahhala kuzo zonke izingxenye zedolobha. Imboni yeCarnival ikhiqiza izigidigidi zamaRandi, okuhlanganisa ezokuvakasha, izingubo, ama-workshop, amabha, ezokuthutha, kanye nemicimbi.

Amanye amadolobha aseBrazil akhe ubunjalo obuhlukile obuhambisana nemikhosi yomkhosi.I-São Paulo isisungule owayo umbukiso wesikole se-samba e-Anhembi Sambadrome, enamaqembu amakhulu afana ne-Vai-Vai, i-Nenê de Vila Matilde, i-Mocidade Alegre, ne-Rosas de Ouro, esekelwe Imboni yesimanje ye-Samba enezindlu zokucobelelana ngolwazi nemicimbi unyaka wonke.

ENyakatho-mpumalanga, iCarnival ithatha izinhlobo ezahlukene kakhulu.ESalvador, ama-trio kagesi anama-megaphone anamandla ahlanganisa izifunda ezifana neBarra-Ondina neCampo Grande, edonsela izixuku emisindweni ye-axé, i-samba-reggae, kanye neminye imiculo yeBahian. KuRecife no-Olinda, imiculo ye-frevo ne-maracatu ephilayo yabeka ijubane lamaqembu e-carnival adumile, ikakhulukazi iGalo da Madrugada, aqashelwa njengeqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke le-carnival emhlabeni.

Imikhosi ephawulekayo emhlabeni wonke: ukuhlukahluka kanye nezinto ezifanayo.

Ngaphandle kweBrazil, imigubho eminingi yemikhosi ithole udumo emhlabeni wonke kanye nesimo sefa lamasiko.E-Oruro, eBolivia, i-Carnival ihlanganisa ukuzinikela eNcasakazini yaseSocavão nohlelo lokudweba lukaDiablada, lapho odeveli abanemibala behamba khona bephethe izifihla-buso eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngendlela ecacile phakathi konkulunkulu wasendulo wase-Andean uWari/Supay nodeveli ongumKristu.

EColombia, iCarnival of Barranquilla kanye neCarnival of Blacks and Whites ePasto ziyizimpawu.Eyokuqala, eyamenyezelwa njengeLifa Lobuntu Elikhulunywayo Nelingaphatheki yi-UNESCO, ihlanganisa izinsuku ezine zemibukiso, izimpi zezimbali, izingqungquthela ezinkulu, kanye nokufa okungokwesiko kuka-"Joselito," isithombe esifanekisela ukuphela kwemikhosi. Eyesibili igubha, ngezinsuku ezahlukene, abantu abamnyama nabamhlophe, iqokomisa ukuhlala ndawonye okujabulisayo kwezinhlanga nezigaba zomphakathi.

ECaribbean naseMelika Ephakathi, iCarnival nayo ithatha imisebenzi ehlobene nobuwena kanye neyokuvakasha.I-Carnival yaseSan Miguel (e-El Salvador) igcwalisa imigwaqo ngama-orchestra kanye nama-"carnavalitos" omakhelwane; i-Carnival yaseLas Tablas (ePanama) ikhombisa ukuncintisana okukhulu phakathi kwamaqembu omculo abafundi baseCalle Arriba naseCalle Abajo, ngama-floats, izingubo ezibizayo, kanye nama-culecos (amanzi okugeza ahlangene) izinsuku eziningana.

EDominican Republic, eCuba naseVenezuela, ifa lase-Afrika libonakala kakhulu. Ngezigqi, imidanso, kanye nabalingiswa: ama-diablos cojuelos kanye nama-lechones anemaski emadolobheni aseDominican; ama-comparsas kanye nama-congas adumayo eHavana naseSantiago de Cuba; ithonya le-calypso kanye ne-Antillean emijahweni yase-El Callao, eVenezuela, eyakhiwa ukujaha kwegolide okudala.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amazwe amaningana agcina imigubho yesifunda ehlanganisa inkolo yamaKatolika kanye nezifundo zendalo.Ngokwesibonelo, ePeru, imikhosi efana neCarnival of Ayacucho, iJaujino, kanye neMarqueño iye yaqashelwa njengefa lesizwe, evame ukuhlelwa ngokuhambisana “ne-yenza"noma 'i-cortamonte', umuthi ohlotshiswe ngezipho onqunywa ngokwesiko phakathi komdanso."

Incazelo yamasiko, yezenhlalo kanye nengokomfanekiso yeCarnival

Naphezu kokuhlukahluka okumangalisayo kwezinhlobo ezithathayo, iCarnival igcina, cishe kuzo zonke izimo, ezinye izimbazo ezingokomfanekiso eziphindaphindayo.Esinye sazo umqondo wokuguquka: kusukela ebusika kuya entwasahlobo, kusukela enaleni kuya ekuzileni, kusukela ekuphazamisekeni kwamasiko kuya ekuhlelekeni kwansuku zonke. Esinye ukuguqulwa kwezindima — abampofu behleka usulu abacebile, izikhonzi zihleka ababusi, amadoda egqoka njengabesifazane kanye nokwabanye.

Ngokombono wezenhlalo, iCarnival isebenza njengendawo yokugxeka nokukhulula ukungezwani.Izingoma ze-carnival, izingoma zesintu, kanye ne-samba-enredo (ama-samba anesihloko) sekuyisikhathi eside zihlekisa osopolitiki, amahlazo, kanye nokungabi nabulungisa. Emibusweni yobushiqela, njengohulumeni wobushiqela baseLatin America, lezi zikhathi zokuzijabulisa ezibonakala sengathi zijabulisa ziye zasetshenziswa ngisho nokugwema ukuvinjelwa, ziguqula amahlaya abe yindlela yokumelana.

Ngokwenkolo, iCarnival imelela i-valve yokuphunyuka ngaphambi kobunzima beLent.Umqondo ulula: nikeza izinsuku ezimbalwa zokudla ngokweqile, ukudla okuningi, iziphuzo, kanye nenkululeko yocansi, bese ucela ukuzibamba, ukuzila ukudla, kanye nokuzisola. Ngisho nasemiphakathini eqhubeka nokuba nenkolo, lesi sakhiwo sisasebenza, yize abaningi bejabulela iCarnival njengeholide elide kanye nomkhosi ongcolile.

Ngokomnotho, lo mkhosi usube ngumqhubi obaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi.Ukuvakasha okukhulu, imboni yezingubo, ukukhiqizwa komculo, ukudla, abezindaba, kanye nokuzijabulisa konke kuzungeze lesi sikhathi, kukhiqiza imisebenzi eqondile nengaqondile. Amadolobha afana neRio de Janeiro, iSalvador, iRecife, iBarranquilla, i-Oruro, iMontevideo, iNice, kanye neVenice ancike, ngezinga elithile, ekudalulweni kwemicimbi yawo emhlabeni jikelele.

Ekugcineni, iCarnival iyahlala isikhathi eside ngoba iphendula ezidingweni zabantu zakudala kakhulu: ukuhleka amandla, ukudlala ngezinto ezivinjelwe, ukugubha impilo lapho kubhekene nokuqiniseka kokufa.Phakathi kwezifihla-buso, izimpaphe, izigubhu, ama-floats, namaculo, abantu abahlukene bathola, unyaka nonyaka, indlela eyingqayizivele yokuvuselela ubudlelwano bomphakathi, ukuvuselela izinkumbulo zabo, nokuqinisekisa ubuwena babo - kungaba se-sambadrome egcwele abantu, edolobhaneni elincane elinezithombe ezifihla-buso namademoni, noma ebholeni elifihla-buso elihlanganisa amakhulu eminyaka omlando.