- I-Carnival ihlanganisa izimpande zasendulo zobuqaba, imikhosi yamaGreki namaRoma, kanye nemikhuba yaseYurophu yokuphela kobusika, kamuva eyaguqulwa yaba ubuKristu njengomkhosi wangaphambi kweLenten.
- Lo mkhosi usebenza njengomkhosi wokuguqulwa kwezenhlalo nokomfanekiso, ukuxuba ukugxekwa, ukulingisa okungcwele, kanye nokuhlangana kwabantu ngokusebenzisa izifihla-buso, ama-parade, kanye nokugcona.
- Lapho befika eMelika, ikakhulukazi eBrazil naseLatin America, iCarnival yahlangana namasiko ase-Afrika nawomdabu, kwakha imikhosi eyingqayizivele njengaleyo eseRio, e-Oruro, noma eBarranquilla.
- Namuhla, i-Carnival iyindawo yokumelana namasiko ngasikhathi sinye, ithuluzi lokufundisa, kanye nemboni enamandla yezokuvakasha kanye nobuciko emazweni ahlukahlukene.
I-Carnival namuhla ifana namaphathi, umculo ophakeme, izingubo ezibizayo, kanye nemigwaqo egcwele abantu abagxumagxumayo nabadansa ngemuva kwezindawo zokubhukuda kanye nezindawo zokuzijabulisa.Kodwa ngemuva kwalokhu kuqhuma kwenjabulo kukhona umlando omude kakhulu, oyinkimbinkimbi ogcwele izingqimba zenkolo, zobuqaba, nezepolitiki. Kusukela emasikweni asendulo ezolimo kuya emikhosini emikhulu esakazwa emhlabeni wonke, uhambo lwalo mkhosi lusiza ukuqonda hhayi nje kuphela isiko lobuKristu baseNtshonalanga, kodwa futhi... ukumelana kwamasiko ase-Afrika, endabuko kanye namasiko athandwayo.
Uma sikhuluma ngemvelaphi yeCarnival, ayikho impendulo elula.Lo mkhosi uhlanganisa izici zemikhosi yasendulo yokuzala. Imikhosi yamaGreki namaRoma NjengoSaturnalia noBacchanalia, imikhosi yaseGibhithe yokuhlonipha unkulunkulukazi u-Isis, amasiko aseJalimane okuxosha ubusika, futhi kamuva athathwa futhi ashintshwa yikhalenda lobuKristu njengomzuzu omkhulu "wenkululeko" ngaphambi kokuqeqeshwa kweLente. Emakhulwini eminyaka, umuntu ngamunye wanezela ukunambitheka kwakhe, kwaze kwaba yilapho efika emigubhweni emangalisayo yaseRio de Janeiro, eVenice, eBarranquilla, e-Oruro, eMontevideo kanye neminye eminingi.
Imvelaphi kanye nezincazelo zegama elithi Carnival
Igama elithi "Carnival" liveza lesi sikhathi esidlule esigcwele izincazelo ezahlukene.Incazelo eyamukelwa kabanzi, ikakhulukazi kusukela eNkathini Ephakathi, ixhumanisa leli gama nesiLatini Esivamile. u-carnem levareInkulumo ethi "ukususa inyama" ifana nokuthi "ukususa inyama," ibhekisela ekuvinjelweni kokudla inyama ngesikhathi seLente lamaKristu - isikhathi sokuzila ukudla nokuzisola. Kule ncazelo, iCarnival yayiyoba ithuba lokugcina lokudla nokuphuza ngaphandle kwemithetho ngaphambi kwesikhathi semingcele yenkolo.
Esinye isiqalo esidumile, esikhona ezilimini eziningi zaseYurophu, yilesi esithi inyama ifanele, okuqondwa ngokuthi “ukuvalelisa enyameni.” Lo mbono uyafana: ukuvalelisa ezinjabulweni zenyama (kokubili ukudla kanye nocansi) ngaphambi kwesizini yokuzibamba ngokomoya. Nakuba iphindaphindwa kaningi, le mbono ibhekwa ngokuqapha yizazi zefilosofi eziningana, ezikubheka njengesiqalo “sezinkondlo” kunokuba yindlela eqinile yolimi.
Kukhona futhi inkolelo-mbono eyathola ukuthandwa phakathi kwezazi-mlando kusukela ngekhulu le-19....ikakhulukazi ngenxa kaJacob Burckhardt waseSwitzerland: umqondo wokuthi iCarnival izovela i-carrus navalisLeli gama lesiLatini libhekisela ohlotsheni lodwendwe lapho inqola ehlotshiswe kahle efana nomkhumbi yayithwalwa khona emigwaqweni ihambisana nezithombe ezimbozwe izifihla-buso. Lo mkhuba uhlotshaniswa nemikhosi ka Navigium Isidis ("uMkhumbi ka-Isis"), ihlelo lamaRoma - elinezimpande zaseGibhithe - eliqhutshwa ekuqaleni kukaMashi ukubusisa isizini entsha yomkhumbi.
Ngokusho kwale mbono yokuthi i-carrus navalisUmkhumbi onamasondo ubungaba ukhokho oqondile wezindawo zokubhukuda zanamuhla.Izifihla-buso, ukugcona, imibuthano enomsindo, kanye nemoto engokomfanekiso edlula esixukwini iletha lo mkhosi wasendulo eduze nohlobo lwesimanje lweCarnival emadolobheni ahlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele.
Abanye abalobi besikhathi samanje basaphakamisa imvelaphi ehlobene nonkulunkulu abathile njengoCarna, unkulunkulukazi wamaCeltic ohlotshaniswa nobhontshisi nebhekoni....eqhaweni uKarna wamasiko amaNdiya noma kunkulunkulu wamaHindu wesifiso, uKāmadeva. Lezi ziphakamiso zifuna ukuxhumana okubanzi nemikhosi yama-Indo-European ehlobene nokuzala kanye nobulili, yize ziqagela kakhulu futhi zingavumelani kangako phakathi kochwepheshe.
Izimpande Zasendulo: Kusukela eGibhithe naseSumeria kuya Ezweni LamaGreki NamaRoma
Ngisho nangaphambi kweRoma neGrisi yakudala, kwase kunemikhosi yomphakathi eyayikhumbuza umoya wemikhosi.Abantu abanjengamaSumeriya namaGibhithe asendulo babenemikhosi yokuhlonipha onkulunkulu, eyayihlanganisa imibuthano, imidanso, ukusetshenziswa kwezifihla-buso, kanye nokumiswa okwesikhashana kwemikhuba yansuku zonke. Phakathi kwabaseGibhithe, imikhosi ehlobene nonkulunkulukazi u-Isis kanye nenkunzi ye-Apis ivelele, lapho umculo, ukudla okuningi, kanye nokuguqulwa kwezindima zomphakathi sekuvele kwasungula isimo.
EGrisi lasendulo, imikhosi yokuhlonipha uDionysus, unkulunkulu wewayini kanye nenjabulo, iyisixhumanisi esibalulekile seCarnival yesikhathi esizayo.Ngesikhathi semikhosi kaDionysian, abantu babephuza, bedansa, begqoka izifihla-buso, futhi bezivumela ukuziphatha okubhekwa njengokungamukeleki empilweni yansuku zonke. Kwakuyisikhathi sokukhulula imizwa, ukuhleka igunya, nokudlala ngokuhlanekezela kohlelo lomphakathi, into ekhumbuza "izwe eliphambene" lokuzijabulisa kwanamuhla.
ERoma, lo moya wokweqisa nokuguquka wawubonakala emikhosini efana neSaturnalia, iLupercalia, kanye neBacchanalia ukuhlonipha uBacchus.Ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi seSaturnalia, izigqila namakhosi babeshintshana ngezikhundla ngokomfanekiso, amazinga okubusa ayehlotshaniswa, futhi idolobha lalizitika ngokudla, iziphuzo, namahlaya angcolile. Izincwadi zakudala kanye nokulandisa okuvela kubabhali bokuziphatha bamaRoma kufakazela ukungakhululeki kwabaphezulu ngale nkululeko, kodwa futhi nobunzima bokuyiqeda.
Izazi eziningi zibona le mikhosi yamaGreki namaRoma “njengesitsha” sezinto eziphathelene nemikhosi. – izifihla-buso, imibuthano, ukugconwa kweziphathimandla, ukulingana kwesikhashana, inala yokudla kanye nobulili – okwakuzosetshenziswa kabusha kamuva, kunikezwe incazelo entsha, futhi kuhlanganiswe nezinkolelo zobuKristu. Akuyona into eqondile, eyodwa, kodwa inkumbulo yamasiko ehlanganisa amakhulu eminyaka.
Amasiko aseJalimane nawaseCeltic kanye "nokuphela kobusika"
Phakathi kwabantu baseJalimane nabaseCeltic, umjikelezo wasebusika nowentwasahlobo nawo wadala imikhosi efana nalokho esikubiza ngokuthi iCarnival manje.Ezingxenyeni eziningi zasenyakatho yeYurophu, kwakukholelwa ukuthi ubusika babubuswa yimimoya emnyama eyayidinga ukuxoshwa ukuze ukukhanya nokuchuma kubuye.
Imikhuba enezithombe ezimbozwe izifihla-buso, imibuthano enezintanta ezintantayo ezimise okwemikhumbi, kanye nokulingisa imishado engcwele kubonakala kuhlotshaniswa nonkulunkulu bokuzala njengoNerthus (noma uNerto) noFreyr.Imithombo efana noTacitus ichaza izinqola ezingcwele ezazithwalwa ngodwendwe, zilandelwa ukugeza okuhlanzwa konkulunkulu uqobo, kanye nemikhuba eyayihlanganisa ubulili obungokwesiko nokuzalwa kabusha kwemvelo.
La masiko aseJalimane, ayehlanganisa abantu abagqoke njengezilwane, amadoda agqoke njengabesifazane, kanye nezithombe ezisabekayo, ahambisana kahle nezifihla-buso kanye nabalingiswa boMkhosi Wasemakhaya waseYurophu.Ezindaweni ezikhuluma isiJalimane, amasiko anjengo I-Shrovetide Kuze kube namuhla, bagcina imibuthano yabantu abagqoke izifihla-buso abashaya izinsimbi, bashaya amabhodwe namapani, futhi "besabisa ubusika" ngomsindo omkhulu.
Akuyona into engaqondakali ukuthi emazweni amaningana enyakatho naphakathi neYurophu, isizini yeCarnival iqala ngokomfanekiso mhla ziyi-11 kuNovemba ngo-11:11 ekuseni.Lolu suku, oluhlobene nenkathi yokuvuna kanye nemikhosi yoSuku LukaSanta Martin, luphawula ukuqala kwesikhathi "esincane", lapho ukuhleleka okuvamile kuba buthakathaka futhi kuvunyelwe ukweqisa – okuyisandulela esikude somcimbi wokuzilibazisa owandulela iLente.
Kusukela ebuqabeni kuya ekhalendeni lobuKristu: I-Carnival kanye neLent
Ngokukhula kobuKristu eYurophu, iSonto alikwazanga nje ukuqeda le mikhosi ethandwayo.Le mikhuba, ebhekwa njengeyobuqaba, ichithe amakhulu eminyaka izama ukuyihlukanisa ngezigaba, ukulawula ukweqisa kwayo, nokuhumusha kabusha izincazelo zayo. Isixazululo esihlala isikhathi eside kakhulu kube ukufaka la mandla okweqisa ekhalendeni lenkonzo yokukhulekela uqobo, siwabeke ngaphambi nje kweLente.
ILent, isikhathi sezinsuku ezingu-40 ngaphambi kwePhasika, yayiphawulwa ngokomlando ngokuzila ukudla, ukuyeka inyama, imikhiqizo yobisi namafutha, kanye nokuphila okuzimele.Ezindaweni eziningi, lokhu kudla okumnandi kwakungatholakali ngisho nasekupheleni kobusika, okwaqinisa umqondo wokuzibamba. Ngokugxila "ezinsukwini zenyama" ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi, kwavela umehluko ocacile phakathi kokuzitika nokuzithiba.
Kusukela ngekhulu lesi-6, uPapa uGregory Omkhulu wasungula i-Ash Wednesday njengokuqala kokuzila ukudla.ukuhlehlisa isethi yemikhosi yangaphambilini, eyayinezimpawu ezifana neze-carnival. Ama-synod asendulo - njengalawo kaLeptine ngekhulu lesi-8 - aqopha imizamo eminingi yokuvimbela ukuzifihla, imidanso engcolile, ukugconwa kweziphathimandla, kanye nokuzenza izifebe ngoFebhuwari.
Abashumayeli abanjengoCaesarius wase-Arles no-Isidore waseSeville babhala izintshumayelo ezithukuthele ngokumelene nabantu ababephuma beya emigwaqweni begqoke izingubo, bevame ukushintsha ubulili., elingisa izilwane noma elimelela amadoda amadala asabekayo. Izinkulumo zesiLatini ezifana nalezi i-spurcalia uFebhuwari (“ukungcola kukaFebhuwari”) kubonisa umbono wokuziphatha ngemikhuba, ngokombono odumile, eyayiyizindlela zokuphunyuka ezifiselekayo.
Emakhulwini eminyaka, iSonto lagcina liqaphele ukuthi ukucindezelwa okumsulwa akusebenzi.Kancane kancane, imikhuba eminingi yaguqulwa yaba ubuKrestu, yafakwa emihlanganweni esemthethweni (njengaleyo kaCorpus Christi) noma yavunyelwa ngokushintshana ngenqubo ethile encane. Umphumela waba yiCarnival, nakuba yayifakiwe ekhalendeni lobuKristu, kodwa yagcina imikhondo emidala kakhulu yokuguqulwa kwezindima, ukuhlekisa ngezinto ezingcwele, kanye nokukhulekelwa kwezinjabulo zomzimba.
Ubukhulu be-anthropology: ukuguqulwa kwendima kanye nokuhleka okungokwesiko
Izazi ze-anthropology kanye nezazi-mlando zamasiko zivame ukuchaza i-Carnival "njengomkhuba wokuguquka."Esikhundleni sokuqinisa ngqo ukuhleleka komphakathi, kuyawuguqula ube phansi izinsuku ezimbalwa: abampofu bahleka usulu abacebile, abahlanya bahlekisa ngabahlakaniphile, okungcwele kuyalingiswa, futhi imingcele yobulili, ubudala, kanye nesimo somphakathi iyafiphala.
Abalingiswa abanjengo-"King Momo" noma "King Carnival" bamele lo mqondo.Lezi yizikhathi zokugcotshwa kwesikhashana lapho umlingiswa osabekayo, onesisu esinjengembiza, noma ohlekisayo ethatha amandla ngokomfanekiso. Ekupheleni kwemikhosi, "uyabulawa" noma ashiswe njengesithombe, okubuyisela umhlaba esimweni esijwayelekile. Izazi eziningi zibona kuye umsindo wabantu basendulo abahlengayo: ukufa kwakhe "kususa" ukweqisa kwabantu.
Lokhu kuguquka kwesikhashana kuthinta ngisho nendaba yobuKristu uqobo.Uma iPhasika ligubha ukufa nokuvuka kukaJesu – othando lwakhe lunecala elibi kakhulu, elinokugconwa esidlangalaleni kanye nobudlova obusobala – iCarnival ibonakala ihlela ihlaya lomuntu ngale drama: iguqula ukuhlupheka kube ukuhleka, ukuzisola kube ukudlala, futhi isebenzisa kabusha izimpawu zenkolo ngendlela yamahlaya.
Kuwo wonke umlando, leli thuba lokwenza ihlaya ngezinye izikhathi liye lasetshenziswa yilabo abasemandleni.Ngokwesibonelo, ngekhulu le-15, opapa eRoma bavuselela imikhuba yeSaturnalia, bephoqa amaJuda ukuba ahlanganyele emijahweni ehlazisayo, enqunu emigwaqweni, kuyilapho upapa ebukele futhi ehleka, exuba ukucwasa amaJuda, ubudlova bezikhungo, kanye "nokuzijabulisa" okufana nomkhosi.
Noma kunjalo, kwabasebenzi, abagqilaziwe noma abahlukunyeziwe, iCarnival ibilokhu isebenza njengendawo yokumelana okungokomfanekiso.Lapho, ababusi bayagxekwa, ukungabi nabulungisa kuyahlekwa usulu, umlando weqembu uqobo uyabuyekezwa, futhi ukuhlobana kwabantu kuyadunyiswa - kungaba nge-candombe eMontevideo, i-maracatu eRecife, i-calypso e-El Callao, i-cumbias eBarranquilla, noma i-murgas eCádiz.
Ukubala usuku: kungani iCarnival ishintsha minyaka yonke?
Umbuzo owodwa ohlala uphakama ukuthi kungani iCarnival ikude kangaka ekhalendeni.Impendulo itholakala eqinisweni lokuthi zonke izinsuku ezinyakazayo zonyaka wokukhulekela kobuKristu - ngaphandle kukaKhisimusi - zibalwa ngokusekelwe kuPhasika, okuxhomeke ezigabeni zenyanga.
Ngokwendlela elula, iSonto lePhasika liba ngeSonto lokuqala ngemva kwenyanga egcwele yokuqala elandela i-equinox yasentwasahlobo eNyakatho Yenkabazwe. (okulingana ne-equinox yasekwindla eningizimu yezwe). ULwesihlanu Oluhle luyiSonto ngaphambi koLwesihlanu Oluhle, kanti uLwesithathu Lomlotha luphawula ukuqala kweLente ezinsukwini ezingamashumi amane ngaphambili.
Ngakho-ke, uLwesibili lweCarnival luwela ezinsukwini ezingu-47 ngaphambi kweSonto lePhasika. (kufaka phakathi amaSonto eLenten). Ngakho-ke, eminyakeni ethile umkhosi uba khona ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari; kwezinye, uqhubeka kuze kube yingxenye yokuqala kaMashi. Kuyo yonke ikhulu le-19, lama-20 nelama-21, kungenzeka ukuhlonza iminyaka lapho usuku lwalusekuqaleni noma sekwephuzile khona, ngisho noma lungavamile ukuhambisana nomhla zingama-29 kuFebhuwari.
Lokhu kuxhumana nomjikelezo wenyanga kuxhumanisa iCarnival, ngandlela thile, nemikhuba yasendulo yezolimo neyezinkanyezi.Ngokwesibonelo, abantu bamaJuda bahlobanisa ukuphuma eGibhithe nobusuku benyanga egcwele - into eyasiza iSonto kamuva ukuthi liqinise ukulandelana kwezikhathi ze-Passion of Christ. Ngakho-ke, amakhalenda ezinkanyezi, ezolimo, kanye nezenkolo ayahlangana kulokho esikubonayo manje njengeholide leCarnival.
Ukusuka eYurophu kuya emhlabeni wonke: iVenice, iParis kanye neminye imizila
Eziningi zezinhlobo "zakudala" zeCarnival, ezinamamaski nemidanso ye-ballroom, zachuma eYurophu yasendulo kanye neRenaissance.I-Italy idlale indima ebalulekile, kanye I-Venice Carnival Njengoba yayidumile ngezifihla-buso zayo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ama-capes, amabhola okugqoka amahle, kanye nesimo semfihlakalo esasivumela ukuhlangana okungavunyelwe kanye nobuqili bezombusazwe obungaziwa. Njengoba yaqedwa nguNapoleon ngo-1797, i-Venetian carnival yaqala kabusha ngokusemthethweni ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20.
IParis, yona, yasebenza njengesibonelo semikhosi yasemadolobheni yanamuhla ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba.Imibukiso enezinqola, amabhola omphakathi, kanye nengxubevange yobu-bohemian kanye nokugcona komphakathi kwenza inhloko-dolobha yaseFrance yaba uhlobo "lokuthumela ngaphandle" lwezinhlobo ze-carnival. Amadolobha afana neNice, iSanta Cruz de Tenerife, iToronto, iNew Orleans, kanye neRio de Janeiro ngokwawo aphefumulelwe ngokwengxenye yile ndlela.
EYurophu Ephakathi nase-Atlantic, imikhosi yomkhosi yaba nezici zayo ezihlukile.E-German Rhineland (eCologne, eDüsseldorf, eMainz), eCarnival – noma Karneval, Kuyaheha, I-ShrovetideKuye ngesifunda, sigcine ingxenye enamandla yokuhlekisa kwezepolitiki, lapho izikebhe ezinkulu kanye nonodoli behlekisa ababusi. EBelgium, amadolobha afana neBinche ne-Aalst agcina abalingiswa bendabuko, njengaba "gilles" abaphonsa amawolintshi esixukwini, abaqashelwa yi-UNESCO njengefa lamasiko elingabonakali.
EPortugal naseSpain, iCarnival nayo isibe yingxenye ebalulekile yomjikelezo wemikhosi.EPortugal, i-"Entrudo" (iCarnival) yasendulo yayigujwa kusukela okungenani ngekhulu le-15 futhi yayiswa emakoloni, ikakhulukazi eBrazil, lapho yayizobuya khona emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva, kanye ne-samba kanye neminye imigqi yase-Afro-Brazilian ethonya imigidi efana naleyo eseMadeira, e-Ovar, eTorres Vedras, nasePodence, lapho kusaphila khona abantu abangamaqaba abafana... imaski.
ESpain, iCarnival ibilokhu ibhalwe phansi kusukela eNkathini Ephakathi futhi inezici ezithile emadolobheni afana neCádiz, iLas Palmas, kanye neSanta Cruz de Tenerife.Lapho, ama-murga (amaqembu e-carnival yendabuko), ama-comparsas (amaqembu amakhulu), kanye nemincintiswano yezingoma ezihlekisayo kwaba izimpawu zokuhweba, kwaze kwaba yilapho eminye yale mikhosi yamenyezelwa njengemikhosi ethakazelisa izivakashi zomhlaba wonke.
Ukuzalwa kweCarnival eBrazil naseLatin America
ELatin America, iCarnival yafika ikakhulukazi ngabakoloni basePortugal naseSpain.Baletha iCarnival, amabhola ambozwe ngemaski, kanye nemikhosi yangaphambi kweLenten. Lapho behlangana nabantu bomdabu kanye nabase-Afrika, le mikhosi yaseYurophu yaphinde yahlelwa kabusha, yadala ezinye zezimpawu zecarnival ezicebe kakhulu emhlabeni.
EBrazil, amarekhodi okuqala e-Entrudo aqala ngekhulu le-16.Lokhu kubhekisela ngesikhathi amakoloni asePutukezi ehlela imikhosi ezinsukwini eziholela eLent. Imidlalo efana nokuphonsa "amalamula anephunga elimnandi" - amabhola amancane e-wax agcwele amanzi noma uketshezi olungathandeki - kubantu abadlulayo, ukuchelela abantu emgwaqweni, kanye nokuhlanganyela "ezimpini" ezincane zasemgwaqweni kwakuyingxenye yobumnandi.
Abantu base-Afrika ababegqilaziwe, abantu bomdabu, kanye nabamhlophe abampofu basheshe bathatha le ndawo yemikhosi., ukuxuba izigubhu, imidanso yenkolo yase-Afro-Brazil, imigqi yase-Afrika, amasiko endawo, kanye nokukhulekela kwamaKatolika. Emadolobheni afana neRio de Janeiro, udwendwe lwabantu abamnyama nabaxubile lwaluhamba luhambisana nomsindo wokushaya izigubhu, okwakuvame ukungathandwa yizicukuthwane, kodwa okwathandwa kakhulu.
Kuyo yonke ikhulu le-19, iBrazilian Carnival yathatha izinhlobo ezahlukene esifundeni ngasinye.ERio de Janeiro, kwavela amakilabhu okuqala, ama-ranch, kanye nezikole ze-samba kamuva, ezakha imibuthano enezihloko ngezigaba, izindaba, kanye nezindawo zokuntanta, okwadala imodeli ye-Sambadrome - namuhla uphawu lomhlaba wonke lwe-Rio's Carnival. ESalvador, imikhosi yathuthela kakhulu emigwaqweni, ngamabhendi asemgwaqweni, ama-trio kagesi, kanye nenhlanganisela enkulu yemigqi efana ne-axé, i-samba-reggae, kanye ne-arrocha.
EPernambuco, u-Recife no-Olinda benza i-Carnival ephawulwe nge-frevo ne-maracatu....nemibuthano emikhulu efana neGalo da Madrugada, eyaziwa njengombukiso omkhulu we-carnival emhlabeni. ENyakatho-mpumalanga nakulo lonke izwe, amaphathi asemgwaqweni angaphandle kwesizini, imibuthano ye-carnival, kanye nemikhosi yesifunda kubonisa ukuthi umqondo we-Carnival uye wanda kanjani ngale kwezinsuku zangaphambi kweLenten.
Imikhosi yomkhosi edumile emhlabeni jikelele
Kuyo yonke ikhulu lama-20, eminye imigubho yaba uphawu lokuhweba lwamazwe abo.ukubikezela ubunikazi bendawo kanye nomlando othize emhlabeni wonke. Ezinye izibonelo zisiza ukuqonda ukuthi i-matrix efanayo yemikhosi iveza kanjani izinkulumo ezihluke kakhulu.
I-Carnival eRio de Janeiro cishe iyona edume kakhulu futhi esakazwa kabanzi emhlabeni.Iqashelwa yiGuinness World Records njengenkulu kunazo zonke, enezigidi zabantu abajabulela ukuzijabulisa emigwaqweni nasema-parade, ngaphezu kwama-parade esikole se-samba eSambadrome. Isikole ngasinye sinikeza indaba ehlanganisa ukugxekwa komphakathi, ukuphakanyiswa kwabantu abadumile, inkolo, kanye nokugubha isiko elidumile, embukisweni oqoshwe kakhulu.
EBolivia, iCarnival of Oruro iyisibonelo esiphawulekayo sokuhlangana kwenkolo.Imikhosi yasendulo yase-Andean yokuhlonipha i-Pachamama (uMama woMhlaba) kanye nonkulunkulu abanjengoWari ihunyushwe kabusha njengokuzinikela eNcasakazini yaseSocavón. I-"Diablada" edumile ibonisa amademoni, izingelosi, kanye nabantu basenganekwaneni bedansa emidanso eyinkimbinkimbi, manje eqashelwa yi-UNESCO njengeNdawo Yefa Lomhlaba.
EColombia, iCarnival of Barranquilla kanye neCarnival of Negros y Blancos ePasto kuhlanganisa ithonya lendabuko, lase-Afrika kanye nelaseYurophu.EBarranquilla, imibuthano efana neBatalla de Flores (Impi Yezimbali), iGran Parada de Tradición (Umbukiso Omkhulu Wendabuko), kanye nokufa okungokomfanekiso kwe-"Joselito Carnaval" kubonisa umjikelezo wokuphila nokufa kwemibuthano yokujabula. Okwamanje, ePasto, uSuku Lwabantu Abamnyama kanye noSuku Lwabantu Abamhlophe kufanekisela ukuhlala ndawonye okudlalayo phakathi kwezinhlanga nezigaba.
EMontevideo, e-Uruguay, iCarnival ibhekwa njengende kunazo zonke emhlabeni, inezinsuku ezingaba ngu-40 zemibukiso kanye nemibukiso.. UMurgas, abantu abathanda ukulingisa abanye, omagazini kanye nabangane babantu abamnyama kanye i-lubolos (Abantu abamhlophe abapendwe ngombala omnyama abahlonipha uCandombe) badlala eziteji ezisakazeke kulo lonke idolobha nasemincintiswaneni esemthethweni, ngendlela ebeka phambili umbukiso weshashalazi kanye nokugxekwa kwezenhlalo.
Eminye imigidingo ivelele ngezimpawu ezithile.EyaseVenice, ngenxa yemaski ayo amahle; eyaseNice naseDunkirk, eFrance, ngenxa yamasiko ayo akudala amakhulu eminyaka; Mardi Gras Kusukela eNew Orleans, e-United States, ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwayo kwe-jazz, isiko lamaCreole, kanye nezindwendwe ezihlotshiswe ngemigexo enemibala; iCarnival of Encarnación, eParaguay, enemincintiswano yayo ye-sambadromes kanye ne-comparsa; lowo we Veracruz kanye neMazatlán, eMexico, enezinqaba zomlando kanye nemikhuba efana nokuthi "Ukushisa Kwesimo Esibi".
Izinga lezepolitiki, lezenhlalo nelezemfundo le-Carnival
Ngaphandle kobumnandi, iCarnival ibilokhu inohlangothi lwezepolitiki.Ngezingoma zokumasha, i-samba-enredo, i-murgas, i-coplas, kanye ne-comparsas, izizukulwane zonke zagxeka ukubusa kobushiqela, zalahla ubandlululo, zahleka ngamahlazo enkohlakalo, futhi zaletha izindaba ezithule esiteji. Emadolobheni amaningi aseLatin America, i-Carnival yayingenye yezindawo ezimbalwa lapho amazwi amnyama, abomdabu, abampofu, kanye nabangavunyelwe ukuzibonakalisa khona obala ngamandla.
Lokhu okungenzeka okubalulekile kuchaza, ngokwengxenye, ukuthi kungani iziphathimandla eziningi kangaka ziye zazama ukulawula noma ukwenza umkhosi ube ngowasekhaya.Kusukela ku-Viceroyalty yaseRío de la Plata eBuenos Aires, eyavimbela izigubhu zase-Afrika kanye nemidanso evinjelwe, kuya ekuvinjelweni okuthile emadolobheni afana neSantiago, eChile, kanye nemikhankaso yokuziphatha ezinhloko-dolobha ezahlukahlukene, uHulumeni kanye neSonto bavame ukubheka iCarnival njengosongo "ekuhlelekeni" noma ekuziphatheni okuhle.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iCarnival nayo isibe umshayeli omkhulu wezomnotho nezokuvakasha.EBrazil, lo mkhakha ukhiqiza izigidigidi zemali engenayo ngezingubo, izinto zokuhamba, ukuhamba, indawo yokuhlala, ukudla, kanye nokuzijabulisa, okudala imisebenzi eqondile nengaqondile unyaka wonke. Amadolobha afana neRio, iSalvador, iRecife, iSanta Cruz de Tenerife, iBarranquilla, kanye ne-Oruro athola ukwanda kwezivakashi ngesikhathi seCarnival.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, othisha bathole kabusha iCarnival njengesihloko esicebile sokufundisa.Ngokusebenzisa izikhathi, amamephu emikhosi yokuzijabulisa emhlabeni wonke, ukwakhiwa kwezifihla-buso eziphefumulelwe amasiko ahlukene, ukutadisha amagama ezingoma, kanye nokuhlola izinsimbi zomculo zendabuko, kungenzeka ukusebenza emlandweni, endaweni, ubuciko, ezincwadini, kanye nobuzwe ngendlela ehlanganisiwe, ngendlela efana nekaMontessori ebizwa ngokuthi "imfundo yendawo yonke."
Uma sibheka lo mzila wonke, i-Carnival ibonakala njengentambo enkulu ehlanganisa izinkolo, izinganekwane, izingxabano zomphakathi, kanye nezinqubo zokuxubana kwamasiko.Kusukela emkhunjini ongcwele ka-Isis kuya kuma-trio kagesi aseSalvador, kusukela kuma-gille aseBelgium kuya kubadansi be-samba baseRio de Janeiro, kusukela kuma-Andean Diabladas kuya kuma-murgas ase-Uruguay, lo mkhosi ugcina ingqikithi efanayo: isidingo somuntu sokumisa imithetho izinsuku ezimbalwa, ukuzihleka, ukukhipha ukwesaba okuhlangene nokugubha, ngomsindo omkhulu, ukuthi impilo iyaqhubeka.
