Uvuko lwezakhi zofuzo: indlela i-DNA yasendulo ebhala kabusha ngayo i-biology.

Inicio » Ukukhangisa » Uvuko lwezakhi zofuzo: indlela i-DNA yasendulo ebhala kabusha ngayo i-biology.

A ukuvuswa kwezakhi zofuzo Akuseyona nje indaba yefilimu yesayensi; isibe ngesinye sezihloko ezishisa kakhulu zosuku. i-biotechnology yesimanjeEmalabhorethri emhlabeni jikelele, ososayensi basebenzisa I-DNA yasendulo, ukwakheka kwezakhi zofuzo, ukuhlelwa kwezakhi zofuzo, kanye nebhayoloji yokwenziwa. ukubuyisa izici zezinhlobo eziphelile, ukudala imithi emisha, ngisho nokuvuselela amaphunga nezinqubo zesikhathi esidlule.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le ndawo eyaziwa ngokuthi "ibhayoloji yovuko" Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile yokuziphatha: kunengqondo kangakanani ukuvuselela amagciwane aqandisiwe iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi? Ingabe kulungile ukuphinda kudale uhlobo oluthile oluphelile bese ulufaka endaweni yesimanje ehluke ngokuphelele? Futhi ungalinganisa kanjani amandla okusindisa izinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa kanye nengozi yemiphumela engalindelekile ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nempilo yomphakathi?

Iyini i-biology yovuko kanye novuko lwezakhi zofuzo?

Ucingo i-biology yovuko Kungumkhakha wocwaningo ofuna ukwakha kabusha ama-molecule ayinkimbinkimbi, amaseli, ngisho nezinto eziphilayo ezingasekho okwamanje.Ngaphakathi kwalesi sambulela kuvela ukuvuswa kwezakhi zofuzo, okugxile ekusebenziseni ulwazi oluvela I-DNA Engasekho ukuphinda kwakhiwe izakhi zofuzo, amaprotheni, noma izici zomzimba ezintweni eziphilayo namuhla.

Ngokwendlela engokoqobo, abacwaningi basebenza ngazo zombili izintambo zama-molecule ezihlukanisiwe (njengamaprotheni nama-peptide avela ku-DNA yasendulo) kanye namaphrojekthi amakhulu kakhulu, njenge ukuphinda kutholakale ingxenye yofuzo lwezilwane ezincelisayo ezinoboya, ama-dodo, noma izimpisi ezinkulu ezinhlotsheni ezihlobene ezikhona. Lezi zifundo zihambisana izingxoxo ezijulile zokuziphatha, njengoba ziphazamisa imingcele yokuziphatha, yezemvelo kanye neyokuphepha kwezinto eziphilayo.

Enhliziyweni yale ndawo kunamasu amabili obuchwepheshe ayinhloko, ahambisanayo:

• Ukuzala kwe-cloning: Kuhilela ukukhipha i-DNA esithweni esiphelile (noma kumasampula asendulo) bese uyisebenzisa ukwakha umbungu kumuntu ophilayo, ngokuvamile wohlobo oluhlobene eduze, kusetshenziswa amasu afana nalawo asetshenziswa ukudala izimvu ezihlanganisiwe.
• Ubunjiniyela kanye ukuhlela izakhi zofuzo: lapha kugxilwe kakhulu hlela i-genome yezinhlobo eziphilayo (kusetshenziswa i-CRISPR-Cas9 kanye nobuchwepheshe obuhlobene) ukuze iqale ukuveza izici ezifana nohlobo oluphelile, ngaphandle kokukhiqiza kabusha i-genome yokuqala.

Ngamagama alula, amaphrojekthi amaningi alandela imephu yendlela enezinyathelo ezineOkokuqala, okulandelayo kwenziwa: Ukukhishwa kwe-DNA izinsalela zamathambo, amathambo, izicubu eziqandisiwe noma amasampula omnyuziyamu; bese kufika ukwakhiwa kabusha kwe-genome endala ngokusebenzisa ukulandelana kanye ne-bioinformatics; bese siqhubekela phambili ukudalwa kwembungu (ngokusebenzisa i-cloning noma ukuhlela izakhi zofuzo); ekugcineni, la ma-embryo wacabanga futhi wadala kuze kube yilapho umuntu esemdala, uma umgomo uwukuba yinto ephilayo ephelele.

I-DNA yasendulo "njengomshini wesikhathi" wezinto eziphilayo

Enye yezinto ezishukumisayo ngemuva kwalolu guquko olusha ukwanda okukhulu kwe- amabhange okulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo zezinto eziphilayo eziphelile noma ezingokhokhoNamuhla, i-DNA ye ama-mammoth anoboya obuqinile agcinwe eqhweni le-tundrai-genome ye i-dodo kusukela kumasampula omnyuziyamu, ngaphezu kwe izinkulungwane zama-genome abantu basendulo kwatholakala emathanjeni asendulo.

Ngenxa yala mabhange, izinkampani namaqembu ezemfundo ayakwazi ukuthutha ulwazi lwezakhi zofuzo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi: izakhi zofuzo ezinyamalale ngokwemvelo ohlwini lozalo Zingakhiwa kabusha futhi zifakwe emaselini esimanje. Lolu hlobo "lokuhamba ngesikhathi sama-molecule" luvula iminyango... londoloza izinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa, desenhar izitshalo ezimelana kakhulu nezimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu futhi uthole izidakamizwa ezintsha ezivela ezintweni eziphilayo ezaziphila ngesikhathi se-Ice Age.

Isibonelo esiyinhloko umsebenzi wamaqembu afundayo Izakhi zofuzo zomuntu ezalahleka ngesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemveloAbacwaningi eNyuvesi yaseGeorgia, isibonelo, bahlaziye i- i-enzyme abantu nezinye izilwane eziphila ndawonye abayeka ukuyikhiqiza eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule., ukungabikho kwayo kuhlotshaniswa nezifo ezifana ne-gout. Ngokubuyisela lesi sakhi sofuzo emangqamuzaneni esibindi elabhorethri, bavula indlela yokuthi izindlela zokwelapha ezihlosiwe zofuzo ezingaba khona kubantu abangazuza ngokuthola kabusha lo msebenzi wokugaya ukudla.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinhlangano ezifana Vuselela futhi Ubuyisele Zibonisa ukuthi akudingeki ngaso sonke isikhathi ukugxila ezinhlotsheni eziphele ngokuphelele. Leli qembu lisebenze ne- i-ferret enezinyawo ezimnyama, inyamazane yaseMelika esengozini enkulu yokuqothulwa, ekhiqiza izilwane ezivela ku- amangqamuzana aqandisiwe agcinwe amashumi eminyakaUmbukiso wama-clones amashumi ezinkulungwane zezinhlobo zofuzo ezingekho kubantu bamanje, okunikeza lolu hlobo indlela yokubhekana nezifo kanye nezinguquko zemvelo.

Amagciwane "e-Zombie" e-permafrost kanye nezingozi zempilo

Esinye sezici eziphikisana kakhulu ngebhayoloji yovuko sihilela... ukuvuselelwa kwamagciwane asendulo aqandisiwe endaweni engapheliUkuncibilika kweqhwa kuyingqimba yomhlabathi ehlala iqandisiwe etholakala ezindaweni ezifana neSiberia ne-Arctic. Njengoba ukufudumala komhlaba kusheshisa ukuncibilika, kunokwesaba okwandayo kokuthi... Ama-pathogen abelokhu elele iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziningi aphinde asebenze..

Udokotela wegciwane UJean-Michel Claverie, wase-Aix-Marseille University, waba yireferensi kulesi sihloko ngokuhlukanisa nokuvuselela, ngo-2014, i-a igciwane elineminyaka engaba ngu-30.000 ubudala, etholakale kumasampula e-permafrost yaseSiberia. Leli gciwane lagonyelwa amaseli e-amoeba emasikweni, iphinda ithelelane futhi ngemva kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane yokungasebenzi, yize yayingasabangeli izifo kubantu noma ezilwaneni.

Ezifundweni zakamuva, ezanyatheliswa ngo-2023, ithimba lakhe lathola futhi lavuselela ukusebenza kwalo imindeni eminingana emisha yamagciwane amadala kusukela kumasampula enhlabathi ejulile, okuhlanganisa nezinto eziqoqwe ngamamitha ayi-16 ukujula emachibini angaphansi komhlaba. Elinye lamagciwane laqala cishe emuva Iminyaka engu-48.500, kanti ezinye, ezitholakale ezinsaleleni zezilwane ezifana ne-woolly mammoth, zazicishe zibe Iminyaka engu-27.000.

Ukuze kuncishiswe izingozi, uClaverie ugxila kuphela ku- amagciwane athelela ama-amoeba aneseli elilodwa, besebenzisa wona njengezibonelo zokulinganisa ukuphikelela kanye nezingozi ezingaba khona zezinye izifo ezigcinwe eqhweni. Noma kunjalo, umcwaningi uxwayisa ngokuthi uma amagciwane e-amoeba esaphila ngemva kwesikhathi eside kangaka, Akukho sizathu sokugwema ukusinda kwamagciwane angakwazi ukuthelela abantu noma ezinye izilwane..

Ngakho-ke, lolu chungechunge locwaningo lusebenza njenge- isexwayiso kusengaphambili kwezempilo yomphakathiEplanethini efudumele, kubalulekile ukucabangela ukuthi izinto ezithathelwanayo ezindala zingabuyela endaweni ezungezile, okudinga ukuqapha, izinqubo zokuphepha kwe-bio kanye namasu okuphendula kufanelekile.

I-DNA ye-Ice Age ifuna ama-antibiotic amasha

Esinye isici esithembisayo ekuvusweni kwezakhi zofuzo sisekuvusweni kwezakhi zofuzo ukutholakala kwezidakamizwa ku-DNA yasenduloUnjiniyela wezinto eziphilayo César de la Fuente, wase-University of Pennsylvania, uhola iqembu elisebenzisa ama-algorithms obuhlakani bokwenziwa ukuze ukusesha emitatsheni yezakhi zofuzo zabantu abaphelile kanye nezilwane zasendulo Ukufuna ama-molecule anamandla okulwa namagciwane.

Ngokuthuthuka kwezindlela zokubuyisa i-DNA ezivela emafossil, manje sekungenzeka ukwakha kabusha, ngokunemba okuhle, ukulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo zamaNeanderthal, ama-woolly mammoth, ama-giant sloths kanye nezinye izakhamuzi ze-Ice AgeIthimba likaDe la Fuente lihlaziya lezi zigaba ukuze libone amaprotheni amancane nama-peptide anezakhiwo zokulwa namagciwane ezingakaze zitholakale ezintweni eziphilayo namuhla.

Isizathu saleli qhinga silula futhi sinamandla: kanjani Amabhaktheriya anamuhla awakaze ahlangane nala ma-molecule "avusiwe".Amathuba okumelana kwangaphambilini aphansi kakhulu. Lokhu kuvula ithuba lokucabanga... ama-antibiotic amasha akwazi ukulwa nama-superbugs ezingasaphenduli emithini evamile etholakala ku-fungus namabhaktheriya atholakala enhlabathini.

Ngokwezibalo ezivela kwi-World Health Organization, cishe Ukufa kwabantu abayizigidi ezinhlanu minyaka yonke kuhlotshaniswa nokumelana namagciwane.Ngenxa yalesi simo, izindlela ezingezona ezendabuko, njengokumba ama-genome asendulo ngosizo lwe-AI, sezikhanga kakhulu ngoba Bandisa indawo yonke yamakhemikhali etholakala kwezokwelapha. ngale kwalokho okunikezwa yi-biosphere yamanje.

Ukuvuselela izinhlobo zezilwane eziphelile: i-dodo, i-mammoth, kanye nempisi enkulu.

Akukho sici sokuvuselelwa kwezakhi zofuzo esidonsela ukunaka komphakathi njengomzamo woku... ukubuyisa izinhlobo ezithandekayo ezishaqekileLapha, inkampani ye-biotechnology I-Colossal Biosciences Wathola ukunakwa ngokumemezela izinhlelo zokudala kabusha i-woolly mamoth, noma i-thylacine (ingwe yaseTasmania) futhi i i-dodo, uphawu lokuqothulwa kwezinto eziphilayo okubangelwa abantu.

Iphrojekthi ye-dodo, ikakhulukazi, ihilela ukuhlanganisa ukulandelana kwe-DNA yasendulo, ukuhlela izakhi zofuzo okunembile, kanye ne-biology yokwenziwaAbacwaningi eColossal bathole ukuthi Ijuba likaNicobar, isihlobo esiseduze kakhulu se-dodo, amaseli egciwane ayinhloko (ama-PGC) akhiqiza amaqanda kanye nesidoda. Lawa maseli ayakwazi ukukhula abe ama-embryo enkukhu, adale uhlelo lokuhlola oluyinqaba.

Uhlelo luwukuqhathanisa ama-genome e- i-dodo Kuvela Umuntu oyimfihlo kaRodrigues yedwa (enye inyoni elahlekile nehlobene nayo) ukuze kudwetshwe umehluko obalulekile. Ngemuva kwalokho, ama-PGC ejuba laseNicobar azoba ihlelwe ukuveza izici zomzimba ze-dodo.Lawa maseli aguquliwe abe esefakwa ku- ama-embryo enkukhu angenamagciwane kanye neqhude, okwakuthi uma zizalana, ziveze inzalo enezici ezifana neze-dodo yokuqala.

Ngisho noma iphrojekthi iphumelela, ososayensi ngokwabo bayavuma ukuthi umphumela uzoba I-hybrid esebenza ngendlela efana ne-dodo....futhi akuyona ikhophi ephelele yezakhi zofuzo zenyoni eyayihlala eMauritius ngekhulu le-17. Noma kunjalo, iColossal isivele ibambisene ne... I-Mauritian Wildlife Foundation ukutadisha ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuphinda ungenise lezi zinyoni endaweni efanele yokuhlala - umsebenzi onzima, njengoba Lesi siqhingi sishintshe kakhulu selokhu kwashabalala lolu hlobo..

Omunye umzamo ophawulekayo uhilela impisi enkulu (i-Aenocyon dirus), edume ngochungechunge olufana ne-“Game of Thrones”. Abacwaningi baseColossal bahlaziye izingcezu ze-DNA ezonakele kakhulu zalolu hlobo, ezazihlala eNyakatho Melika phakathi kweminyaka engaba yizigidi ezingu-2,5 nengu-600.000 edlule, futhi bathola izindawo zofuzo ezihlobene nezici ezibalulekile zesimo somzimba.

Ukusebenzisa I-CRISPR kanye namanye amathuluzi okuhlela izakhi zofuzocishe Izinguquko ezingu-20 ezizakhini ezingu-14 ze-grey wolf yesimanje, ezama ukuphindaphinda izici ezifana nombala woboya kanye nesimo sogebhezi lwempisi ephelile. Umphumela uba impisi yesimanje enokubukeka "okuncane"Lokhu akusikho ukuvuswa ngokoqobo kwezinhlobo, kodwa kuyimodeli yokuphila ewusizo yokufunda i-biology yayo nokuhlola amasu okulondoloza.

Ochwepheshe be-genomics yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, njenge UJuliana ViannaBagcizelela ukuthi lolu hlobo lomsebenzi ludlula nje ilukuluku: ulwazi olutholakala mayelana ama-genome ezinhlobo zesikhathi esidlule nezamanje ingasekela amaphrojekthi afana ne- "Ama-Genome ayi-1000", ehlose ukulandelanisa izinhlobo zaseChile ezitholakala kalula nezisengozini. Ngalolu lwazi, kungenzeka ukuhlela ukungenelela kwezakhi zofuzo ukuze kwandiswe ukuqina kwezilwane ezifweni kanye nokufudumala komhlaba..

Izitshalo zokuvuselela kanye nezolimo ezweni elomile

Nakuba abanye abacwaningi bezama ukuvuselela izilwane eziphelile, abanye babheka izinhlobo ezisaphila kodwa ezinamakhono "ayisimangaliso". Lokhu kunjalo nge... izitshalo zokuvuswa, obani abaphethe ziphila izinyanga zingenawo amanzi cishe futhi "zibuye ziphile" lapho ziniselwa futhi.Njengoba isomiso siqhubeka nokuba sibi kakhulu futhi singaguquguquki, lezi zitshalo ziye zaba umthombo wogqozi kwezolimo eziqinile.

Usosayensi waseNingizimu Afrika UJill Farrant Waqaphela kusukela ebuntwaneni, ngawo-1970, ukuthi ezinye izitshalo ezazibonakala zifile, zomile ngokuphelele, zazizophinde zibe luhlaza futhi ngemva nje kokuthola amanzi. Kamuva, wathola ukuthi kwakungeyona umjikelezo olula wesizini, kodwa... isu lokusinda elisekelwe ekuphelelweni kwamanzi emzimbeni ngokweqileNamuhla, uFarrant ubhekwa njengomunye weziphathimandla eziholayo emhlabeni ngezitshalo zokuvuswa futhi ufundisa eNyuvesi yaseKapa.

Lezi zinhlobo azivamile kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo ama-angiosperms (izitshalo eziqhakazayo)Kulezi zinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-352.000 ezaziwayo, cishe kuphela Abangu-240 babekezelela kakhulu ukubuna kwesikhumba.Zivela emagatsheni ahlukene okuziphendukela kwemvelo, okubonisa ukuthi leli khono livele ngokuzimela izikhathi eziningana.ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinamatshe noma ezinenhlabathi empofu eNingizimu Afrika, e-Australia, naseNingizimu Melika, lapho imvula ingabikezeleki khona futhi izinkathi zokomisa zinzima.

Ngokombono wezinto eziphilayo, lezi zitshalo ziyakwazi ukulahlekelwa okungaphezu kwalokho Amanzi angu-95% ezicutshini zakho ngaphandle kokufa, kuyilapho izitshalo ezivamile zezolimo ngokuvamile ziwohloka lapho zinciphisa isisindo. 10% kanye 30%Enye yezimfihlo yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuqina kweseli, lapho okuqukethwe kwangaphakathi kwamaseli kwakha khona i-matrix efana nengilazi ecebile ngoshukela njenge i-sucrose kanye ne-trehalose, okuqinisa ulwelwesi namaprotheni ngesikhathi sokoma kakhulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitshalo zokuvuswa Baqaqa okwesikhashana umshini wabo wokwenziwa kwe-photosynthesis., kufaka phakathi ama-chloroplast, ukuvimbela ukukhiqizwa ngokweqile kwe izinhlobo ze-oxygen ezisebenzayo (ROS) Ngaphansi kokukhanya okukhulu ngaphandle kwamanzi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ziyaqoqana Amaprotheni avikelayo e-LEA (Late Embryogenesis Abundant) kanye namanye ama-chaperones ama-molecule, asiza ekugcineni isakhiwo samaprotheni abalulekile ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo zokucindezeleka okukhulu.

Izifundo zofuzo ziphakamisa ukuthi ingxenye yalokhu inethiwekhi yezakhi zofuzo zokubekezelela ukudakwa koketshezi Kungaba khona ngesimo esicashile kwezinye izitshalo eziningi, okuhlanganisa... izitshalo zokudla ezibalulekileUmehluko ukuthi lezi zakhi zofuzo zivame ukusebenza kuphela embewini futhi kuthuliswe ngemva kokuhlumaLokhu kuvula ithuba elithakazelisayo: esikhundleni sokufaka i-DNA yangaphandle, singakwazi vuselela izakhi zofuzo zangaphandle “alele” emaqabungeni naseziqwini, okwenza izinhlobo ezimelana kangcono nesomiso ngaphandle kokuhlukaniswa ngokomthetho njengezinto eziphilayo eziguqulwe izakhi zofuzo kwamanye amazwe.

Kusukela elabhorethri kuya ensimini: ubhatata, ugwayi, i-Arabidopsis, kanye ne-microbiome.

Ukusetshenziswa kwalolu lwazi sekuqalile kakade emasikweni athile. Ngo-2018, abacwaningi baseKenya naseSweden bethula i-gene evela esitshalweni sokuvuswa saseNingizimu Afrika, i- I-Xerophyta viscosa, cha morning glory (Ipomoea batatas)I-gene, ebizwa ngokuthi I-XvAld1Kuhlotshaniswa nokuvikela ama-antioxidant futhi kusiza izitshalo ukuthi zibhekane nokucindezeleka kwamanzi.

Ekuhlolweni kwelabhorethri, izitshalo ze-fennel eziguqulwe nge-XvAld1 zahlolwa Ukomiswa okwenziwe ngezinsuku eziyi-12Bona Bagcina i-chlorophyll eningi, balahlekelwa amaqabunga ambalwa, futhi bakhula baba bade. kunezitshalo ezingashintshiwe, okubonisa ukumelana okuphezulu kokuntuleka kwamanzi. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, le migqa ye-transgenic yayicishe ibe okungenakuhlukaniswa nezitshalo ezivamile, okubonisa ukuthi i-gene eyengeziwe ayizange iphazamise intuthuko ejwayelekile.

Okuhlangenwe nakho okufanayo ku I-Arabidopsis thaliana (imodeli yakudala yebhayoloji yezitshalo) kanye naku ugwayi (iNicotiana tabacum) Baqinise umbono wokuthi izakhi zofuzo zezitshalo ezivuswayo zingasebenza kahle kwezinye izinhlobo, zandisa ububanzi bamathuluzi angaba khona okubhekana nenkinga yamanzi yomhlaba wonke.

Kodwa akuyona nje i-genome ebalulekile. Okubizwa ngokuthi i-rhizosphere microbiomeI-microbiome ehlotshaniswa nokucindezeleka kwamanzi, okungukuthi, umphakathi wezinambuzane ezihlala eduze kwezimpande, ithola ukuvelela njengesici esiyinhloko sokumelana nokucindezeleka kwamanzi. I-Myrothamnus flabellifolia, isitshalo esivuselelwa yizihlahla, sembule okungaphezu kwalokho Amaqembu angama-900 ahlukile e-microbial enhlabathini ezungeze izimpande zayo.

Kwabochwepheshe benhlabathi abafana UTimothy GeorgeLokhu okutholakele kusikisela ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yamandla okubekezelela isomiso esibi ingaba... ingxenye yamagciwane edluliselwa ezitshalweni zezolimo kalula, mhlawumbe kulula kakhulu kunokwethula izakhi zofuzo eziningi zokubekezelela ukubola. Ngakho-ke umqondo wokuthuthukisa "ama-probiotic asekelwe ezitshalweni" noma i-microbial consortia eyenzelwe ngqo ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwezitshalo ezindaweni ezomile.

Icala elithakazelisayo yileli i-teff (i-Eragrostis tef)I-Teff iwuhlobo lwendabuko oluvela e-Ethiopia. Inesihlobo sasendle,... Eragrostis nindensis, okuyisitshalo sangempela sokuvuswa. Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zihlobene kakhulu, ukuqhathanisa i-genome kanye nokubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo kusenza sikwazi ukubona izakhi zofuzo ezisebenzayo ku-E. nindensis ezithule ku-teff, kanye nomehluko ekukhiqizweni kwe- ama-anthocyanins nama-antioxidants, imibala evikela emisebeni ye-UV kanye nomonakalo we-oxidative ngezikhathi zesomiso.

Lokhu okutholakele kukhomba ushintsho oludingekayo ezinhlelweni zezolimo: ukushiya imodeli esekelwe kuphela ku- ukusebenza okuphezulu kakhulu ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele futhi siqhubekele ezinhlelweni lapho okubaluleke khona... Ukuzinza kwezitshalo ngisho nasezikhathini zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu.Njengoba uJill Farrant efingqa, izinhlobo eziningi zasemaphandleni zingase zingafinyeleli isivuno esiqopha umlando, kodwa zivumela umlimi odla ukudla okuncane ukuthi... Yiba nokudla okuqinisekisiwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lina ezinsukwini eziyishumi noma eminyakeni emibili..

Ukuhlelwa kwezakhi zofuzo ngokwezifiso, ukukhethwa kwe-embryonic, kanye nezinkinga zokuziphatha.

Ukuvuswa kwezakhi zofuzo kuhlobene ngqo nezinye izindawo ezithuthukile ze-biotechnology, njenge... Ukuhlelwa kwezakhi zofuzo komuntu siqu kubantu kanye ukukhethwa kwezakhi zofuzo zemibunguokuphinde kuphakamise izingxoxo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuziphatha. Ngo-2024, isibonelo, usana olusanda kuzalwa e-United States olune- ukuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic okungavamile Wathola ukwelashwa kokuhlela izakhi zofuzo okuhlolwe ngokukhethekile ukuze kulungiswe ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo zakhe, kugwenywe isidingo esiphuthumayo sokufakelwa isibindi.

Ngemva kokuthatha imithamo emithathu, umntwana waqala ukwethula intuthuko ebalulekile...indlela yokuthatha izinyathelo zakho zokuqala bese ukhishwa esibhedlela ukuze uchithe uKhisimusi ekhaya. Ithimba eliphethe lihlela... izivivinyo nezinye izinsana ezithwala izinguquko ezahlukene, ngenhloso yokusungula imodeli yokulawula lapho Umuthi owodwa ungalungiselelwa izakhi zofuzo zesiguli ngasinye. ngaphandle kokuphinda zonke izivivinyo zemitholampilo kusukela ekuqaleni.

I-ejensi yokulawula yase-US (i-FDA) isivele ixoxa Izindlela zokuvunyelwa kwezokwelapha ezenzelwe wena kakhuluokunganciphisa izindleko namuhla endlini ka izigidi zamaRandi ngokwelashwa ngakunyeAbacwaningi abanjengoFyodor Urnov, wase-University of California, eBerkeley, babona lokhu njengesinyathelo esibalulekile sokwelapha izifo ezingavamile, kodwa baxwayisa ngokuthi kudinga futhi... amazinga amasha okuziphatha kanye nokulingana ekufinyeleleni.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhethwa kwezakhi zofuzo zemibungu Akusagcini nje ekuxilongweni kwezifo ezingathi sína ezidluliselwa ngofuzo ngaphambi kokufakelwa. Njengamanje, ezinye izinkampani zinikeza imibhangqwana ithuba lokuthi ukuhlukanisa ama-embryo ngamathuba ahlobene nokuphakama, umbala wamehlo, noma ngisho namaphuzu ahlobene nezici zokuqonda.Isayensi ngemuva kwalokhu ayiqinisekile neze, ngoba Izici eziyinkimbinkimbi zincike emakhulwini ezakhi zofuzo kanye nezici zemvelo.Kodwa iqiniso lokuthi kungenzeka ngobuchwepheshe kakade likhulisa ukwesaba kwe- isinyathelo sokubuyela emuva esiya kuma-eugenics.

Ochwepheshe abaningi basekela imingcele ecacile yokuvimbela la mathuluzi ukuthi angaguqulwa abe... amathuluzi okukhetha umphakathiNgisho noma izinkampani ziphikisana ngokuthi zimane nje zandisa inkululeko yokuzikhethela yabazali, ukuvuswa kwezilwane eziphelile ngokwezakhi zofuzo kanye nethuba lokushintsha izinhlobo zasendle ukuze zimelane nezifo noma isimo sezulu esibi kakhulu kuphakamisa imibuzo efanayo kulo mongo. ngubani onquma ukuthi yiziphi izici ezifiselekayoYiziphi izinhlobo ezifanele "ukubuyiselwa," futhi yiziphi izingozi esizimisele ukuzithatha egameni lentuthuko?

Sekukonke, isayensi yovuko idweba isithombe lapho I-DNA yasendulo, ukuhlela izakhi zofuzo zesizukulwane esilandelayo, ukwakheka kwezakhi zofuzo, kanye nama-microbiome enziwe ngokwezifiso. Zihlangana ukuze zibhale kabusha izingxenye zomlando wokuphila kule planethi futhi zizame ukuvimbela ukulahleka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo esikhathini esizayo. Phakathi kwamagciwane avuka eqhweni, izitshalo ezisinda cishe ngaphandle kwamanzi, izimpisi ezinkulu eziphinde zadalwa kabusha kanye nama-dodo axubile ezigabeni zokuhlela, kusobala ukuthi umngcele phakathi kwesikhathi esidlule nesesikhathi esizayo ku-biology uya ngokuya ufiphala, odinga umphakathi ukuthi uhambisane nale ntuthuko. Ingxoxo yomphakathi enolwazi, imithethonqubo eqotho, kanye nokuqapha okunempilo..